Longest Root Length Research Articles

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase confers transgenic tobacco with elevated tolerance to salt stress.

Polyamines play an important role in stress response. In the pathway of polyamines synthesis, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) is one of the key enzymes. In this study, a full length cDNA of SAMDC (AhSAMDC) was isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Phylogenetic analysis revealed high sequence similarity between AhSAMDC and SAMDC from other plants. In peanut seedlings exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl), the transcript level of AhSAMDC in roots was the highest at 24 h that decreased sharply at 72 and 96 h after 150 mM NaCl treatment. However, the expression of AhSAMDC in peanut leaves was significantly inhibited, and the transcript levels in leaves were not different compared with control These results implied the tissue-specific and time-specific expression of AhSAMDC. The physiological effects and functional mechanism of AhSAMDC were further evaluated by overexpressing AhSAMDC in tobaccos. The transgenic tobacco lines exhibited higher germination rate and longer root length under salt stress. Reduced membrane damage, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and higher proline content were also observed in the transgenic tobacco seedlings. What's more, AhSAMDC also led to higher contents of spermidine and spermine, which can help to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Together, this study suggests that AhSAMDC enhances plant resistance to salt stress by improving polyamine content and alleviating membrane damage.

Can We Grow Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) Root in Hydroponic System with Simple Growing Media?

Unlike conventional agriculture, urban hydroponics are widely on a small yard scale. Hydroponics is a term used for farming without using soil as a growth medium. Plants can be planted in pots or other containers using water and other porous materials as growing media. Cheap, easily obtainable, and efficient growing media types are needed for urban communities to cultivate vegetable crops, especially shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.). Shallots have an important meaning, both in terms of high economic value and their nutritional content. It is unknown if the shallots are cultivated in a hydroponic system and how the performance of its roots and the suitable simple growing media for growing shallots in hydroponic will be enhanced. Therefore, this research was conducted to study the performance of shallot roots in several alternative hydroponic media and obtain growing media that can provide the best growth on the performance of shallot roots in the hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in 3 months at the Glass House and Integrated laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University, Indonesia. This research was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications. The factor is the growing media (m) which consists of 4 levels, namely: m1 = sand (± 80-100 mesh); m2 = burnt rice husk; m3 = egg cartons; and m4 = wood shavings (± 90-120 mesh). Data retrieval by observing the following parameters: Leaf length (cm), Number of leaves (strands), Number of plant bulbs (bulbs), bulbs wet weight (grams), bulbs dry weight (grams), Longest root length (cm), and Total root length (m). This research showed that the burnt rice husk and wood shavings growing media influence the growth and performance of the shallots' roots (Allium ascalonicum L.) plants and can be used as the simple growing media in urban hydroponic as Household scale cultivation. On the other hand, the growing media from sand and egg cartons are not recommended for growing shallots in the hydroponic system.

Overexpression of MdCPK1a gene, a calcium dependent protein kinase in apple, increase tobacco cold tolerance via scavenging ROS accumulation.

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are important calcium receptors, which play a crucial part in the process of sensing and decoding intracellular calcium signals during plant development and adaptation to various environmental stresses. In this study, a CDPK gene MdCPK1a, was isolated from apple (Malus×domestica) which contains 1701bp nucleotide and encodes a protein of 566 amino acid residues, and contains the conserved domain of CDPKs. The transient expression and western blot experiment showed that MdCPK1a protein was localized in the nucleus and cell plasma membrane. Ectopic expression of MdCPK1a in Nicotiana benthamiana increased the resistance of the tobacco plants to salt and cold stresses. The mechanism of MdCPK1a regulating cold resistance was further investigated. The overexpressed MdCPK1a tobacco plants had higher survival rates and longer root length than wild type (WT) plants under cold stress, and the electrolyte leakages (EL), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were lower, and accordingly, antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were higher, suggesting the transgenic plants suffered less chilling injury than WT plants. Moreover, the transcript levels of ROS-scavenging and stress-related genes were higher in the transgenic plants than those in WT plants whether under normal conditions or cold stress. The above results suggest that the improvement of cold tolerance in MdCPK1a-overexpressed plants was due to scavenging ROS accumulation and modulating the expression of stress-related genes.

Glomus mosseae Promotes Xanthium italicum Invasion

The relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and the invasiveness of alien plants is a controversial issue in plant invasion ecology. In this study, we investigated the influence of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on the physiological ecology, growth, and reproductive capacity of Xanthium italicum Moretti. We found that the relative chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of the leaves of potted X. italicum whose rhizosphere soil was supplemented with G. mosseae was higher than those of the control group. Plants in the treatment group had longer root length and plant height; increased root, stem, and fruit biomass; and more male and female inflorescences and fruits relative to control plants. Additionally, the ratio of female to male inflorescence number was close to 2:1 in the treatment group as compared to 1:1 in the control group, suggesting an enhanced reproductive capacity in the former. G. mosseae applied to the soil also increased phosphorus absorption and accumulation in the roots, stems, and leaves of X. italicum. Thus, G. mosseae promotes the growth and reproduction of X. italicum and thereby enhances its competitiveness and capacity for colonizing a new habitat.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI CUKA BAMBU DAN MACAM VARIETAS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK LADA PERDU (Piper nigrum L.)

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of concentration of petung bamboo vinegar, kinds of varieties, and the interaction of both on the growth of shrub pepper cuttings. The study used a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three blocks. The first factor is the concentration of petung bamboo vinegar (Dendrocalamus asper) consisting of 0 ppm, 1.000 ppm, 2.000 ppm, 3.000 ppm, 4.000 ppm, 5.000 ppm, and 1.000 ppm Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) as a synthetic growth regulator. The second factor is kinds of varieties: Natar-1 and Ciinten. The results showed that the use of petung bamboo vinegar for 5.000 ppm produces the highest number of leaves, fresh weight of shoots, and dry weight of shoots on Ciinten variety, while the Natar-1 variety with concentration of petung bamboo vinegar for 3.000 ppm obtained the highest fresh weight of shoots and dry weight of shoots. Ciinten variety obtained the highest results on shoot height, number of leaves, longest root length, number of roots, fresh weigh of shoots, dry weight of shoots, fresh weight of roots, and dry weight of roots. The interaction between the concentration of petung bamboo vinegar and kinds of varieties has no significant on all observed parameters. The use of petung bamboo vinegar at 3.000 ppm for Natar-1 and 5.000 ppm for Ciinten can replace the role of IAA growth regulator at concentrations of 1.000 ppm. Keywords: Dendrocalamus asper, bamboo vinegar concentration, Piper nigrum L., shrubs pepper cuttings, varieties.

Response of two melon varieties to combination of growing media enriched with baglog waste compost

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a growing media combination with addition of baglog waste compost and several livestock manure on the growth and production of two varieties of melon (Cucumis melo L.). The research was designed with a Split Plot Design. The main plot was melon variety consisting of Action 434 and Glamor varieties. Subplots were planting media consisting of several combinations, namely soil + baglog waste compost (2:1), soil + baglog waste compost + chicken manure (2:1:1), soil + baglog waste compost + cow manure (2:1:1), and soil + baglog waste compost + goat manure (2:1:1). The results showed that the Glamor variety gave the best leaf area (108.66 cm2). Treatment of soil + baglog waste compost + chicken manure gave the best leaf area (122.01 cm2), highest leaf chlorophyll content (41.77 mg/cm2), longest root length (52.18 cm) and the largest fruit diameter (42.33 cm). The treatment of soil + baglog waste compost + cow manure gave the heaviest fruit weight (0.75 kg) and the highest fruit sweetness level (8.22 °brix).

Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair Babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Vegetatif Akar Hanjeli (Coix lacrima Jobi)

Tanaman hanjeli (Coix lacryma Jobi L) merupakan tanaman pangan serealia yang memiliki kandungan protein lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan jagung dan padi, sehingga tanaman ini memiliki potensi sebagai makanan pangan alternatif. Pertumbuhan tanaman hanjeli tergantung pada pemberian pupuk dan penyerapan unsur hara oleh akar. Akar berperan penting dalam penyerapan unsur hara, akar yang sehat, proses fotosintensis akan optimal dan mendapatkan pertumbuhan tanaman hanjeli yang optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon pertumbuhan vegetatif akar tanaman hanjeli menggunakan pupuk organik cair Ageratum conyzoides. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) 1 faktor yaitu dosis pupuk organik cair A. conyzoides yang berbeda. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu P0 (kontrol), P1 (2.5 ml/tanaman), P2 (5 ml/tanaman), P3 (10 ml/tanaman), P4 (20 ml/tanaman), dan P5 (40 ml/tanaman) dengan masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali. parameter pengamatan yaitu jumlah akar, panjang akar terpanjang, volume akar, berat basah akar, berat basah pupus, berat kering akar, berat kering pupus, dan nisbah pupus akar. Data akan dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA apabila berbeda nyata akan dilanjut dengan uji lanjut DMRT. Hasil penelitian pada perlakuan P0 pada parameter jumlah akar tanaman hanjeli berbeda nyata terhadap perlakuan lainnya. Pemberian pupuk organik cair A. conyzoides memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap pertumbuhan akar tanaman hanjeli yaitu menekan pertumbuhan akar, tetapi akar tanaman hanjeli masih dapat tumbuh pada pemberian dosis 40 ml/tanaman pupuk organik cair.

Trichoderma Activity in Seed Germination, Promoting Seedling Growth and Rhizocompetence in Tomato Plants

Tomato is one of the most important plant species from an economic and social point of view. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in the use of beneficial microorganisms in agriculture, and some of them are being commercialized as biopesticidal and biofertilizer formulations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of twenty (20) Trichoderma isolates to stimulate seed germination, colonize the roots, and promoting growth on tomato seedlings. In laboratory tests, it was possible to observe germination induction and longer root length, in addition to greater length of hypocotyls. However, in some cases, the presence of cotyledon lesions in the seedlings was observed, but without interference in the number and vigor of seedlings from inoculated seeds. In the greenhouse, the action of isolates as growth promoters was verified, due to the increase in the weight and length of roots and the aerial part of tomato plants. Twelve isolates were selected for the rhizocompetence assay, in which the ability to colonize the rhizosphere and also the plant rhizoplane was observed. None of the tests showed negative results in the evaluated parameters.

NtCIPK9: A Calcineurin B-Like Protein-Interacting Protein Kinase From the Halophyte Nitraria tangutorum, Enhances Arabidopsis Salt Tolerance.

Calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play essential roles in plant abiotic stress response. In order to better understand salt tolerance, we cloned and analyzed the NtCIPK9 gene from the halophyte Nitraria tangutorum. Phylogenetic analysis shows that NtCIPK9 belongs to a sister clade with the Arabidopsis AtCIPK9 gene and is thought to localize to the plasma membrane. NtCIPK9 shows the highest expression level in the Nitraria tangutorum root under normal growth conditions, whereas after NaCl treatment, the highest expression was found in the blade. NtCIPK9-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants have a higher seed germination rate, longer root length, and displayed higher salt tolerance than wild type seedlings under salt stress conditions. Furthermore, NtCIPK9 overexpression might enhance the expression of genes related to K+ transportation after NaCl treatment. Thus, we conclude that NtCIPK9 increases transgenic plant salt tolerance and reduces damage associated with salt stress by promoting the expression of genes controlling ion homeostasis. Our results suggest that NtCIPK9 could serve as an ideal candidate gene to genetically engineer salt-tolerant plants.

Valorization of faecal and sewage sludge via pyrolysis for application as crop organic fertilizer

In developing countries, faecal sludge treatment facilities are non-existent in most cities and small towns resulting in untreated and improper disposal of sludge. In Ghana 85 % of faecal sludge produced each day is discharged into the earth with no effective treatment. Converting sewage and faecal sludge to biochar addresses the stigma of fertilizer obtained from human excreta, since the pyrolysis process guarantees a 100 % pathogen elimination, and enrich nutrients in faecal sludge biochar. The interest to convert sludge waste into biochar is that it ensures a pathogen free fertilizer. Sewage sludge and faecal sludge with sawdust were pyrolysed at different temperatures in this study. Sewage sludge (SSB1−300 °C, SSB2−450 °C and SSB3−600 °C) as well as faecal sludge with sawdust (CTB1−300 °C, CTB2−450 °C and CTB3−600 °C) were both converted to biochar at 300 °C, 450 °C and 600 °C, respectively using an electric kiln. Physicochemical parameters such as Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Potassium (TK), Total Phosphorous (TP), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Organic Carbon (OC), Organic Matter (OM), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), Ash content, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Moisture content, Porosity and Bulk Density and germination test were performed. It was found that at 300 °C nitrogen content, organic matter, bulk density, biochar yield and moisture content were high, and longer root lengths were observed as well. Biochars produced at 450 °C produced the longest shoot lengths. Also, biochars produced at 600 °C had high phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels, high porosity, pH and high heavy metal concentration as well. The outcomes demonstrate that biochars produced at higher temperatures are high in heavy metal concentration, but were within acceptable limits for application in agriculture. Biochar produced at moderately lower temperature is favourable for agriculture purposes. SSB1−300 °C, SSB2−450 °C, CTB1−300 °C and CTB2−450 °C had moderate pH and ash levels and so are less toxic to the growth of plants. Faecal sludge biochar produced at the three temperatures were suitable for use as fertilizer. The conversion of sludge waste into biochar will help improve faecal sludge management.

In vitro rooting of hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus avellana×Corylus americana) in a temporary immersion system

Commercial micropropagation of hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L. × C. americana Marshall) has been limited, owing to their poor rooting ability in vitro as well as ex vitro, leading to high mortality of plantlets transplanted in the greenhouse. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient and cost-effective protocol for rooting and plantlet acclimation of in vitro grown hazelnut shoots. Efficient in vitro rooting was accomplished in a rocker-based temporary immersion bioreactor system. The use of a temporary immersion system (TIS) in combination with the inert substrate Oasis® In Vitro Express (IVE) significantly improved the in vitro rooting efficiency (100%) compared with semi-solid medium (27%) after four weeks of culture. A higher density (36 explants/vessel) of shoot explants in the TIS was found to support a significantly greater shoot height, chlorophyll content, and longest root length, compared with the lowest density treatment (12 explants/vessel). Efficiency of rooting and the number of roots formed were similar for both the high and low density of explants in the culture vessels, and the resulting plantlets exhibited > 80% survival in the greenhouse. These results demonstrate the usefulness of rocker-based TIS for commercial micropropagation of hazelnuts and, potentially, other tree species.

Genotypic Variation of Different Maturity Groups of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Seed Physiological Quality

Maize genotypes of different maturity groups with good seed quality had been developed, but there is little or no information on how the seed quality of the maize genotypes are affected by their maturity groups. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate maize varieties of different maturity groups for seed quality and determine genotypic variations that exist within the different maturity groups of maize for seed quality. Laboratory experiments were conducted in the Seed Science Laboratory of the Department of Crop Production and Protection, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Seeds of sixteen maize genotypes of different maturity groups were subjected to imbibition, germination, accelerated ageing, conductivity and seedling vigor tests. The late maturity group (TZLCOMP.4DTF2,TZLCOMP. 1C6/DT.SYN-1-W, WHITEDTSTR/TZLCOMP.1-W, OBASUPER1) gave the best viability, speed of germination and days to complete germination while the extra early maturity group (2009TZEE-ORISTRQPM, 2000SYNEE-WSTR,2013TZEE-WDTSTR, TZEE-WPOPDTC2STRC5F2) had the least performance. The early (2014TZE –YDTSTR, 2013DTESTR–WSYN, EVDT-2000STRC0, 2009DTEWSTRSYN) and extra-early maturity groups had the longest root length and highest root number respectively. However, the different maturity groups of maize evaluated imbibed water at the same rate. TZEE-WPOP DT STR C5 F2, 2013 DTE STR – W SYN, AFLATOXIN R-SYN2, TZL COMP.1 C6/DT. SYN-1-W among extra early, early, intermediate and late maturity groups respectively performed best for viability and vigor tests.

Maize second-crop intercropped with forages and soil correction depths: grain yield and forages root distribution

Correction of soils is a required practice that aims to reduce the harmful effects of soil acidity, promote better development of the plants and ensure the productive potential of agriculture. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the maize yield in monoculture and / or intercropped and to study the development of Urochloa spp roots according to different combinations of chemical correction of the soil in rainfed conditions. The experiment was developed in an experimental area, Selvíria, MS, Brazil in dystrophic Oxisol. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks with subplots, with three replications. The soil correction treatments were arranged in the plots (control, gypsum, lime (0 - 0.2 m); lime and gypsum (0 - 0.2 m); lime (0 - 0.4 m); lime and gypsum (0 - 0.4 m)), and the subplots were occupied with maize, maize intercropped with U. ruziziensis or with Mulato II hybrid (Convert HD 364) The two intercrop with forages produced sufficient amounts of straw to start and/or maintain no-tillage system in the Cerrado region and the presence of forage in maize crop did not influence grain yield. The Mulato II hybrid had a larger root diameter, being more indicated for compacted soils, however longest root lengths were obtained by U. ruziziensis.

Kajian macam dan dosis pupuk organik terhadap pertumbuhan ketela pohon

Study the Types and Dosage of Organic Fertilizers of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The research to observe the development of cassava due to the influence of cassava based on organic fertilizer. This research was conducted from October 2019 to January 2020, in the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Slamet Riyadi University, Surakarta. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with 1 treatment, namely type and dose of organic fertilizers and obtained 10 combinations treatments and each was repeated 3 times. From the research data, analysis of variance will be carried out nd then the real difference test will be countinued with the real Honestly Significant Difference test at the 5% level. In this observation observed included 8 parameters: shoot height, longest root length, number of roots, number of leaves,fresh weight of planted roots, dry weight of planted roots, fresh weight of planting buds, and dry weight of planting buds. The results showed that (1) effect of kinds and dosages of organic fertilizer the effect very apparent in the parameters of the number of planted leaves, number of planted roots, longest root length, dry weight of planted roots, fresh weight of planted shoots and dry weight of planted shoots. Significantly affected the shoot height parameters. No significant effect is found on the parameters of the fresh root weight of the crop. (2) The dosage of 1.9 kg / polybag (MD7) fertilizer application gave the best results on the dry weight of shoots, 378 grams.

Effects of Copper and Zinc Application on the Oil Palm Root Morphology and Epidermis Cell Size

The growth of oil palm is highly dependent on the availability of nutrients, supplied through fertilizers. This is especially true for peat soils where there is a lack of Zn and Cu due to the soil being deficient of mineral and clay content. The deficiency of Zn and Cu has been found to inhibit oil palm plant and root growth. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of different concentration of Zn and Cu chelates on the root development of oil palm roots cell walls. The oil palm seedlings were harvested after two different growing periods; the first harvest was conducted after three months of planting while the second harvest was after 6 months of planting. The harvested oil palm seedlings were measured for root length, root thickness and root surface area. The best root growth for the copper treatments was with concentrations of 8.00 mg Cu/palm. The cell epidermis size and cortex cells of the oil palm seedlings in this treatment was the smallest, meaning that it did not experience any Cu toxicity, while it had the longest root length, root surface area, root fresh weight and root dry weight. For the zinc treatments, the best root growth was at 5.00 mg/palm. This is because in this treatment, the oil palm seedlings achieved the highest root length, root surface area, root fresh weight and root dry weight. This means that the best concentration of Cu to promote root growth of oil palm seedlings is 8.00 mg Cu/palm while the best concentration of Zn was 5.00 mg Zn/palm. Further research needs to also be conducted using a combination of both Zn and Cu applications at the same time, to determine if the combined micronutrients had different effects on the oil palm seedlings roots growth.

Peran Chitosan sebagai Pemacu Pertumbuhan Kultur Anggrek Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Sm. secara in vitro

The effect of chitosan  on micropropagation of Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Sm was observed. The media used was Vacin and Went (VW) modified with the addition of coconut water and given chitosan with several concentrations. The study was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cenderawasih University for 6 months, from April to September 2019. Experiments using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) of 8 treatments with 3 explants in each bottle for total 3 bottle as a replication. The total explants used in this experiment was 72 explants. The concentration of chitosan were 0% , 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 40% and 50% separately. Observation data were analyzed using ANOVA, if there were significant differences followed by DMRT at the 5% level. Observation variables included number and length of roots, number and length of leaves. The results showed that giving chitosan 10% had a maximum effect on the number of roots and number of leaves, 6.67 and 4.67. As for the highest leaf length of 17.43 mm and the longest root length 19.21 mm were in the media with the addition of chitosan concentration of 15%. The observations showed that chitosan  had a positive influence on the growth and development of orchids D. lasianthera plantlet in vitro.Keywords : Chitosan, orchid, Vacin and Went, plantlet.

Propagation of Three Cultivars of Rosa hybrida L. through Stenting Method

In the commercial production of roses, introducing a method to reduce the time of propagation with maximum success is crucial. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations (0, 1500, 3000, 4500 mg/L) of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on propagation of three cultivars of Rosa hybrid L. ('Dolce Vita', 'Samurai' and 'Utopia') by stenting (simultaneous cutting and grafting) method under greenhouse conditions. The cultivars were grafted onto Rosa hybrida L. 'Natal Briar' rootstock. The factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The stentings were cultured in coco peat and perlite medium at 1:2 ratio in a greenhouse under mist system. After 60 days, the percentage of grafting, rooting percentage, root number, longest root length and fresh and dry weights of roots and shoot traits (including leaf number, shoot number, and longest shoot length) were determined on the stentings. The highest rate of rooting in Dolce Vita cultivar was obtained at 1500 mg/L IBA and in Samurai and Utopia cultivars at 4500 mg/L IBA. Among the three cultivars of roses, highest percentage of rooting (93.75%), healing percentage (93.75%), root length (12.47 cm), fresh weight (0.84 g) and dry weight (0.07 g) of roots were observed in stentings treated with 4500 mg/L of IBA in Rosa hybrida L. cv. Samurai. Interaction between IBA concentrations and cultivars on chlorophyll (a, b and total) and carotenoid contents were significant in all the three cultivars of roses.

Effect of Grain Size on The Root System Architecture of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of grain size on seedling root architecture. Ten different breadwheat cultivars were selected to examine the effect of grain size on primary root traits under controlled conditions. Seminalroot traits were tested with germination papers at the growth stage 1. Significant differences between seminal root number,total seminal root length, longest root length, and root growth angle were observed among 10 cultivars. The seminal rootnumber per plant was found to be 3.93 in the large, 3.71 in the medium and 3.20 in the small grain groups. Similar rankingsin the seminal root length were observed, while root growth angle did not follow the same trend. The study suggested that thecultivar Atay 85 with superior primary root traits can be an advantage, especially in regions where plants achieve an advantageat a deep soil water level, under water stress at early growth stages.

Propagation of Aloysia citriodora Palau Using Different Cutting Types under Light Intensity

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of types of cuttings and light intensity on cidró vegetative propagation.
 Place and Duration of Study: Medicinal Plants Garden, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, September to November 2016.
 Methodology: The experiment was carried out under two light conditions (shaded and full light), evaluating three types of cuttings (softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood). Experimental design was a 2 x 3 factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications.
 Results: Hardwood cuttings showed the highest survival rates (86% and 82%), regardless of light. Highest fresh weight (0.6062 g plant-1) and dry mass (0.2987 g plant-1) with a leaf of 44.57 cm2 were from hardwood cuttings, regardless of the light, while the longest root length were those of softwood cuttings under full light. Physiological indices varied as a function of light intensity, The highest values of leaf area ratio (46.11 cm2 g-1) and specific leaf mass (0.0037 g cm-2) occurred in cuttings under full light.
 Conclusion: The vegetative propagation of cidró can be carried out using the hardwood portion of the cutting branch, under full light.

A Wheat WRKY Transcription Factor TaWRKY46 Enhances Tolerance to Osmotic Stress in transgenic Arabidopsis Plants.

WRKY transcription factors play central roles in developmental processes and stress responses of wheat. Most WRKY proteins of the same group (Group III) have a similar function in abiotic stress responses in plants. TaWRKY46, a member of Group III, was up-regulated by PEG treatment. TaWRKY46-GFP fusion proteins localize to the nucleus in wheat mesophyll protoplasts. Overexpression of TaWRKY46 enhanced osmotic stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, which was mainly demonstrated by transgenic Arabidopsis plants forming higher germination rate and longer root length on 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing mannitol. Furthermore, the expression of several stress-related genes (P5CS1, RD29B, DREB2A, ABF3, CBF2, and CBF3) was significantly increased in TaWRKY46-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants after mannitol treatment. Taken together, these findings proposed that TaWRKY46 possesses vital functions in improving drought tolerance through ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways when plants are exposed to adverse osmotic conditions. TaWRKY46 can be taken as a candidate gene for transgenic breeding against osmotic stress in wheat. It can further complement and improve the information of the WRKY family members of Group III.