Lobe Length Research Articles

The effect of over-feeding newborn rabbits on somatic and visceral growth, body composition and long-term growth potential.

Newborn rabbits were over-fed by encouraging them to suck from two lactating does. These double-fed animals were compared with single-fed litter-mate controls. Single- and double-fed rabbits were compared with respect to body-weight, bone length and weights of heart, kidney, lung, liver, spleen, stomach, brain and adipose lobes at ages 7, 14 and 21 d and at 25 weeks. Body composition with respect to fat, protein and water was also analysed in animals killed during the first month of life. Double feeding had a profound effect on body-weight, such that by 21 d of age these animals weighed 65% more than controls. Longitudinal growth was also increased, but to a lesser extent. Organ weights were largely determined by body-weight with the exception of the brain which was unaffected by double feeding and the heart and adipose lobes which were represented to excess. Body composition studies demonstrated a marked increase in body fat and a decrease in body water as a percentage of body-weight in the double-fed. When mature, double-fed rabbits weighed a little more than controls and had accumulated significantly more fat. No other difference between them was demonstrated. Other experiments on rats, mice and pigs, along with these experiments on rabbits, suggest that young mammals respond to over-feeding with a limited increase in real growth associated with excess deposition of adipose tissue. Studies on infants of diabetic mothers have demonstrated that the human fetus responds to over-nutrition in a very similar way. Therefore we should be cautious about over-feeding human infants, especially premature ones, as it seems unlikely that excessive deposition of fat will be beneficial.

5400. An electron cyclotron maser for nanosecond megawatt pulses: H E Frank et al,J Phys D: Appl Phys,15 (1), 1982, 41–49

The family Echinothambematidae and the genus Vemathambema Menzies, 1962 are rediagnosed. A redescription of Vemathambema elongata Menzies, 1962 from the Angola Basin and the description of Vemathambema argentinensis sp. nov. from the Argentina Basin of the South Atlantic are presented. The new species can easily be distinguished from Vemathambema elongata by its larger opercular pleopods and deeper constrictions of pereonites two to four.Family Echinothambematidae Menzies, 1956Vemathambema elongata Menzies, 1962 (Fig. 1a, b)New material examined: German expedition “DIVA 1” (RV “Meteor” cruise 48/1): 22.7.2000, St. 338, 18°19.4′S 04°39.7′E, depth 5397 m, 1 female, 3.5 mm long; St. 340, 18°18.3′S, 04°41.3′E, depth 5395 m 1 female, 3.2 mm long; 28.7.2000, St. 348, 16°18.1′S 05°27.2′E, depth 5390 m, 1 juvenile female, 1.8 mm long. Russian Expedition RV “Akademik Kurchatov” (cruise 43): 13.1.1986, St. 4912, 26°45.1′S, 06°54.6′E, depth 4910 m, posterior part of male.Vemathambema argentinensis sp. nov. (Fig. 1c, d)Material examined: Russian expedition RV “Akademik Kurchatov” (cruise 43): 26.12.1985, St. 4893, 36°12′S 49°09′W, depth 4630 m. Holotype: male, 4.6 mm long, (Zoological Museum of Moscow University, ZMMU Mc 1322a). Paratypes: female allotype with oostegites on first pereopods, 4.7 mm long; 1 female, 4.2 mm; 2 adult males, 4.7 and 4.3 mm; 2 immature males in stage IV, 3.2 and 3.1 mm (see Wolff 1962); pleotelson of a male (ZMMU Mc 1322b-c).Description: All segments free. Body length more than 5 times width of pleotelson, more than 10 times width of narrowest part of pereon, anterior parts of tergites 3 and 4 about twice as wide as narrowest middle parts. Male pereopod 1 carposubchelate, length 0.25 of body length, carpus larger than ischium, propodus as long and half as wide as carpus. Operculum of female broad oval, 1.4 times as long as wide, 0.83 of pleotelson length. Male pleopod 1 length 0.9 of pleotelson length, 3 times as long as narrowest width, 2.6 times proximal width, and 2.1 times broadest distal sagittal part width; distolateral lobes bent dorsally, reaching 0.15 of total pleopod length, ventral and lateral margins with sparse setules. Male pleopod 2 protopod 3 times as long as wide in ventral view, truncated apically, proximomedial lobe length 0.15 of protopod length and 0.75 of protopod width; endite proximal article subequal in width to distal article, stylet very thin, curved, longer than protopod; exopod situated distally, longer than wide, covered apically with hair-like setae. Uropods uniramous, 0.4 of body length, tapering distally.Diagnosis: The new species is very similar to V. elongata, but can easily be distinguished by the relatively large operculum in both sexes. In a male of V. argentinensis sp. nov. it occupies almost the whole ventral area of the pleotelson, in V. elongata it covers only nearly 70% of the ventral area. Male pleopods 1 of the new species are more slender, distolateral lobes are less curved dorsally. All parts of pleopod 2 are more slender. The new species is distinguished also by a thinner body, pereonites 14 with more pronounced anterolateral projections which in pereonite 2 have the same shape as in the two following pereonites, without tubercles. The central constriction on pereonites 3 and 4 is narrower in the new species. Pereopod 1 is stouter, but we could examine it only in a male whereas for V. elongata the pereopod 1 is known only for a female, the difference could be due to sexual dimorphism. The epipod of the maxilliped in V. argentinensis sp. nov. is longer than in V. elongata in relation to the basis. The two first articles of antenna 1 are somewhat stouter in the new species. In males with the same size of pleotelson the uropods are shorter in the new species (the uropod/pleotelson length ratio is 2.2 in V. argentinensis sp.nov. and 2.9 in V. elongata).

5402. Convenient fast pulsed molecular beam valve: Thomas E Adams et al,Rev Sci Instrum,52 (10), 1981, 1469–1472

The family Echinothambematidae and the genus Vemathambema Menzies, 1962 are rediagnosed. A redescription of Vemathambema elongata Menzies, 1962 from the Angola Basin and the description of Vemathambema argentinensis sp. nov. from the Argentina Basin of the South Atlantic are presented. The new species can easily be distinguished from Vemathambema elongata by its larger opercular pleopods and deeper constrictions of pereonites two to four.Family Echinothambematidae Menzies, 1956Vemathambema elongata Menzies, 1962 (Fig. 1a, b)New material examined: German expedition “DIVA 1” (RV “Meteor” cruise 48/1): 22.7.2000, St. 338, 18°19.4′S 04°39.7′E, depth 5397 m, 1 female, 3.5 mm long; St. 340, 18°18.3′S, 04°41.3′E, depth 5395 m 1 female, 3.2 mm long; 28.7.2000, St. 348, 16°18.1′S 05°27.2′E, depth 5390 m, 1 juvenile female, 1.8 mm long. Russian Expedition RV “Akademik Kurchatov” (cruise 43): 13.1.1986, St. 4912, 26°45.1′S, 06°54.6′E, depth 4910 m, posterior part of male.Vemathambema argentinensis sp. nov. (Fig. 1c, d)Material examined: Russian expedition RV “Akademik Kurchatov” (cruise 43): 26.12.1985, St. 4893, 36°12′S 49°09′W, depth 4630 m. Holotype: male, 4.6 mm long, (Zoological Museum of Moscow University, ZMMU Mc 1322a). Paratypes: female allotype with oostegites on first pereopods, 4.7 mm long; 1 female, 4.2 mm; 2 adult males, 4.7 and 4.3 mm; 2 immature males in stage IV, 3.2 and 3.1 mm (see Wolff 1962); pleotelson of a male (ZMMU Mc 1322b-c).Description: All segments free. Body length more than 5 times width of pleotelson, more than 10 times width of narrowest part of pereon, anterior parts of tergites 3 and 4 about twice as wide as narrowest middle parts. Male pereopod 1 carposubchelate, length 0.25 of body length, carpus larger than ischium, propodus as long and half as wide as carpus. Operculum of female broad oval, 1.4 times as long as wide, 0.83 of pleotelson length. Male pleopod 1 length 0.9 of pleotelson length, 3 times as long as narrowest width, 2.6 times proximal width, and 2.1 times broadest distal sagittal part width; distolateral lobes bent dorsally, reaching 0.15 of total pleopod length, ventral and lateral margins with sparse setules. Male pleopod 2 protopod 3 times as long as wide in ventral view, truncated apically, proximomedial lobe length 0.15 of protopod length and 0.75 of protopod width; endite proximal article subequal in width to distal article, stylet very thin, curved, longer than protopod; exopod situated distally, longer than wide, covered apically with hair-like setae. Uropods uniramous, 0.4 of body length, tapering distally.Diagnosis: The new species is very similar to V. elongata, but can easily be distinguished by the relatively large operculum in both sexes. In a male of V. argentinensis sp. nov. it occupies almost the whole ventral area of the pleotelson, in V. elongata it covers only nearly 70% of the ventral area. Male pleopods 1 of the new species are more slender, distolateral lobes are less curved dorsally. All parts of pleopod 2 are more slender. The new species is distinguished also by a thinner body, pereonites 14 with more pronounced anterolateral projections which in pereonite 2 have the same shape as in the two following pereonites, without tubercles. The central constriction on pereonites 3 and 4 is narrower in the new species. Pereopod 1 is stouter, but we could examine it only in a male whereas for V. elongata the pereopod 1 is known only for a female, the difference could be due to sexual dimorphism. The epipod of the maxilliped in V. argentinensis sp. nov. is longer than in V. elongata in relation to the basis. The two first articles of antenna 1 are somewhat stouter in the new species. In males with the same size of pleotelson the uropods are shorter in the new species (the uropod/pleotelson length ratio is 2.2 in V. argentinensis sp.nov. and 2.9 in V. elongata).

Morphology and Technique for Crossing Lens esculenta Moench

Small size, fragility, and cleistogamous nature of lentil (Lens esculenta Moench.) flowers made manual crossing difficult. Study of the morphological characters and development of flower buds showed that the optimum stage for successful manual crossing occurs as the petals reach one‐half to three‐fourths the length of the calyx lobes. This development occurs during stigma receptiveness but prior to anther dehiscence. Temperatures between 15 and 25 C and relative humidity above 50% favored manual crossing in the greenhouse. Crossing attempts made in the field were unsuccessful.

NMR-experiments on acetals—part 32 : Dependency of geminal coupling constants of methylene groups on electronegativity, bond length and free orbital overlap of adjacent lobes an empirical relationship as a tool for conformational description

An equation, obtained by iterative fitting of experimental data in some 1,3-diheterocyclic, monocyclic and alicyclic compounds, is proposed. This enables prediction of 2 J(XCH 2Y) as depending on three main contributions: the Pauling electronegativities of X and Y, the bond distances CX and CY and the mutual orientation of the free orbitals and σ(CH) bonds. For the reading of the quantitative contribution to 2 J by the latter phenomenon (p-σ “parallelity effect”) a monogram is presented allowing prediction of the geminal coupling values and conformational discussions in (X,Y-dihetero) cyclic compounds with X and/or Y = S, O, Se, C.

Effects of gamma irradiation and ethyl methane sulphonate on morphometric traits and prevalence of common viral diseases and whiteflies in cassava.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important staple and food security crop for millions of people in Africa. However, its nutritional value is limited; yet its productivity is constrained by several pests and diseases. Induced mutagenesis is one approach with the potential to overcome such biotic stresses. The objective of this study was to assess the variability in morphometric traits and prevalence of common viral diseases and whiteflies in cassava to different doses and concentrations of gamma irradiation and ethyl methane sulphonate (ems) treatments. The effects were assessed on seed germination and growth of stakes, as well as foliar viral disease symptoms and whitefly counts. Radio-sensitivity tests revealed LD50 for sprouting as 37.6Gy for g-irradiation and 0.08% for EMS treatment. There was notable decrease in sprout, epicotyl length, shoot height, petiole length and number of leaf lobes, with increasing g-ray doses and EMS concentrations. Contrastingly, total chlorophyll content increased with increasing doses of g-rays and EMS concentrations. Basing on foliar whitefly counts and disease symptoms, there was a general increase in susceptibility to whitefly infestation and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) incidence. Significantly varying levels of resistance or tolerance to whiteflies and CMD were observed among plantlets derived from irradiated and EMS treated stems, compared to the controls. These findings lay a foundation for more future research on breeding for various traits, including disease resistance in cassava using induced mutagenesis approach.

Bivalent Frequencies in Interspecific Hybrids from Three Xerophytic Species of Cucurbita

Chromosome synapsis at diakinesis during microsporogensis was observed for Cucurbita digitata, C. palmata, C. cylindrata and reciprocal F1 hybrids between these species. The high degree of homology between their chromosomes, and the fertility of the hybrids suggest that these taxa are geographical isolates of a common species. Taxonomic descriptions (see Bailey, 1943, and Whitaker and Davis, 1962) have been recorded for 26 species of the genus Cucurbita, 5 being cultivated and the remainder are wild. Within the wild group are Cucurbita digitata Gray, C. palmata Watson, and C. cylindrata Bailey which are indigenous to the dry wastelands of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. Specifically, C. digitata is found in the desert regions of New Mexico, Arizona and to a lesser extent in south- ern California and Sonora, Mexico (Bailey, ibid.); Cucurbita palmata is indigenous to the Mohave Desert and southern interior valleys of California as well as the low elevations of western Arizona and north- ern Baja California; C. cylindrata in restricted to south-central Baja California (Bailey, ibid.). These species have a number of similar taxonomic characteristics. Among the most outstanding are the fleshy (water storage) roots which facilitate the perennial nature of these species, and the dark green mottled globular fruits which weigh about 300 grams and con- tain 150 to 500 seed. The most distinguishing characteristic among the species is their leaves which are similar in size but distinctly different in shape. Based on dividing the length of the leaf lobes by their maximum width an index value of approximately 2 and 9 have been established for C. palmata and C. digitata respectively (Bemis and Whitaker, 1965). This paper is based on a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Horticulture, University of Arizona. Published with the permission of the Director of the Arizona Agriculture Experi- ment Station as Journal Article No. 1238.

The methods of computing of heat and salt fluxes in ocean, an example of comuputations in selected regions of the Atlantic : Bortkovsky R.S. 1962. (In Russian). Trud. Inst. Okeanol., Akad. Nauk. SSSR 56: 130–228

The family Echinothambematidae and the genus Vemathambema Menzies, 1962 are rediagnosed. A redescription of Vemathambema elongata Menzies, 1962 from the Angola Basin and the description of Vemathambema argentinensis sp. nov. from the Argentina Basin of the South Atlantic are presented. The new species can easily be distinguished from Vemathambema elongata by its larger opercular pleopods and deeper constrictions of pereonites two to four.Family Echinothambematidae Menzies, 1956Vemathambema elongata Menzies, 1962 (Fig. 1a, b)New material examined: German expedition “DIVA 1” (RV “Meteor” cruise 48/1): 22.7.2000, St. 338, 18°19.4′S 04°39.7′E, depth 5397 m, 1 female, 3.5 mm long; St. 340, 18°18.3′S, 04°41.3′E, depth 5395 m 1 female, 3.2 mm long; 28.7.2000, St. 348, 16°18.1′S 05°27.2′E, depth 5390 m, 1 juvenile female, 1.8 mm long. Russian Expedition RV “Akademik Kurchatov” (cruise 43): 13.1.1986, St. 4912, 26°45.1′S, 06°54.6′E, depth 4910 m, posterior part of male.Vemathambema argentinensis sp. nov. (Fig. 1c, d)Material examined: Russian expedition RV “Akademik Kurchatov” (cruise 43): 26.12.1985, St. 4893, 36°12′S 49°09′W, depth 4630 m. Holotype: male, 4.6 mm long, (Zoological Museum of Moscow University, ZMMU Mc 1322a). Paratypes: female allotype with oostegites on first pereopods, 4.7 mm long; 1 female, 4.2 mm; 2 adult males, 4.7 and 4.3 mm; 2 immature males in stage IV, 3.2 and 3.1 mm (see Wolff 1962); pleotelson of a male (ZMMU Mc 1322b-c).Description: All segments free. Body length more than 5 times width of pleotelson, more than 10 times width of narrowest part of pereon, anterior parts of tergites 3 and 4 about twice as wide as narrowest middle parts. Male pereopod 1 carposubchelate, length 0.25 of body length, carpus larger than ischium, propodus as long and half as wide as carpus. Operculum of female broad oval, 1.4 times as long as wide, 0.83 of pleotelson length. Male pleopod 1 length 0.9 of pleotelson length, 3 times as long as narrowest width, 2.6 times proximal width, and 2.1 times broadest distal sagittal part width; distolateral lobes bent dorsally, reaching 0.15 of total pleopod length, ventral and lateral margins with sparse setules. Male pleopod 2 protopod 3 times as long as wide in ventral view, truncated apically, proximomedial lobe length 0.15 of protopod length and 0.75 of protopod width; endite proximal article subequal in width to distal article, stylet very thin, curved, longer than protopod; exopod situated distally, longer than wide, covered apically with hair-like setae. Uropods uniramous, 0.4 of body length, tapering distally.Diagnosis: The new species is very similar to V. elongata, but can easily be distinguished by the relatively large operculum in both sexes. In a male of V. argentinensis sp. nov. it occupies almost the whole ventral area of the pleotelson, in V. elongata it covers only nearly 70% of the ventral area. Male pleopods 1 of the new species are more slender, distolateral lobes are less curved dorsally. All parts of pleopod 2 are more slender. The new species is distinguished also by a thinner body, pereonites 14 with more pronounced anterolateral projections which in pereonite 2 have the same shape as in the two following pereonites, without tubercles. The central constriction on pereonites 3 and 4 is narrower in the new species. Pereopod 1 is stouter, but we could examine it only in a male whereas for V. elongata the pereopod 1 is known only for a female, the difference could be due to sexual dimorphism. The epipod of the maxilliped in V. argentinensis sp. nov. is longer than in V. elongata in relation to the basis. The two first articles of antenna 1 are somewhat stouter in the new species. In males with the same size of pleotelson the uropods are shorter in the new species (the uropod/pleotelson length ratio is 2.2 in V. argentinensis sp.nov. and 2.9 in V. elongata).