Fiber Length Research Articles

Obesity and hypoxia have differential effects on myocardial innervation in the right ventricle of the male mouse heart.

Obesity, along with hypoxia, is known to be a risk factor for pulmonary hypertension (PH), which can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and eventually heart failure. Both obesity and PH influence the autonomic nervous system (ANS), potentially aggravating changes in the right ventricle (RV). This study investigates the combined effects of obesity and hypoxia on the autonomic innervation of the RV in a mouse model. Male C57BL/6N mice were subjected to a control diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 30 weeks, with subsets of the mice exposed to chronic normobaric hypoxia (13% O2) during the final 3 weeks. Light and electron microscopic stereology was used to quantify various parameters of nerve fibres innervating the RV myocardium. HFD-induced obesity significantly increased the total length of nerve fibres and axons in the RV under normoxic conditions, indicating hyperinnervation. Quantitatively, the length density of nerve fibres per unit volume of RV (unit: x10-3 µm-2) was similar in CD (0.158 ± 0.04), CD-Hyp (0.176 ± 0.06) and HFD-Hyp (0.147 ± 0.05). In contrast, in HFD the length density of nerve fibres showed higher values 0.206 ± 0.054. The total length of nerve fibres increased by 67% from 2.61 m ± 0.77 m in CD to 4.37 m ± 1.51 m in HFD. The total length of axons increased by 80% from 8.87 m ± 2.75 m to 15.95 m ± 4.62 m. However, when obesity was combined with hypoxia, the total axon length was significantly reduced by 27% in HFD-Hyp compared with HFD. In addition, the mean number of axon profiles per nerve fibre profile decreased from 3.44 ± 0.68 in HFD to 2.95 ± 0.43 in HFD-Hyp. Interestingly, chronic hypoxia alone did not significantly alter RV innervation but led to RV hypertrophy, independent of the diet. The attenuation of obesity-induced hyperinnervation by hypoxia suggests a complex and potentially antagonistic interaction between these conditions. In conclusion, obesity induced by a HFD caused hyperinnervation of the RV, whereas chronic hypoxia alone did not significantly alter RV innervation. Surprisingly, chronic hypoxia attenuated the obesity-induced changes in RV innervation. These findings indicate that the effects of obesity and hypoxia-induced PH on RV innervation are distinct and potentially antagonistic.

Investigation of the Structural Characteristics of the Gas Diffusion Layer Using Micro-X-Ray Computed Tomography

Due to its low stiffness, the gas diffusion layer (GDL) exhibits significant deformation under a compression service condition, thereby exerting a nonlinear and strong coupling influence on fuel cells’ performance. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the structural characteristics evolution of GDLs. The microstructure of the GDLs was obtained using micro-X-ray computed tomography in this study, and their structural properties were analyzed comprehensively and quantitatively. The morphology of GDLs exhibited significant variations across manufacturers due to disparities in the materials and manufacturing processes. The distribution of the pore equivalent diameter and sphericity in GDLs conformed to a normal distribution, with irregular shapes. The fiber length distribution in the unit followed a Gamma distribution, showing a random and uneven distribution in the XY plane. When compressed, the average fiber length was reduced, and a substantial increase in isolated pores was observed. However, the quantity of long fibers and connected and isolated pores decreased after acidification treatment.

Fourfold truncated double-nested antiresonant hollow-core fiber with ultralow loss and ultrahigh mode purity

Hollow-core fibers (HCFs) are inherently multimode, making it crucial to filter out higher-order modes (HOMs) within the shortest possible fiber length for applications such as high-speed coherent communications and fiber-optic gyroscopes. However, current HCF designs face the challenges of simultaneously achieving ultralow fundamental mode (FM) loss and ultrahigh HOM suppression. In this study, we present a fourfold truncated double-nested antiresonant nodeless hollow-core fiber (4T-DNANF) structure that addresses this challenge. Our 4T-DNANF enables greater control over phase matching between core modes and air modes in the cladding, allowing for minimized FM loss and substantially increased HOM loss. Experimentally, we fabricated several HCFs: one with an FM loss of 0.1 dB/km and an HOM loss of 430 dB/km, and another achieving an FM loss of 0.13 dB/km with a HOM loss of 6500 dB/km, yielding a higher-order mode extinction ratio of 5×104—the highest reported to date.

Renovating Recycled Fibres Using High‐Shear Homogenization for Sustainable Packaging and Other Bioproducts

ABSTRACTThe production of paper and paperboard has become increasingly dependent on the recycled fibres, which primarily include old corrugated containers (OCC). However, OCC pulp fibres often exhibit inferior papermaking properties, such as poor mechanical strength and suboptimal physico‐chemical characteristics due to changes in fibre length, swelling and flexibility of fibre, surface area, and the presence of contaminants. This study introduces an alternative approach to modifying OCC pulp fibres through mild mechanical treatment to enhance overall fibre properties, including strength, without affecting dewatering. In this study, OCC pulp was treated using a pilot‐scale high‐shear homogenizer, and the obtained fibre properties such as fibre length, fines content, and fibrillation, were compared with the fibres treated with double‐disc refiner (DDR), as well as a combination of DDR and homogenizer in tandem. Handsheets were prepared from untreated, homogenized, refined and refined + homogenized pulp fibres to measure strength, bulk and other properties. The results showed that homogenization improved strength properties and freeness compared to other samples. Overall, homogenization provided enhanced bulk, tensile strength and short‐span compressive strength without reducing the drainage (freeness) of the OCC pulp.

Simple and cost-effective method to measure the length of optical fibers.

Precise and accurate length measurements of optical fibers are increasingly needed across various applications. However, many commercially available devices are either too inaccurate or, conversely, too advanced and costly for basic fiber length determinations. In this Letter, we present a simple and relatively inexpensive method to measure the length of optical fibers with a precision of 1.06 ps (∼212 μm). This method exploits the relationship between the phase difference of a fiber under test (FUT) and a calibrated reference path as a function of frequency, measured by a phase-locked loop during a frequency sweep. We highlight key processing steps to achieve reproducible results and important considerations regarding environmental conditions.

Assessment of Fibre Characteristics and Suitability of Sida acuta Burm F. for Pulp and Paper Production

The ever-increasing demand for paper and paper products and alarming rate of global population growth necessitates research into non-wood fibre to augment the popular wood fibres in short supply. Sida acuta obtained at two locations, samples collected from 3 areas per location. Samples of dimension 10 x 10 x 20 mm macerated in equal volumes of glacial acetic acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide at 80oC in an oven. Twenty-five whole fibres in swollen condition were measured. Derivatives of fibre dimensions viz: Runkel ratio, flexibility and slenderness were also evaluated. Pooled mean fibre length was 1.04mm, pooled fibre diameter was 25.02μm, pooled fibre lumen width was 14.69μm and fibre cell wall thickness was 5.17μm. Runkel ratio was 0.73, coefficient of suppleness (flexibility) was 60.05 while felting power (slenderness) was 42. Values obtained connote that S. acuta’s fibre morphology is good for pulping much more that its Runkel ratio (0.73) is less than 1, coefficient of suppleness (60.05) is greater than 50 and its felting power (42) is greater than 33. Specific Gravity ranged from 0.416–0.468. With reference to the above, S. acuta is fairly suitable for pulp and paper making.

Exploring the differences in traits and genes between brown cotton and white cotton hybrid offspring (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Brown cotton and white cotton are two important raw materials used in the cotton fiber industry. Clarifying the differences in morphology, agronomic traits, and fiber pigments between these varieties can facilitate the implementation of corresponding cultivation and breeding techniques. Therefore, we obtained F2 generation brown cotton plants through hybridization and compared them with their parents. In terms of agronomic traits, plant morphology and leaf shape were similar, but brown cotton presented more villi on the main stem. The first fruiting branch node was within the range of 4-6cm, and the first fruiting branch node height was greater than that of TM-1, i.e., between 13.25cm and 22.79cm, with no difference compared with that of P26. The plant height was greater than that of the parents, and the number of bolls was essentially the same as that in TM-1 and greater than that in P26. The lint percentage and average fiber length were lower in TM-1 than in P26, and the seed index was greater than that in TM-1 and P26. Pigment measurements revealed that the chlorophyll a content in brown cotton during the boll stage was lower than that in white cotton, and the content of proanthocyanidin in the cotton fibers was greater in brown cotton than in white cotton. At 15days after pollination, the highest content was 159.8mg/g. To determine the differences in gene expression levels, we conducted transcriptome sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in pathways related to the cell wall and enzyme activity, whereas Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in flavonoid synthesis pathways. Transcription factor analysis revealed that the expression of the MYB3 transcription factor (Ghir_D07G002110) was higher in brown cotton, and bioinformatics analysis revealed that this gene has regulatory effects on the CHS, CHI1, and F3H genes.

Research on Noise Suppression in High-Speed Optical Communication Systems

With the rapid advancement of optical fiber communication technology, the speed and distance of information transmission have increased unprecedentedly. Multi-core fibers (MCF), which contain multiple cores, enable high-capacity and high-density information transmission. However, during signal transmission, four-wave mixing (FWM) and intercore crosstalk (ICXT) noise are generated, significantly impacting signal propagation quality. Based on the characteristics of FWM and ICXT noise, two effective noise suppression schemes are proposed. The first scheme involves reducing noise power by increasing the wavelength interval or using non-equally spaced wavelengths to mitigate phase-matching conditions. The second scheme focuses on altering the structure of the MCF; in weakly coupled MCFs, longitudinal random bending, torsion, and structural fluctuations randomly affect the power coupling coefficient. According to the noise power formula, reducing the effective fiber length, increasing the cores effective area, and using a band with a low nonlinear effect on the MCF can effectively minimize noise generation. Finally, we evaluate the proposed scheme and analyze and discuss the results.

Cotton GhMAX2 promotes single-celled fiber elongation by releasing the GhS1FA-mediated inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis.

Cotton GhMAX2 positively regulates fiber elongation by mediating the degradation of GhS1FA, which transcriptionally represses GhKCS9 expression. Strigolactones (SLs) are known to promote cotton fiber development. However, the precise molecular relationship between SL signaling and fiber cell elongation remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the role of F-box E3 ligase MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) in upland cotton in relation to the regulation of fiber development. GhMAX2b and GhMAX2f act as key components for SL signal transduction, with their loss-of-function leading to a notable reduction in fiber length. Biochemical analysis showed that GhMAX2b/f trigger the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the transcription repressor strigolactone-1-factor-At (GhS1FA), which function as a substrate for these E3 ligases. Furthermore, GhS1FA inhibits fatty acids biosynthesis by directly binding to the W-box element within the promoter of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases 9 (GhKCS9) and repressing its expression. In summary, we propose that GhMAX2b/f promote fiber elongation, potentially operating partially independently of GhD53 degradation.

A Drosophila cardiac myosin increases jump muscle stretch activation and shortening deactivation.

Stretch activation (SA), a delayed increase in force production following rapid muscle lengthening, is critical to the function of vertebrate cardiac muscle and insect asynchronous indirect flight muscle (IFM). SA enables or increases power generation in muscle types used in a cyclical manner. Recently, myosin isoform expression has been implicated as a mechanism for varying the amplitude of SA in some muscle types. For instance, we found that expressing a larval Drosophila myosin isoform in a muscle type with minimal SA, the Drosophila jump muscle, substantially increased SA amplitude and enabled positive cyclical power generation. To test if other myosin isoforms could increase SA amplitude and if the Drosophila heart benefits from SA, we identified two Drosophila cardiac myosin isoforms, CardM1 and CardM2, and expressed them in Drosophila jump muscle. CardM1, CardM2 and control jump muscle fibers all displayed the characteristic phase 3 of SA, with CardM2 SA amplitude ∼60% greater than that of CardM1 and control fibers. Increasing [Pi] from 0 mM to 16 mM increased CardM2 SA tension amplitude by 74%, yet had minimal or no effect on CardM1 or control muscle SA amplitude. CardM2 displayed the most prominent phase 3 dip when we induced shortening deactivation (SD), a delayed decrease in force following muscle shortening. The magnitude of CardM2 shortening deactivation tension was ∼50% greater than control or CardM1 fibers. This along with its greater stretch activated tension caused CardM2 to be the only isoform to produce positive power when its fiber length was sinusoidally oscillated. The results support our hypotheses that some myosin isoforms enable greater SA tension levels and suggest that the Drosophila heart is benefiting from SA and SD in a manner similar to vertebrate hearts.

An investigation into impact of heterosis and inbreeding depression on fibre quality and oil content of allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

In the present study, a total of four direct and diverse experimental crosses and their F2 were assessed according to the CFBD design kharif 2022-23 at Main Cotton Research Station, NAU, Navsari to estimate the heterosis, heterobeltiosis and inbreeding depression for fibre quality parameters and oil content in tetraploid cotton. For the fibre length, the cross III exhibited highest significant positive heterosis (11.36 %) and heterobeltiosis (11.18 %); for the fibre fineness, the cross I exhibited highest negative significant heterosis (-12.87 %) and heterobeltiosis (-3.26 %); for the fibre strength, the cross IV exhibited highest significant positive heterosis (4.59 %) and the cross II exhibited highest significant positive heterobeltiosis (1.30 %); for oil content the cross IV exhibited highest significant positive heterosis (18.27 %) and heterobeltiosis (14.40 %). Besides these, the highest inbreeding depression for the trait viz., fibre length, fibre fineness, fibre strength and oil content were recorded by the cross III (22.11 %), cross IV (-4.43 %), cross IV (12.89 %) and cross I (18.37 %), respectively.

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Aegle Marmelos / Epoxy matrix Reinforced with Snake Grass Fibre Composite

Nowadays, Manufacturing and automotive industries have begun to employ renewable resources as a result of public awareness and rigorous legal requirements relating to the usage of polymers. This study has focused on employing Snake Grass (SG) fiber as reinforcement in Aegle Marmelos with Epoxy blended hybrid matrix (AME), since natural fiber reinforced composites provide a significant role in the development of lightweight structural components. The primary study investigated the effects of fibre length and fibre volume percentage on the mechanical properties of snake grass fibre. Based on the test results, the composite with a 15 mm fibre length and a volume percentage of 20% SG fiber has better mechanical qualities. Finally, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties are used to assess the impact of Aegle marmelos with Epoxy blended hybrid matrix addition into the snake grass fibre composite. The inclusion of natural fiber with epoxy matrix and natural (Aegle marmelos) filler increased composite characteristics due to their synergistic effect. This enhances the adhesion and stress transmission uniformity between the reinforcements. The morphology of the fiber surface is assessed using micrographs acquired with a scanning electron microscope.

Modal Noise Mitigation and Scrambling Performance of a Compound Scrambler

Abstract Fiber scrambling is integral to high-precision calibration systems for radial velocity (RV) measurements, crucial in the quest for exoplanet discovery. Coherent light sources, like laser frequency combs, often induce laser speckles, a form of modal noise, which can result in spectra calibration errors. The starlight collected in astronomical observations is often polychromatic light. This study investigates the speckle-like mode noise generated under incoherent light, identifying a clear correlation between fiber length and the intensity of this noise. Remarkably, experiments using LED illumination showed that fibers shorter than 2 m exhibit significant speckle-like noise, manifesting as distinctive ripple-like structures, a newly identified phenomenon referred to as modal patterns. Mitigation techniques, including squeezing and vibrating methods, can reduce contrast and suppress modal patterns effectively. To further enhance scrambling performance, a novel fiber scrambling approach, the compound scrambler, is proposed. This design integrates laser polishing, thermal heating, and fiber tapering techniques to enhance near-field uniformity. Utilizing a combination of non-circular and graded index fibers, the compound scrambler achieves notable improvements in scrambling gain (SG). A refined nondestructive fabrication method, leveraging the superior scrambling effect of non-circular fibers and the efficiency of adiabatic taper structures, achieves a high SG of 1064. These findings contribute to advancing high-precision spectrograph design, offering practical solutions to enhance RV measurement accuracy. The compound scrambler's integrity and modular design promise stability, longevity, and scalability, holding immense potential for astronomical instrumentation.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Quality of Colored Cotton Fibers in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region

ABSTRACT Naturally colored fiber cotton has fibers that present natural colors without the need for dyeing processes or dye application. Low nitrogen availability during production can affect fiber quality. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the fiber quality of naturally colored cotton cultivars as a function of nitrogen fertilization. The research was conducted in an experimental field at the Federal Rural University of Semiarid, Northeast Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications, in a split-plot scheme. Five nitrogen rates were distributed in the experimental plots, and four naturally colored fiber cotton cultivars were distributed the subplots. The following parameters were evaluated: fiber percentage, fiber length, length uniformity, short-fiber index, strength fiber, fiber elongation, micronaire, fiber maturity, and count strength product. BRS Topázio excelled in most fiber quality characteristics. The 100 kg ha−1 of N and 150 kg ha−1 increase the fiber quality of the cultivars BRS Safira, BRS Topázio, and BRS Rubi. The dose of 200 kg ha−1 of N improved the fiber quality of the BRS Verde cultivar. Nitrogen fertilization positively influenced the fiber quality of naturally colored cotton.

Study on mechanical properties and microscopic mechanism of fibre-modified subgrade soil under freeze–thaw cycles

ABSTRACT In order to solve the problem of low freeze-thaw deformation strength of railway road genes in cold regions, railway subgrade soil was improved with polypropylene fibres. The failure mechanism of fibres improved foundation soil is revealed by experiments. The test results showed the following: (1) The strength decreased with the increase in the water content in the melting state and reached its maximum when the water content was 12% in the freezing state. The strength reached the maximum when fibre incorporation was 0.3% and fibre length was 15 mm. (2) The shear strength of the improved subgrade soil gradually decreased and tended to be stable with the increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles in the frozen state. There was no significant change with the increasing number of freeze–thaw cycles in the thawing state. (3) Before and after the cyclic loading of the fibre-modified subgrade soil, the strength after cyclic loading was greater than that before. (4) Through scanning electron microscopy, the optimal fibre content was determined to be 0.3%. The research results can provide a strong reference for the improvement of railway subgrades, and they have broad application prospects.

Study of Flexural Strength of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Opuntia Ficus Indica Fibers

This study investigates the potential of Opuntia ficus indica (cactus) fiber as a reinforcing material in composite applications, particularly in combination with an epoxy matrix. Despite being a naturally abundant resource, cactus fiber remains underutilized in engineering. The research focuses on evaluating the flexural strength of cactus fiber-reinforced composites, with particular attention to how variations in fiber volume fraction influence bending strength. As a member of the Cactaceae family, which includes over 130 genera and nearly 1,500 species, cactus fiber offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional materials. With the growing demand for high-performance composite materials, this study underscores the potential of cactus fiber to enhance the mechanical properties and environmental sustainability of composite materials. Composites are prepared using cactus fibers of two lengths (8 mm and 10 mm) and varying weight fractions (20%, 25%, and 30%). The fibers are treated with a 5% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution by soaking it for 24 hours. The study investigates how fiber treatment, length, and loading affects the flexural strength or bending strength of cactus fibers. Results indicate that alkali-treated cactus fiber composites exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to untreated composites. Composites reinforced with 10 mm fibers show improved mechanical behavior over those reinforced with shorter fibers.

Economic Evaluation of the Planting Period and Retting Techniques in the Production of Quality Kenaf Fibre

The quality and quantity of fibre produced in terms of fibre length, tensile strength and fineness could be determined by the planting period and good retting techniques in kenaf. This study was carried out to determine the appropriate time of planting and examined the different retting techniques for enhanced quality fibre for value addition. Five varieties of Kenaf (Cuba108, Ifeken-DI-400, Ifeken100, Ifeken-400 and Tianung-2) were planted at 50cm x 20cm monthly from June to August (June 10, July 10 and August 10) in 5 locations with their coordinates; Ibadan (Transitional-Rain forest, Lat.7.23′N;Long.3.55′); Ilora (Derived savannah, Lat.8.54′N;Long4.54′E); Ikenne (High Rain forest, Lat.6.92′N;Long.9.46′N); Orin Ekiti (Rain forest, Lat.7.49′N;Long.5.14′E) and Kishi (Southern Guinea Savannah, Lat.9.46′N; Long.3.52′E). Gross Margin (GM) analysis was used to determine the profitability and suitability of the different planting periods. The results show that total variable cost (TVC) in Orin Ekiti for each planting time was the highest (₦705,650:00). The least TVC (₦250,000) was from August plantings in Ikenne. The GM value for a sum of ₦701,650 and ₦1,736,400 were obtained from Kishi and Ilora respectively while ₦1,441.750, ₦184,750, ₦1,224,950 were obtained for the months of June plantings in Orin-Ekiti, Ikenne and Ibadan respectively. July and August plantings recorded low GM. The GM value of June planting was significantly higher in all the locations. The results of the retting techniques revealed that chemical retting had a greater efficiency in the processing of fibre while tank retting is technically supported due to its potability and availability.

FBG in coreless silica fiber for high temperature measurements

The paper demonstrates for the first time the possibility of measuring high temperatures up to 1200 °C using an FBG with central wavelength 985 nm formed in a coreless pure silica fiber using the femtosecond point-by-point FBG-writing technique. In our case, the length of the coreless fiber from the FBG to the connection with the multimode transport fiber was not less than 50 cm, and average temperature sensitivity was about 9 pm/°C. It is shown that such an FBG remains stable at temperatures up to 1150 °C for at least an hour. At 1200 °C, degradation of the reflectivity was observed. The use of a fully multimode interrogation scheme made it possible to significantly increase the intensity of reflected light and reduce the effect of mode interference on the obtained FBG spectrum, and the choice of a spectral range of up to 1100 nm makes it possible to use relatively inexpensive spectral devices based on silicon photodetectors.

Study on the Relationship Between Vibration Signals in CFRP Grinding and Grinding Mechanism

AbstractIn the process of grinding carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), the changing state of acceleration vibration signal is closely related to the grinding surface quality. Therefore, the time domain and frequency domain signal changes in acceleration can be used to monitor and control the grinding process to improve machining quality and efficiency. In this paper, changes in acceleration frequency domain signals under different grinding angles are studied, and the relationship between the vibration forms of acceleration frequency domain signals at the beginning, middle and end of grinding as well as the surface morphology and quality of the corresponding grinding position is studied. Combined with the micro-morphology of the grinding area, it can be seen that, a high frequency and low amplitude vibration can improve the grinding surface quality, but a high amplitude will have a negative impact on the grinding quality. The acceleration vibration during grinding is more stable and the corresponding surface quality is better. With an increase in grinding angle, the maximum amplitude of acceleration first increases and then decreases. The length of the surface fiber also initially decreases and then increases. Lastly, the resin residue first increases and then decreases. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent grinding state adjustment.

Comparative analysis of inheritable and modified variations induced by gamma irradiation in the first and second generation of cotton varieties Ganja-160, Ganja-182 and Ganja-183

The main goal of the conducted research was to obtain cotton genotypes resistant to extreme environmental factors and various diseases, based on the fact that high doses of γ-irradiation is a mutagenic factor. At the initial stage, before sowing, 1100 samples of plants whose seeds were treated with γ-rays in different doses were cultivated (in four parallel versions), the characteristics of the growing plants were studied, and the plants with changed signs were identified. At the end of the growing season, the raw cotton of 850 plants was collected by individual sampling and the transformed and untransformed plants in M1 were separated, their seeds were collected individually, stored and used for sowing as a family in the next planting (in M2). Changes in vegetation duration, main stem height, number of sympodial branches and number of bolls per bush of both M1 and M2 lineages were evaluated as the main criteria for determining the effectiveness of the mutation. In addition, the main economic characteristics and quality indicators such as the productivity of a bush, fiber yield, and fiber length, mass of raw cotton per boll were determined. It became clear that radiation can create certain changes in the first generation of all three varieties, some of which can be preserved in the second generation. In order to clarify whether the changes observed in the I and II generations are genetic (mutagenic) or just modification changes, the listed parameters are also planned to be studied in the next generations of plants.