Length Of Menstruation Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS RELATED TO THE EVENT OF PRIMARY DYMENOROREA IN ADOLESCENT WOMEN IN SITINJAU LAUT DISTRICT

Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that is found without obvious abnormalities of the genital organs. Primary dysmenorrhea often occurs in adolescent girls aged 10-14 years (early adolescence). Primary dysmenorrhea refers to pain without obvious pathological pelvic disease or menstrual pain with normal pelvic anatomy, usually beginning in adolescence after their ovulatory cycle has established. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between age of menarche, duration of menstruation and exercise habits in adolescent girls in Sitinjau Laut District.
 This research is a quantitative research with a cross sectional design. Data collection was carried out in March-April 2021. The research population was... Young Women with a research sample of 198 young women. Sampling was done by using proportional random sampling technique. This study consisted of the independent variable "age of menarche, duration of menstruation and exercise habits" and the dependent variable "primary dysmenorrhea". Data analysis using Chi-Square test.
 The incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls is 74.2%. Factors related to the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls were age at menarche (P=0.000; 1.870; 95% CI 1.371-2.552) and length of menstruation (P=0.001; 0.720; 95% CI 0.635-0.817). And there is no relationship between exercise habits (P=0.720; 1.184 95% CI 1.012-1.835).
 There is a relationship between the age of menarche with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea and the length of menstruation in adolescent girls in the District of Sitinjau Laut.

Are the Menstrual Characteristics Similar in Adolescent and Adult Women with Cerebral Palsy?

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the menstrual-health characteristics of adult and adolescent women with cerebral palsy. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included 74 women who were diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Among 74 women with cerebral palsy, women between the ages of 10-18 formed the adolescent cerebral palsy group (n= 36), and women between the ages of 19-30 formed the adult cerebral palsy group (n=38). Gross motor function levels of women with cerebral palsy were determined by gross motor function classification system expanded and revised. Menstrual-health characteristics were evaluated with a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: The median age in the adult cerebral palsy group (23.5 (19-29) years)) was higher than the adolescent cerebral palsy group (16.5 (11-18) years)) (p<0.001). The median age of menarche in the adult cerebral palsy group (14 (7-18) years) was higher than in the adolescent cerebral palsy group (13 (9-17) years)) (p=0.017). The presence of dysmenorrhea in the adolescent cerebral palsy group (35 women with dysmenorrhea) was more common than in the adult group (30 women with dysmenorrhea (p=0.016). The menstrual suppression treatment, length of menstruation, pain onset time, pain duration, pain medicine usage during menstruation, the highest intensity of pain experienced during the menstrual period, number of drugs, use of pain relief methods, number of days absent from school or work, type and the number of menstruation products, presence and the reason of discomfort scores of questions and gross motor function classification system expanded and revised levels were similar in both groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Dysmenorrhea was more prevalent in adolescent women with cerebral palsy than in adults with cerebral palsy. Providing training that raises awareness and behavior-changing education for women with cerebral palsy and their caregivers can help to improve gynecological health.

Protein Intake and Menstruation with Anemia Status in Young Women Based on Economic Status in Cianjur District

Anemia is a micronutrient problems worldwide, especially in developing countries. According to WHO in 2015 the prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls to date ranges from 40-88%. In Indonesia, the prevalence of anemia based on the 2018 Riskesdas is 32% in the 15-24 year age group, with a higher proportion of anemia in women than men. This study aims to determine differences in protein intake and menstruation with anemia status of adolescent girls based on economic status. 
 This research is a quantitative research with an observational analytic approach and a cross sectional design. This research was conducted in Cianjur Regency, West Java Province in November 2019-January 2020. The selection of adolescent subjects was taken based on schools participating in the weekly iron-folate supplementation program from the Cianjur District Health Office which was carried out by purposive sampling with a minimum sample of 56 young women . Data were collected through interviews using a questionnaire. Examination of blood hemoglobin levels was carried out by health laboratory workers in Cianjur Regency using a 301 hemocue.
 The results showed that there were no differences in hemoglobin levels, duration of menstruation and menstrual cycles in the low and low economic groups high . Then there is no relationship between the length of menstruation and the menstrual cycle with the anemia status of the subject. Furthermore, there are difference intake protein in both groups. Also, there is a relationship between protein intake and anemia status in subjects.

Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Lama Menstruasi pada Remaja Putri di Kota Yogyakarta

ABSTRACTDuring adolescence, nutritional needs need special attention because during adolescence there is a physiological growth and development of organs. Growth in adolescence affects the needs, absorption, and use of nutrients, this is accompanied by rapid enlargement of organs and body tissues. Hormonal changes during adolescence also cause many physiological changes that affect nutritional needs in adolescents. Nutritional status affects menstruation mainly through the provision of materials to make the endometrial lining again and its effect on female hormone levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and duration of menstruation in adolescent girls. This study uses a quantitative correlation method with a cross sectional time approach. Sampling with total sampling technique with a sample of 62 young women. The results of the analysis using the chi square test showed that there was no relationship between nutritional status and the length of menstruation in adolescent girls in the city of Yogyakarta, which was indicated by the p value = 0.831.Keywords: nutritional status, duration of menstruation.

Are STK11 polymorphisms a predictor of the response to metformin in polycystic ovarian syndrome?

The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of different genetic Serine threonine kinase 11 (STK11) variations in women with PCOS and to evaluate possible associations between the genetic polymorphisms of the STK11 gene and the response to metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A prospective longitudinal cohort study of 57 women with PCOS was conducted. The anthropometric measurements, menstrual history, hirsutism, hair loss, acne, and biochemical parameters, in addition to gene testing for STK11 polymorphisms, were documented. Follow-up was arranged after 6 menstrual cycles whilst on oral metformin therapy, (850 mg, twice daily). Of the 120 women who were interviewed, 88 women fulfilled the inclusion criteria and 57 women completed the study. The mean age, weight, height, and BMI were 23.8 years old, 72.1 kg, 159 cm, and 28.6 kg/m2 respectively. The frequencies of the genotypes of intron 1 of the STK11 gene were 26% CC, 44% CG, and 30% GG, and of intron 6 were 52% CC, 37% CT, and 11% TT genotype. There were statistically significant improvements following metformin therapy in menstrual frequency, blood loss, acne, ultrasound findings, and a decrease in BMI, acne, and hirsutism, but not in alopecia. Fasting insulin decreased significantly, but fasting blood sugar did not. There were no significant statistical differences in relation to the LH/FSH ratio, estradiol, FT, 17 OHP and length of menstruation. In relation to the SKT11 gene polymorphisms and metformin administration, there were variable and mostly insignificant differences in the results regarding menstrual regularity, amount of menstrual blood loss, acne, alopecia, ultrasound findings, and hirsutism score. There was a significant difference in relation to alopecia in the Intron 1 subgroups, and in relation to hirsutism score in the Intron 6 subgroups. It was concluded that polymorphisms in the STK11 gene in either Intron 1 or Intron 6 were not predictive of the response to metformin therapy at a dose of 850 mg twice daily, but may have some effect on alopecia and hirsutism.

The relationship between age of menarche and duration of menstruation with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea causes a decrease in women's quality of life. The incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in Indonesia reaches 56.4%. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age of menarche and duration of menstruation on the incidence of dysmenorrhea. This type of research is quantitative with an observational analysis design using a cross-sectional approach. Data collection in this study was carried out using a questionnaire distributed online in the form of a google form. The analysis used in this study is the univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test. The results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between the age of menarche and the incidence of dysmenorrhea with a P-Value of 0.016, and the results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between the length of menstruation and the incidence of dysmenorrhea with a P-value of 0.024. So it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the age of menarche and the length of menstruation with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea. Thus, efforts to overcome menstrual pain are by avoiding stressors, doing regular exercise and consuming foods with balanced nutrition, avoiding caffeinated foods and drinks, and consuming lots of mineral water.

Prevalence, impact, and management perception of dysmenorrhea among university students: A cross-sectional study

Dysmenorrhea is a common condition among females that is characterized by painful cramps before or during menstruation. It is considered as a common gynecological complaint that affects the quality of women’s life. The study evaluated prevalence of dysmenorrhea, its impact, associated risk factors, and the management strategies adopted by female university students in Taif city, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 562 female students aged 18-30 years at the university level. The results showed a high prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea (79.4%) among the students. The most common risk factors were family history (87.4%) and length of menstruation (79%). Half (50.2%) of the respondents were absent at the university at least 1 day every month. The most widely used medications by the respondents were ibuprofen (42%) and paracetamol (40%), whereas only 3% used mefenamic acid, despite that they experienced complete pain relief with mefenamic acid. High prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea associated with risk factors such as family history and length of menstruation, was found among university students. However, pain and associated symptoms affect the quality of life.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN NYERI MENSTRUASI (DISMINORE) PADA REMAJA PUTRI

Menstruation is endometrium releasing process included with bleeding and happened many times every month except in pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the number of disminore in the world is very large, the average more than 50 % of women in every country suffer from disminore. The aims of this research is to find out the correlation of menarche age, length of menstruation and family history with menstrual pain incident to the teenage girl of Social Class XI of Islamic Senior High School Number 1 year 2021. The method of this research used Survey Analitic with Cross Sectional approach. The populations in this research are all schoolgirls of Class XI of Islamic Senior High School Number 1 Palembang year 2021/2022, which amount 168 pepole. Big samples of this research are 63 respondents whom taken from using Stratified random sampling. Data collecting used questioner sheet. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate by using chi square test. Results : respondents who experience menstruation pain are 35 (55,6%) teenagers, normal menarche age respondents are 45 (71,4%) teenagers, respondents who experience normal menstruation length are 50 (79,4%) teenagers, respondents who have no disminore experiences family history are 42 (66,7%) teenagers. Bivariate result known that there is menarche age (length of menstruation) and family history (with menstruation pain incident to the teenage girls of Class XI of Islamic Senior High School Number 1 year 2021. The conclusion that there is correlation between menarche age, length of menstruation and family history with menstruation pain incident to the teenage girls of Social Class XI of Islamic Senior High School Number 1 year 2021. Suggestion : expected to the school authorities to cooperate with Health agencies to give counseling to the schoolgirls about female reproduction especially disminore.

Edukasi Pengenalan Fikih Wanita Kepada Remaja di Ponpes At-Taubah Garum Kabupaten Blitar

This learning education aims to provide additional knowledge about fiqh, especially menstruation to adolescents at the Islamic boarding school at Taubah, Garum sub-district, Blitar City. Sometimes for some girls who have just entered the age of aqil baligh, it is difficult to accept the changes that occur in them. This is due to a lack of knowledge and lack of attention from parents in paying attention to their children.
 The purpose of this education is to increase women's knowledge of fiqh, especially those that discuss menstruation. The researcher provides several main topics of discussion, namely, (1) the understanding of menstruation according to language and terms (2) the time of menstruation, starting from the initial age limit for a woman to be declared menstruating at the age of 9 years, (3) the minimum period of menstruation, generally menstruation and the maximum length of menstruation, (4) things that are prohibited while menstruating, (5 ) obligatory bathing after menstruation and (6) procedures for replacing the prayer after being purified from menstruation.

LITERATURE REVIEW: ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME IN GIRLS ADOLESCENT

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome in adolescent girls is very disturbing daily activities. Changes such as feeling sensitive or irritable, lack of confidence, difficulty concentrating, crying easily, restlessness and anxiety. Premenstrual syndrome in adolescents causes anxiety so that it can result in decreased interest in activities. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors that influence premenstrual syndrome in adolescent girls based on empirical studies in the last five years.Method: The literature review article search was conducted in five databases (Scopus, Proquest, Pubmed, Science Direct and Google Scholar), the search was conducted from July to August 2020. A prism checklist was used to guide this review. Analyzed and tabulated data on articles. Title, abstract, full text and methodology were assessed to determine the feasibility of the study.Result: There were 10 studies that matched the research inclusion criteria, the studies were divided into two themes, namely the influencing factors of premenstrual syndrome (n= 8) and the impact of premenstrual syndrome (n= 2).Conclusion: Factors that affect premenstrual syndrome include: physiological factors include (age, education, length of menstruation, menstrual cycle, menstrual history, physical activity), nutritional factors include (diet, coffee consumption), psychological factors include (stress, feeling uncomfortable). , feelings of insecurity) and the external factor is the use of the internet. Premenstrual syndrome can physically show in the form of headache, breast tenderness, swelling of the extremities, abdominal and heartburn pain and psychologically shows anxiety, withdrawal, confusion, depression and irritability.

PENGARUH OBESITAS TERHADAP SIKLUS MENSTRUASI PADA REMAJA DI DESA RAMBAH TENGAH HILIR KECAMATAN RAMBAH KABUPATEN ROKAN HULU

The menstrual cycle is the distance between the start date of the last menstrual period and the start of the next menstruation which occurs repeatedly every month. Regular cycles every month with a span of 21 to 35 days each menstrual period and the length of menstruation lasts 3-7 days. Menstrual cycle abnormalities are a sign of some abnormalities in the cervix, uterine cancer, breast cancer, and infertility. There are several factors that affect the menstrual cycle such as physical activity, stress, diet, hormonal factors, food consumed, enzymes in the body and BMI. Menstrual cycle can be influenced by body weight, physical activity, stress level, and ovarian disorders. This research uses a descriptive method, which is a research method that describes certain variables in research with a cross-sectional design. The population is 287 people. Samples obtained by accidental technique obtained 32 teenagers. The results of this study showed that the average data for adolescents with BMI 29.29 ± 3.3 had abnormal menstrual cycles. The statistical test results obtained a p value of 0.025, which means that there is an influence between obesity on the menstrual cycle in adolescents

Factors Affecting Dysmenorrhea in Junior High School Students X South Jakarta

One of the menstrual disorders that cause physical discomfort is dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that is felt in the lower abdomen and radiates to the pelvis which can interfere with daily activities. The magnitude of the prevalence rate of the incidence of dysmenorrhea, which reaches 90%, and can affect the activities of adolescents during menstruation, so it is necessary to look at the factors associated with the incidence of dysmenorrhea. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of dysmenorrhea in junior high school students. The type of research used is observational with a cross-sectional study approach using a questionnaire instrument. The population is all students of SMP 212 South Jakarta. The population of 103 students was obtained by proportional random sampling. The statistical test used was Chi-square with p = 0.05. The results showed the relationship between dysmenorrhea and menarche, length of menstruation, and exercise p>0.05. The results of the statistical analysis test showed that the dependent variables such as age at menarche, duration of menstruation, and lack of exercise were not associated with the incidence of dysmenorrhea because they had a value of α> 0.05. The conclusion of this study is that age at menarche, duration of menstruation, and lack of exercise do not affect the occurrence of dysmenorrhea.

Kinesio Taping vs. Auricular Acupressure for the Personalised Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhoea: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Dysmenorrhoea is the medical term for menstrual pain. The World Health Organization estimates that up to 81% of women of childbearing age are affected by this condition, and it is one of the leading causes of absenteeism from work and school among women. Although there are pharmacological treatments available for menstrual-pain relief, they do not respond to all women’s needs. Therefore, there is a need to study and develop non-pharmacological alternatives to broaden the individualised treatment options for dysmenorrhea. There are scarce studies published on non-pharmacological treatments, such as kinesio tape and auricular acupressure for the relief of menstrual pain, but the scientific evidence available suggest that these techniques may be beneficial in addressing this problem. The objective of this pilot study was to assess and compare the effectiveness of kinesio tape and auricular acupressure to decrease pain and drug intake in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Methods: This was a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial. The period of study was from September 2017 to August 2018. Women enrolled in the University of Extremadura and who had primary dysmenorrhoea were randomized to five groups: control (n = 23), kinesio tape (n = 23), placebo kinesio tape (n = 23), auricular acupressure (n = 23) and placebo auricular acupressure (n = 22). Measures were taken during the pretreatment phase (at four menstrual cycles), during the post-intervention phase (at four menstrual cycles) and during the follow-up phase (at the first and third menstrual cycles after the treatment was completed). The primary outcome measures were mean pain intensity, maximum pain intensity, number of painful days and dose of drug intake during menstruation, measured with the Visual Analogue Scale. The secondary outcome measures were the length of the cycle, the length of menstruation, the drug intake and the type of drug. Results: In all, 108 participants completed the study. The statistical analysis (MANOVA, ANOVA, t-paired and McNemar tests) showed that kinesio tape and auricular acupressure have a beneficial effect on pain relief (mean pain intensity, p < 0.001; maximum pain intensity, p < 0.001; number of painful days, p = 0.021; dose of drug intake, p < 0.001). In addition, once the treatments were withdrawn, the auricular-acupressure group maintained lower scores during the first follow-up cycle (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Kinesio tape and auricular acupressure decrease pain and drug intake in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. The changes in the auricular-acupressure group seemed to last longer. The results suggest that these techniques could be used as complementary personalised therapies to the pharmacological treatment and not as a substitution.

Analysis of Factors That Influence The Incidence of Anemia In Teenager at Al Ma’ruf Islamic Boarding School Kediri

Fulfilment of optimal balance nutrition will be affected by the health and reproductive system on the teenager. The main problem at that period is an iron deficiency or anaemia. Based on preliminary studies, there were 28 teenagers (29,1%) had anaemia. This research aims to analyze factors that influence the incidence of anaemia in teenager at Al Ma’ruf Islamic Boarding School Kediri. A study design used in this research is correlational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The population and sample were all teenagers as many as 96 people. The sampling technique used total population. Data analysis using Rho spearman and multiple logistic regression. The result showed factor that influenced the incident of anaemia are age ( 0,017; OR = 7,118), knowledge of nutrition ( 0,006; OR = 0,230), nutritional status (0,000 ; OR = 0,025). Physical activity ( 0,604) and length of menstruation ( 0,071) are not correlated with anaemia.

Siklus dan Lama Menstruasi Mahasiswa Selama Pembelajaran Daring di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Coronavirus disease-19 is a new virus that is causing pandemics in various countries. To break the chain of transmission of the virus, the Ministry of Education and Culture provides instructions for universities in Indonesia to conduct distance learning using online learning methods. This can cause stress to students and change menstrual cycles and length. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a change in the cycle and length of menstruation among female students during online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study used a comparative design with a cross-sectional approach. This research was conducted on students of the Department of Midwifery, Poltekkes Kemenkes Malang with a total sample of 239 female students who were selected by purposive sampling. The data was collected by filling out a questionnaire using google form. The data extracted in this study included age of menarche, menstrual cycle, and length of menstruation before and during online learning. The results showed that there were differences in menstrual cycles (p-value 0.018) and no difference in menstrual length (p-value 0.825) before and during online lectures. Online learning during the pandemic has harmed students, one of which is stress due to changes that have occurred and the assignments are given. This has an impact on changes in the teenage menstrual cycle. Further research needs to be carried out to determine the factors that cause menstrual cycle changes in female students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Menstrual Cycle, Length of Menstruation, Online Learning, Covid-19

The Effect of Twin Sex on Menstrual Characteristics.

Background and objectives: The purpose of this project is to evaluate the association between twin sex discordance and menstrual characteristics. We hypothesize that sharing the uterus with a male twin can change ovulation programming, hence changing the menstrual cycle characteristics during adulthood. This project could be novel in discovering new physiological mechanisms of hormone exposure and menstrual cycles. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We asked females from sex-concordant (n = 1290) and sex-discordant (n = 168) twin pairs in the Washington State Twin Registry about characteristics of menstrual cycles. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) analysis was used to compare groups. The main outcome measures included the amount of bleeding, duration of menstruation, the timing of menstruation, length of menstruation, and a number of periods per year. Results: We found a statistically significant association between the amount of menstrual period bleeding and twin sex discordance (0.42 (95% CI 0.18–0.94)). However, twin sex discordance was not associated with period duration, length of menstrual cycle, cycle regularity, or a number of periods per year. Conclusions: Twin sex discordance is not a predictor of clinical characteristics of menstruation during adulthood except for the amount of bleeding. Future studies should focus on the impact of male hormones on the amount of bleeding during menstruation.

Pengaruh konsumsi biji rami (Linum usitatissium) terhadap menstruasi pada remaja putri di SMP Negeri 2 Langsa

Background: Flaxseed (Linum Usitatissimum) is a type of grain. Flaxseed is one of the best food sources of phytoestrogens with 379,380 mcg for every 100 grams. The contents of flaxseeds are omega 3, alpha linoleic fatty acids, lignans, vitamin B1, soluble fiber, protein, copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, selenium and phosphorus. Flaxseed has a variety of benefits that are very good for health, one of which is launching menstruation.Objective: To find out the Effect of Consumption of Flax Seed (Linum Usitatissimum) on the Achievement of Adolescent Girls in SMP Negeri 2 Langsa in 2017Method: This research is a quasi experiment, using a Randomized Doublle Blinde Controlles Trial design. This research was conducted at 2 Langsa State Junior High School in 2017. This study consisted of 288 students of VII and VIII Public Middle Schools as many as 288 students. The analysis used to determine differences in menstrual cycles in the treatment and control groups used paired t-test.Results: The results of univariate and bivariate analysis studies where the results were obtained from 136 samples, there was no significant relationship between phytoestrogen consumption with menstrual time p = 0.375 and there was no relationship between phytoestrogen consumption with menstrual cycle and menstrual blood volume with p = 0.119 and p = 0.980. The duration of normal menstruation usually ranges from 5 to 7 days, some even up to 10 days. While the menstrual cycle will be different for each woman. Normally the cycle will repeat every 28 days, but there are also those who have a cycle of up to 42 days.Conclusion: Based on bivariate analysis shows the average menstrual cycle, the length of menstruation, menstrual volume, and Hb levels there were no significant differences in treatment between the pretest and posttest groups.

PENGETAHUAN SISWI KELAS XI TENTANG DAMPAK ANEMIA TERHADAP KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI

Anemia is a clinical condition of reducing the quality of red blood cells. In circulation that is marked by low hemoglobin levels in the blood. The impact of anemia on iron nutrition results in a pale, weak, tired, dizzy, and decreased concentration of learning. Other causes: the level of knowledge of adolescent girls and the length of menstruation. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of class XI knowledge about the effects of anemia on reproductive health in SMA 6 Medan 2019. This research is descriptive using primary and secondary data. The populations in this study were 30 teenage girls in SMA 6 Medan as many as in-class XI IPA I. The sampling technique of this study was using purposive sampling technique. The sample of this study was 30 students. The results of this study indicate that the majority of people who lack knowledge are 16 people (54%) and the minority of people who have good knowledge is 4 people (13%). The study conclusion is that the majority of female student’s knowledge about the effects of anemia on reproductive health is lacking. For the school and adolescents, it is hoped that they will increase their knowledge by came and working with health workers to promote health about the effect of anemia on reproductive health.

Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer among Post-menopausal Women in South Africa

Background: National Cancer Registry of South Africa reported the highest incidence of uterine cancer in Gauteng Proviance. Among uterine cancer patients reported in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Johannesburg Hospital, more than 85% are suffering in endometrial cancers. Here, in this study we tried to explore the relation between factors causing increased blood oestrogen levels, like, contraceptive pills, early menarche and delayed menopause (increases the length of menstruation), nulliparity and overweight by more than 25kg and endometrial cancer among black female population of Greater Johannesburg. In this present study, we also studied how non-sex hormone related factors like hypertension, diabetes, family history, obesity and smoking habits are affecting the occurrence of endometrial cancer in Greater Johannesburg females.Methods: This study is based on post-menopausal female black population of Johannesburg who were physically examined with the help of transvaginal sonar. Their oestrogen level in serum was checked. Their family history, menarche and menopause age, pregnancy and others were collected through questionnaires.Results: The mean age of menarche and menopause was found to be 13.80 and 53.80 years respectively. Hypertension, elevated serum oestradiol level, nulliparity, obesity and diabetes are significantly high among study group. Moreover our study suggests no such relation between smoking habit and endometrial cancer.Conclusion: Continued exposure of endometrium to oestrogen increases the chance of endometrial cancer. The length of menstruation time and nulliparity appeared as vital factors for endometrial cancer. Moreover, adipocytes secreting oestrogen and diabetes are also related to the onset of endometrial cancer among post-menopausal female population.

The Association of Anthropometric Indices with Dysmenorrhea in High School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological complaints that can affect the quality of life. The exact pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea is not yet fully understood. However, some studies have suggested an association between anthropometric indices and dysmenorrhea. Objectives: We aimed to evaluated the association between anthropometric indices and dysmenorrhea. Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted in Qazvin, Iran, during 2016, 400 high school students aged between 14 and 18 years old were enrolled based on the inclusion criteria. The relevant information and anthropometric indices were collected using a checklist. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 17. Results: Among 400 students, the prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 82.5%. There were significant differences in cycle length (29.15 ± 2.69 vs. 27.57 ± 2.38; P = 0.001), duration of menstruation (6.03 ± 1.11 vs. 5.65 ± 1.20; P = 0.011), hip circumference (93.13 ± 9.25 vs. 90.14 ± 12.15; P = 0.021), height (162.62 ± 5.47 vs. 160.72 ± 5.92; P = 0.01), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) (0.78 ± 0.06 vs. 0.81 ± 0.09; P = 0.001) between the groups with dysmenorrhea and without dysmenorrhea. Based on a logistic regression model, only WHR was a predictive protective factor for dysmenorrhea (OR = 0.896, CI95% = 0.821 - 0.971, P = 0.012) and height (OR = 1.057, CI95% = 1.006 - 1.111, P < 0.001), cycle length (OR = 1.238, CI95% = 1.117 - 1.372, P = 0.028), and menstruation length (OR = 1.269, CI95% = 1.002 - 1.608, P = 0.048) were risk factors. Conclusions: WHR and height were noted to be associated with dysmenorrhea. In addition, WHR was found to be a protective factor and height to be a risk factor.