Length Of Observation Period Research Articles

Potential Role of Vocalizations in West Indian Manatees

Although vocalizations have been relatively well studied in several groups of marine mammals, very little is known regarding the context and function of vocalizations of West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Manatee vocalizations have been described by Schevill and Watkins (1965), Evans and Herald (1970), Sonoda and Takemura (1973), and Hartman (1979). Most of these authors presumed that the calls were primarily used for social reasons, such as maintaining cow/calf contact, rather than for navigation. While studying the ecology and behavior of manatees at Blue Spring Run (Volusia Co., Florida) and in the St. Johns River, Florida (Bengtson, 1981), manatees were heard vocalizing in a variety of behavioral contexts other than cow/calf interactions. In order to examine the importance of vocalizations during certain behaviors, we measured call rates during different activities. Recordings of manatees vocalizations were made opportunistically in Blue Spring Run and the St. Johns River using an Inter-Oceans Systems, Inc. R-130 hydrophone (frequency response range 20 Hz to 8 kHz) and a Panasonic RQ-309AS tape recorder. This equipment was well within the range of manatee vocalizations described by Schevill and Watkins (1965). The behavioral situations in which recordings were made included: 1) Natural feeding: grazing on submerged, rooted vegetation while moving slowly along the bottom; 2) Swimming: traveling in the St. Johns River while passing our anchored boat (not recorded in Blue Spring Run); 3) Bottom resting: resting or sleeping on the bottom of the waterway, rising periodically to the surface to breathe; 4) Artificial feeding: experimental presentation of plants to manatees by lowering a tray holding various plant species into Blue Spring Run. Sometimes two or more manatees jostled each other while attempting to gain access to the tray (Bengtson, 1983); 5) Milling: manatees grouped together but not cavorting (see below) as they moved slowly about; and 6) Cavorting: rolling, pushing, nuzzling, and embracing each other, sometimes with much chasing and splashing. There were several potential sources of error in the recordings and counts of manatees. Both the number of manatees present and the classification of different behaviors may have been misidentified outside the clear waters of Blue Spring (78% of the recordings were made in Blue Spring Run). In the St. Johns River, the number of manatees was estimated by counting their noses as they breathed. At night our estimates were poorer, based on the number of radio-tagged individuals and the breathing frequency. Another possible source of error was the vocalizations of nearby manatees involved in a different behavior. For example, in some cases when recordings were being made of individuals cavorting, others nearby might have been bottom resting or feeding. However, most recordings were made when an individual was alone or when individuals in a group of manatees were behaving similarly. The presence of cow/calf pairs (present in 18% of the samples) may have raised calling rates in our recordings. Rather than attempt to differentiate between calls (whistle-squeaks and chirps), all vocalizations were lumped together and reported as number of calls per unit time. Although both sexes were present during recordings, no differentiation was made between their vocalizations. A total of 3,744 calls was tallied during 21.5 h of recording on 19 days in February through April, 1979. Of these, 2,124 calls were selected for analysis on the basis of knowing manatees' behavior. Calls recorded during periods when the manatees' behavior was uncertain were discarded. Recordings were analyzed for average number of calls (discrete pulses) per 5-min interval for each taping session within a behavioral type. Because the number of manatees per session ranged between 1 and 20 and the length of observation period varied between sampling sessions, the mean number of calls per manatee per unit time was calculated for each behavioral category. These data were normalized using a square root transformation, which stabilized the variances among the different behaviors. A one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's Q test indicated significantly different call rates among behaviors (Fig. 1). Rates of vocalizations 816 Vol. 66, No. 4

冠動脈病変の自然歴

The study examined the progresses of a coronary arterial disease among medical, surgical and PTCA treated groups and compared the long-term results with anti-platelet therapy (trapidil 300mg/day or persantin 75mg+aspyrin 300mg/day) or Ca2+ channel blockade (nifedipine 40mg/day) groups. 323 patients with effort angina were studied. These were grouped into Group I (96 patients treated medically), Group 11 (147 patients who underwent CABG) and Group III (84 patients treated with PTCA). Group I was further divided into 3 subgroups; I-B 37 cases who were administered with anti-platelet drug for a long period of time, I-C 21 cases who were administered with Ca2+ channel blockade and I-A 38 cases with whom none of the 2 drugs was administered. Group II was likewise divided into 3 subgroups of II-B, anti-platelet administered group, II-C, Ca2+ channel blockade administered group and II-A, non-administered group. The observation was conducted in 3 to 60 months (average 12.4 months) after the 1st CAG. Serial CAG were taken in each case. The standard of the progress diagnosis was based on Kramer's criteria. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: 1) Among I-A group patients, progress, non-progress, and regress cases were, 50, 40 and 5%, respectively. 55% of the patients showed progress had the effect within 12 months. The level of progress after this period co-relates to the length of observa-tion period, showing 72% peak in over 2 yrs. Relationship with affected vessels; Progress of the responsible coronary arterial vessel with patients involving single vessel disease showed the highest record. The highest rate was with the cases where the disease progressed to a complete occlusion (type 1). On the other hand, among B and C groups, the rate of progress after 2 yrs remarkably became low (p<0.01). LV function was favorable both with I-B, I-C groups. With II-A group, the rate of progress was high in non-grafted vessels within one to one year and a half period with high ratio of type 1, while with II-B, II-C groups, a difference in progress was observed. Among B group patients progression and regression were 33, and 13% within 12 months. While, among C groups, progression, non-progression, and regression were 35, 44 and 21%. 2) Among Group III, 9 cases or 13% showed recurrence of the initially dilated vessel. Of these, 56% showed a significant progress in initally dilated vessel; however, a good result was observed after the 2nd PTCA. 3) These drugs were considered as preventing the progression of coronary artery disease. It is concluded that for angina pectoris patients, a specific treatment program should be established to prevent the progress of the disease, in addition to a conventional therapeutical program. 4) Synergistic effects of these drugs might be resulted from vascular injury suppression, platelet inhibition, coronary vasodilation, improvement of lipids metabolism as well as improvement of LV performance.

Dose-related induction of lung, thyroid and kidney tumors by N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine given orally to F344 rats.

The organotropic effect of orally administered N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) in male F344 rats was studied with respect to total dosage and length of observation period. DHPN was given at 5 dosages, a single intragastric intubation of 800 mg/kg body weight, or administration as a 0.2% solution in the drinking water for 4, 7, 14 or 21 days. Animals were killed at weeks 32, 40 and 48. Tumors were induced in the lung, thyroid, kidney and urinary bladder. High tumor incidence was demonstrated in the lung and thyroid. Dose-related increases in overall tumor incidences in these 4 organs were clearly shown but time-related increases at the 3 sacrifice time points were not clear. Histologically, the tumors were adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung and thyroid, renal cell tumor, nephroblastoma and transitional cell tumor of the kidney, and transitional cell papilloma of the urinary bladder.

Sequential observations on the appearance of neoplastic lesions in the liver and kidney after treatment with N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine followed by partial hepatectomy and unilateral nephrectomy.

Sequential observations were carried out on the induction of preneoplastic lesions in the liver and the kidney. Rats were initially given N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN) in their drinking water (0.1%) for 3 days (Group 1), 1 week (Group 2) or 2 weeks (Group 3) or tap water (Group 4). Rats in Groups 1-3 were subjected to partial hepatectomy and unilateral nephrectomy (right side) 2 weeks after the end of EHEN treatment. Rats from these groups were killed in week 10, 20, 30 and 40 of the experiment. In the liver, the effect of EHEN in the induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) positive foci and hyperplastic nodules (HN) was clearly dependent on the length of treatment. The preneoplastic lesions increased with the lapse of observation time. Changes measured as number of gamma-GT positive foci were 10-40 times greater than those measured as HN, especially among the small size range. Values for changes in Group 1 given 0.1% EHEN for 3 days were very low, indicating that this dose is close to the threshold. Two rats with hepatocellular carcinoma in Group 3 given EHEN for 2 weeks survived until week 40. In the kidney, tubular epithelial proliferations composed of cells with slightly basophilic cytoplasm and slightly atypical nuclei were tentatively named atypical cell foci (ACF). EHEN induced ACF, renal cell adenomas and renal cell carcinomas. The increase in the induction of ACF was dependent on the length of observation period but not on the length of treatment. Even though control rats (not treated with EHEN) also had ACF, their quantitative values were far less than the groups given EHEN and killed at week 40, indicating that a large number of ACF were induced by EHEN. Therefore, EHEN is good for experimental induction of preneoplastic lesions in the liver and kidney of rats. The experimental schedule for Groups 1 and 2 could be used as a shortterm screening test for promoters and the schedule for Group 3 as an assay for inhibitors.

Blood transfusion requirements before and after bilateral nephrectomy in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.

Abstract. Blood transfusion requirements have been calculated in 6 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis before and after bilateral nephrectomy. Following nephrectomy the monthly average transfusion requirement per patient increased from 379 + 135 to 673+202 ml (+S.D.) (p&lt;0.03) and average Hb decreased from 7.7+0.4 to 6.9+0.5 g/100 ml (p&lt; 0.03). Furthermore transfusion requirements were calculated in 10 nephrectomized and 15 non‐nephrectomized patients. The monthly transfusion requirement averaged 404+181 ml per patient in the nephrectomized against 14+22 in the non‐nephrectomized group (p&lt;0.01). Hb averaged 5.3+0.7 g/100 ml in the nephrectomized against 6.7+1.2 in the non‐nephrectomized group (p&lt;0.01). No significant difference in age, body weight, length of observation period, average predialytic serum creatinine, average predialytic BP or duration of antibiotic therapy was found in the two groups. Seven of 9 multitransfused patients developed lymphocytotoxic antibodies. It is concluded that severely atrophic kidneys exert a significant, although limited, erythropoietic stimulating function and that nephrectomy should not be performed as a routine in patients on chronic dialysis awaiting renal transplantation.

Length of the Observation Period as a Factor Affecting the Contraceptive Failure Rate

The contraceptive failure rate i.e. the number of pregnancies/100 years of contraceptive exposure is so sensitive to the length of the observation period that the factor of observation length should be a control in any comparative study of contraceptives. Sensitivity to observation length is greatest when contraceptive effectiveness is low and when members of the sample vary greatly in their individual efficiencies. It is seen that when mean efficiency of contraception is held constant the failure rate drops consistently as the observation period lengthens. The failure rate drops most dramatically during length of observation period as one moves from the most to the least efficient contraceptive methods. These results assume that postpartum amenorrhea has been controlled and that no couple has deliberately stopped contraception before the end of the observation period.

Revision of the Köppen Climatic Map of Eastern Asia with New Available Materials

Among many of the climatic classifications of the world, the Köppen's is one of the most useful and widely adopted one for many practical purposes, although it has been about thirty years since the publications of his climatic map of the world (Klimakarte der Erde, 1928, Gotha). However, this does not mean that his scheme is completely satisfactory and reasonable, because it contains many differences with actual distribution of geographical phenomena in the light of more recent knowledge. Aside from methodological and theoretical considerations, we can find the following two important weak points in the Köppen map.(A) Actual wrong position of the boundary lines due to the inadequateness of reliable climatic data. Especially in Asia and Africa, the net of the meteorological observation was very thin, in addition, the length of observation period was short, so that the placing of climatic boundaries was not exact.(B) Unsatisfactory choice of numerical value limits between two climates. This results from the fact that Keippen built his system mainly on the information from the northern hemisphere and from Europe. For example, the D-E boundary corresponding to the tree-limit given by the 10°C isothermal line of the warmest month, is fairly consistent with the actual features in northeastern Europe and northern Siberia ; it does agree as well in northern Canada and there is much deviation in the high latitude region of South America. The same difficulty is experienced in the b-c boundary. Furthermore, the division of C climate (Cf, Cw and Cs) is fairly satisfactory in Europe and Western America, but it is not acceptable in the eastern side of Asia and N. America.In the present paper, the study is limited to the first item (A) and I have reconstructed the Köppen map of Japan, Korea, China, Indian Peninsula and Indonesia, using the new available data, but not changing the Köppen's numerical values. As for item (B), discussion will appear in the “Geographical Review of Japan” in the near future. In brief, the changes are as follows : Japan : Japan proper is altered very little even with new data. In Northern Japan, D climate appears at a relatively low altitude, the Mizusawa-Morioka Plain and a part of the Aomori Plain belong to D, rather than C climate. The greater part of the Japanese mainland is Cf a, but Dr. Sekiguchi found also that Cwa occupies small separate areas mainly on the Pacific side of Honsyu, Shikoku and Kyusyu Islands. Hokkaido consists of D climate excepting the southwest periphery of the island, but it is divided into Dfa, Dfb and Dfc (Fig. 1.), instead of Dfb only as on the original map. Sakhalin : no changeTaiwan (Formosa) : A-C line is shifted somewhat to the north, and A is divided into Aw and Af instead of Aw only, as shown in Fig. 2.Korea : C-D line is moved southward in the inland region, and D is divided into Dfa, Dwa and Dwb instead of Dwa only, as shown in Fig. 3 as compared with the original map.China proper and Manchuria : Modification is greatest in this region. Cwa is limited to a narrow strip and the former wide region is replaced by Cfa. Also BS climate spreads far south as compared with Köppen, reaching to the northern side of Shantung Peninsula. Hence the Dw climate in Northern China is restricted to the very small area near Peking-Tientsin district. In Manchuria, however, Dwa is the typical climate, and only the western part is occupied by BS climate as shown in Fig. 4.Indian Peninsula : BS climate on the Deccan Plateau has been enlarged (Fig. 5.) and this may have some geographical significance for India. Other regions show only small changes from the original map.Indonesia : A considerable area of Am climate is interposed between Af and Aw in Java Island as shown in Fig. 6.

EARLIER STUDIES OF INDIRECT CALORIMETRY IN INFANTS1

Acta PaediatricaVolume 41, Issue s89 p. 13-30 EARLIER STUDIES OF INDIRECT CALORIMETRY IN INFANTS1 First published: October 1952 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1952.tb04197.x 1 Appendix V has been compiled for the purpose of facilitating a synopsis of the achievements of earlier authors and their followers. Year of publication, type of apparatus, measured quantities, length of observation periods, time of observation in the day or night, food taken before examination (if any), type of calculation and the number and type of children examined, have been recorded with some brief comments. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume41, Issues89October 1952Pages 13-30 RelatedInformation