Length Of Reservoir Research Articles

Sedimentation Analysis of Ujani Dam

Abstract -The sedimentation is an effect of erosion on the catchment area of the reservoir and therefore, lesser the rate of erosion, smaller is the sediment load coming into the reservoir. Deposition of sedimentation in the reservoir moderately reduces the capacity of the reservoir. Both Dead storage capacity & live storage capacity gets affected due to sedimentation. Information about reduction in the storage capacity is important for the planning and operational purposes and the same can be obtained by sediment assessment surveys done at regular intervals. Various factors affect the process of erosion, transport and deposition of sediment in the reservoir. Type of soil, drainage density, vegetation, rainfall intensity and duration, shape of catchment and land use / land cover affect erosion. Sediment transportation totally depends upon slope of the catchment, channel geometry and nature of river bank and bed. Deposition is a function of bed slope of the reservoir, length of reservoir, flow patterns, inflow-outflow rates, grain size distribution, mode of reservoir operation etc Key Words: Ujani Dam, Sedimentation, Remote sensing

Experimental investigation of heat transfer characteristics in a miniature flat heat pipe with multi-channels

The heat transfer characteristics of a miniatured flat heat pipe (MFHP) with multi-channels, featuring a port diameter of 1.18 mm, is investigated experimentally. Various operating parameters are considered, including the working fluid volume (Vf = 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 ml), length of the liquid reservoir (Lres = No reservoir, 5, and 10 mm), orientation such as axial face (αa) or lateral side (αl), inclination angles (α = −15 to 90o), and cooling water flow rates (ṁi = 10, 15, and 20 LPH). Based on the experiments, the optimal values for the working fluid volume, reservoir length, and flow rate are determined as Vf = 2.5 ml, Lres = 5 mm, and ṁi = 20 LPH, respectively. Further analysis reveals that, the heat dissipation rate for the axial face is significantly higher than that of the lateral side, with an average percentage increase of 35.4 %. However, the lateral side outperforms the axial face in terms of stabilizing the evaporator wall temperature, reducing fluctuations by an average of 24.5 %. Moreover, the presence of multi-channels allows the MFHP in axial face orientation to dissipate a maximum heat load of 15 W against gravity at an inclination angle of αa = −15o. Finally, the variations in MFHP operation based on the orientation and its underlying physical mechanisms that contribute to enhancing heat transfer are discussed.

WEB.BM – a web-based river basin management model with multiple time-step optimization and the SSARR channel routing options

ABSTRACT This paper presents the WEB.BM model for multipurpose multireservoir river basin management that uses Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) solver to optimize basin operation over single or multiple time steps, with flexible time step length and optional use of both reservoir and hydrological channel routing. The principal novelty is the capability of the model to solve multiple time step optimization while simultaneously properly accounting for hydrological channel routing as constraints to optimization, which is demonstrated on two numerical tests presented in this paper, which can be used as benchmark by other researchers. There are no other known optimization-based river basin management models with this capability. The model can include multiple reservoirs, hydropower plants, environmental flow targets, return flows from irrigation, diversion volume licences, apportionment agreements between neighbouring states and net evaporation. Operating priorities among users are represented by a selection of user-defined weight factors. The model can be accessed at www.riverbasinmanagement.com.

Investigation of Flowback Behaviours in Hydraulically Fractured Shale Gas Well Based on Physical Driven Method

Due to the complex microscope pore structure of shale, large-scale hydraulic fracturing is required to achieve effective development, resulting in a very complicated fracturing fluid flowback characteristics. The flowback volume is time-dependent, whereas other relevant parameters, such as the permeability, porosity, and fracture half-length, are static. Thus, it is very difficult to build an end-to-end model to predict the time-dependent flowback curves using static parameters from a machine learning perspective. In order to simplify the time-dependent flowback curve into simple parameters and serve as the target parameter of big data analysis and flowback influencing factor analysis, this paper abstracted the flowback curve into two characteristic parameters, the daily flowback volume coefficient and the flowback decreasing coefficient, based on the analytical solution of the seepage equation of multistage fractured horizontal Wells. Taking the dynamic flowback data of 214 shale gas horizontal wells in Weiyuan shale gas block as a study case, the characteristic parameters of the flowback curves were obtained by exponential curve fittings. The analysis results showed that there is a positive correlation between the characteristic parameters which present the characteristics of right-skewed distribution. The calculation formula of the characteristic flowback coefficient representing the flowback potential was established. The correlations between characteristic flowback coefficient and geological and engineering parameters of 214 horizontal wells were studied by spearman correlation coefficient analysis method. The results showed that the characteristic flowback coefficient has a negative correlation with the thickness × drilling length of the high-quality reservoir, the fracturing stage interval, the number of fracturing stages, and the brittle minerals content. Through the method established in this paper, the shale gas flowback curve containing complex flow mechanism can be abstracted into simple characteristic parameters and characteristic coefficients, and the relationship between static data and dynamic data is established, which can help to establish a machine learning method for predicting the flowback curve of shale gas horizontal wells.

Reproductive biology and ecology of the boreoatlantic armhook squid Gonatus fabricii (Cephalopoda: Gonatidae)

Abstract The squid Gonatus fabricii (Lichtenstein, 1818) is the most abundant pelagic cephalopod in the Arctic and the only squid to spend all of its life cycle in this region. Despite being highly abundant, its reproductive biology remains poorly known, and data on large maturing and mature specimens are especially rare. This study, based on extensive material (51 large specimens and >35,000 specimens in all), fills major gaps in the knowledge of the reproductive biology and ecology of G. fabricii. The fecundity of females ranged from 8,862 to 16,200 oocytes, with mature and late maturing specimens having between 8,862 to c. 10,000 and 11,402 oocytes, respectively. Oogenesis was synchronous, and oocyte resorption was observed; resorbed oocytes constituted up to 23.5% of fecundity. Between two to five ripe oocytes were observed, and these were 4.0–5.5 mm in diameter (maximum dimension). Males possessed between 77 and 257 spermatophores (length = 5.8–10.8 mm). Spermatophores were characterized by a cement body with well-developed collar and discs at the oral end, an ejaculatory apparatus longer than the cement body and the lack of a tapered, sharp tip to the cement body. Spermatophore size showed a uniform increase in relation to increasing male size. In newer spermatophores, the length, width and volume of the seminal reservoir also increased. Females possessed between 62 and 84 spermatangia (length = 1.8–2.6 mm); the spermatangia were present on the buccal membranes and lacked special attachment structures. Seminal receptacles were not found on the buccal membranes of females. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis of geographically restricted spawning in G. fabricii. The study found evidence for one new breeding area in south-eastern Greenland. No differences in sizes at maturity were found between the breeding areas. Such geographically localized reproduction is relatively common in non-deep-water squids, but is much less common in deep-water squids. Localized reproduction may be especially important for G. fabricii because increased food availability in the epipelagic layers would likely increase the survival of epipelagic juveniles, with surface currents potentially aiding in their dispersal.

Innovation: Taking Charge of Completion Innovations

President's column The essence of most drilling operations in our industry is to open the maximum length of reservoir formation with the mini-mum damage to the rock surface. This should allow maximum efficient flow of the desired reservoir fluids into the wellbore and to the surface. The proper completion of a well will ensure that production is not denied or restricted, and enough care is taken to ensure that all the investment made in drilling the well is safeguarded. The term “completion” covers a gamut of activities related to stopping the movement of wellbore material into the well, the running of tubing and attachments needed to flow the reservoir fluids to the surface safely, the installation of subsurface equipment to increase production, and to provide well protection. One short article will not be adequate to do justice to this very important element of providing energy for the world. My first experience with well completions was in the Niger delta where the producing formation is friable sandstone, which is prone to dislodgement when production commences. We used a mixture of sand consolidation chemicals to “glue” the sand matrix through perforations in the production casing. The process required preparation of chemicals at the surface properly tailored to the prevailing temperature and pumped into the selected part of the pay zone. The placement had to be very accurate, as any unconsolidated part of the open reservoir could play havoc with production and surface equipment after the well was brought into production. These wells were relatively simple, as they were vertical and shallow. Since the first wells were brought into production, a number of completion innovations have been introduced that have permitted the safe and profitable production of oil and gas. Some of them are now routinely used and their process of evolution is now buried in history. Today’s wells are in general much deeper and more complex and therefore have benefitted from innovation to ensure maximum inflow per length of reservoir. Operators carefully choose the form of completion that best suits the formation—including gravel packs, open hole, and multizone, to name a few.

Myoglobin-Containing Carbon-Paste Enzyme Microelectrodes for the Biosensing of Glucose under Oxygen-Deficit Conditions

The response of first-generation glucose oxidase (GOx) amperometric glucose biosensors is strongly dependent on the concentration of the oxygen cosubstrate. The incorporation of the natural oxygen binder myoglobin into a GOx-containing carbon-paste matrix is shown to satisfy the oxygen demand of the enzymatic reaction and to provide convenient biosensing of glucose in oxygen-free solutions. Such use of myoglobin-containing mineral oil thus offers an attractive alternative to the use of oxygen-rich fluorocarbon pasting liquids. Further improvements are observed upon doping the fluorocarbon oil with myoglobin. Factors affecting the oxygen independence of the new enzyme microelectrodes, including the myoglobin loading or length of the oxygen reservoir, have been optimized. The myoglobin-doped mineral oil or Kel-F-based carbon-paste enzyme microelectrodes display a highly stable glucose response over prolonged (6-7 h) operations in oxygen-free solutions, indicating no depletion of the internal oxygen supply.

The Britannia Field Development

The Britannia field was developed ahead of schedule at a cost 20% lower than the approved budget. This paper provides an overview of the development project and, by use of a performance-improvement model, explains how these outstanding results were achieved. This outcome would not have been possible with traditional project-management philosophies. The processes and techniques described are applicable to other capital investment projects.

The distribution, numbers and breeding ecology of TwiteAcanthis flavirostrisin the south Pennines of England

This study used the results of a systematic upland bird survey conducted in 1990 and the information held on BTO nest record cards to study the distribution, numbers and breeding ecology of Twite Acanthis flavirostris in the south Pennines of England. The survey estimated the size of the population as between 200 and 400 pairs. The distribution of records obtained during the survey is mapped. In the breeding season, Twite show an association with relatively low-altitude sites at the moorland edge, especially where the length of reservoir or river shore tends to be large and the sward height exceeds 5 cm. They apparently avoid areas dominated by Juncus¸ spp. flush vegetation. We compare information available on BTO nest record cards for south Pennines Twite with those from Scotland. Breeding performance for Twite nesting in heather-dominated habitats was better than for those nesting on either grassdominated or other moorland habitat. Twite brood-size in the south Pennines has declined in recent years and ...

ON THE EXCLUDING EFFICIENCY OF SETTLING RESERVOIR

The theoretical basis in establishing the economical and reasonable capacity of settling reservoir are shown by solving the hydrodynamically expressed equation of suspended materials transportation, estimating how those materials in water, flocs and particles, are decreasing at the end of basin while the length, slope, and depth of reservoir, viscosity of water, settling velocities of particles were varied. In this paper, for ordinary rectangular reservoir, assuming that the particles once reached at the bottom are never refloated, we performed a 3-dimensional analysis on the same basis as of the theory of T. R. Camp, America. And so calculated the excluding efficiency of reservoir e, it was cleared that for a given slope and depth e considerably increased with l, the length, but when l became larger than a limit value, e hardly increased.