Length Of Cord Research Articles

Numerical investigation of the thermal performance of a radiant ceiling cooling panel with segmented concave surfaces

Radiant cooling/heating (RCH) panel systems have recently received increasing attention because of their energy-efficient operation and improved comfort performance. Therefore, this study proposes a novel RCH panel with segmented concave surfaces. The new panel has the same surface area as a conventional flat surface panel. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the heat transfer characteristics inside a chamber equipped with the new panel. Moreover, a three-dimensional finite volume simulation was developed to investigate the heat transfer, fluid flow, and thermal comfort conditions inside a single room equipped with the proposed panel, and the results were compared with those of a conventional flat surface panel under the same operating conditions and cooling load. First, the curvature cord length ratio to curvature radius (L/R) was optimized in the range of 0 (flat) to 2. In all cases, the surface area was the same, but the coverage area ratio varied. In addition, the impact of different coverage area ratios from 55% to 81% and the influence of adding void spaces of 29 mm and 11 mm between adjacent curved segments were analyzed. The results showed that the simulation achieved good agreement with the experimental results with an accuracy of 98.9%. The coverage area ratio played an essential role in decreasing the indoor air temperature by 2 °C and reducing the floor temperature by 1.6 °C. When the L/R ratio changed from 0 to 1.5 at a coverage ratio of 81%, the average air temperature decreased by 1 °C. Moreover, increasing the L/R ratio from 0 to 2 with void spaces of 2.9 mm and 11 mm reduced the radiation heat transfer coefficient, hr, by 31%, while the convection heat transfer coefficient, hc, at the panel upper surface increased by 174%. Changing only the panel surface shape from flat to concave and segmented enhanced the thermal performance and thermal comfort inside the indoor environment.

Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) and Chronic Pain.

ContextChronic neuropathic pain is a common condition, and up to 11.9% of the population have been reported to suffer from uncontrolled neuropathic pain. Chronic pain leads to significant morbidity, lowered quality of life, and loss of workdays, and thus carries a significant price tag in healthcare costs and lost productivity. dorsal root ganglia (DRG) stimulation has been recently increasingly reported and shows promising results in the alleviation of chronic pain. This paper reviews the background of DRG stimulation, anatomical, and clinical consideration and reviews the clinical evidence to support its use.Evidence AcquisitionThe DRG span the length of the spinal cord and house the neurons responsible for sensation from the periphery. They may become irritated by direct compression or local inflammation. Glial cells in the DRG respond to nerve injury, producing inflammatory markers and contribute to the development of chronic pain, even after the resolution of the original insult. While the underlying mechanism is still being explored, recent studies explored the efficacy of DRG stimulation and neuromodulation for chronic pain treatment.ResultsSeveral reported cases and a small number of randomized trials were published in recent years, describing different methods of DRG stimulation and neuromodulation with promising results. Though evidence quality is mostly low, these results provide evidence to support the utilization of this technique.ConclusionsChronic neuropathic pain is a common condition and carries significant morbidity and impact on the quality of life. Recent evidence supports the use of DRG neuromodulation as an effective technique to control chronic pain. Though studies are still emerging, the evidence appears to support this technique. Further studies, including large randomized trials evaluating DRG modulation versus other interventional and non-interventional techniques, are needed to further elucidate the efficacy of this method. These studies are also likely to inform the patient selection and the course of treatment.

Anatomical Structure of the Umbilical Cord in Sudanese and Correlation with Neonatal Outcome

Background The neonatal morbidity and mortality is very high in the Sudan, the umbilical cord association and contribution to this is planned to be answered. Therefore the present study was designed to provide some information on the morphological variations of human umbilical cord via gross anatomical assessment and their correlation with foetal factors such as foetal weight and length. Methods A prospective hospital - based study conducted in Wad Madani Maternity Teaching Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology between July 2014 and March 2018 Results The mean diameter of the 371 umbilical cords was 2.1±0.24cm. Length was 53.8±3.8 cm length ranging from 48 – 62 cm and 10 (2.7%) of 371 umbilical cords were uncoiled. of which, 1 (0.3%) cords were with absent Wharton’s Jelly. The mean neonatal indices were 2.95 kg, 33.19 cm and 44.42 cm for weight, head circumference and length respectively. There was just significant strong positive correlation between umbilical cord length and length of neonates. Also Umbilical cord diameter had a positive correlation with length of neonates and negative correlation with weight of neonates and APGAR Score. Conclusion The present study suggests that ‘normal’ cord length should be between 40 cm and 70 cm in length. Umbilical cord diameter had a positive correlation with fetal length and negative correlation with fetal weight and APGAR score. The diameter range of 1-2 cm suggests that a normal cord must not exceed 2 cm in diameter. However the umbilical cord index had negative correlation with length of neonates.

Illuminating ALS Motor Neurons With Optogenetics in Zebrafish.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurological disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Spinal motor neurons align along the spinal cord length within the vertebral column, and extend long axons to connect with skeletal muscles covering the body surface. Due to this anatomy, spinal motor neurons are among the most difficult cells to observe in vivo. Larval zebrafish have transparent bodies that allow non-invasive visualization of whole cells of single spinal motor neurons, from somas to the neuromuscular synapses. This unique feature, combined with its amenability to genome editing, pharmacology, and optogenetics, enables functional analyses of ALS-associated proteins in the spinal motor neurons in vivo with subcellular resolution. Here, we review the zebrafish skeletal neuromuscular system and the optical methods used to study it. We then introduce a recently developed optogenetic zebrafish ALS model that uses light illumination to control oligomerization, phase transition and aggregation of the ALS-associated DNA/RNA-binding protein called TDP-43. Finally, we will discuss how this disease-in-a-fish ALS model can help solve key questions about ALS pathogenesis and lead to new ALS therapeutics.

Repeated surgical interventions for relapses of cryptorchidism in children

The aim of the study is to demonstrate a differentiated approach to recurrent cryptorchidism treatment. Materials and methods. Over the past five years (since 2015), the staff of the Department of Pediatric Surgery of A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, performed surgical treatment of 20 children aged 2-17 years with recurrent cryptorchidism (22 testicles). Relapse of cryptorchidism on one side was diagnosed in 18 patients. Two patients had a bilateral cryptorchidism recurrence, these children had a combined pathology in the form of Prader-Willi syndrome. In 3 children, surgical treatment at their place of residence was performed two or more times. As a preoperative preparation to increase the elasticity of blood vessels and to lengthen them, a course of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone therapy was carried out according to the scheme. The exception was children over the age of 6-7 as administration of hCG at this age can provoke an earlier onset of puberty. Intraoperatively, in 15 children, the testicle was fixed in the scrotum according to the method of Shemaker, Herzen, and others. In 5 children with abdominal cryptorchidism, the testicle was not descended into the scrotum and was fixed in the inguinal canal due to a deficiency in the length of the spermatic cord (SC). On examination, a testicle in the middle or lower third of the inguinal canal was found in 10 patients, at the root of the scrotum - in 7. In 5 patients, the testicle was not detected. The average period between the first and repeated surgery was 3 years (from 4 months to 8 years). Upon admission, all patients underwent a clinical examination, ultrasound examination of the inguinal canals, and a study of the hormonal profile if indicated. Results. After revision of the inguinal canal, 17 testicles were successfully re-descended using the Shemaker technique. Of these, 16 testicles were fixed in the scrotum, 1 testicle - at the root of the scrotum. During the second operation, the vaginal process of the peritoneum was found in 7 children. Laparoscopically-assisted orchipexy was performed in 3 patients. Orchiectomy was performed in 5 cases due to testicular atrophy. The duration of the surgery was 55-120 minutes. There was no intraoperative blood loss. In the long-term postoperative period (after a year or more), postoperative testicular atrophy was not detected.

Numerical Investigation of The Effect of Airfoil Trailing Edge Inflation at low Reynolds Number

To investigate the effect of airfoil shape design on aerodynamics of the airfoil, a new modified airfoil shape design is introduced in this paper. Thick symmetrical NACA 0021 airfoil is used as base model in this study that the trailing edge end curvature was altered in design shape to be inflated to have 25%, 50% and 100% scaled of the leading-edge curvature at the same cord length and same maximum thickness data. Numerical investigation, using shear-stress transport kω-SST turbulence model, is performed to study the effect of airfoil trailing edge inflation on the aerodynamic characteristics at low Reynolds Number. The base airfoil model, NACA0021, is validated numerically and shows a good agreement with previous experimental results. The results show that the new modified airfoil with 100% inflation delays the flow separation to higher angle of attack and increases the maximum lift coefficient about 40% compared with the base NACA0021 airfoil.

EFFECT OF SMART STRUCTURES ON AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

In renewable energy the wind energy is the most significant source. The wind turbine suppresses the kinetic energy of the wind. Current research focuses on improving the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine blades through wind tunnel tests and theoretical studies. These exercises are time taking and require considerable laboratory resources. Similarly, simulation of wind turbines using CFD software (Computational Fluid Dynamics) provides cost-effective solutions for aerodynamic analysis of the blades. Due to the energy crisis in Pakistan, we need a solution to overcome the power shortage. Wind energy is an economical and affordable energy. In this study, two-dimensional airfoil S4310, was selected for the blade cross section. 2.1 m cord length from root and 0.67 m cord length from tip of the blade, aerodynamic analysis of this model was performed using ANSYS-FLUENT software. Using the turbulence model, the lift and drag coefficients were computed for wind-turbine blade at 0?-14? angles of attack (AOA). The CFD results accomplish by all together solving momentum ,continuity and the Navier-Stokes equations using a standard non-linear solver. The smart structures were also applied on the wing in which active twist was applied to the blade using twist angles from 0?-10? and similarly the lift to drag ratio were considered.

496 Association of placental pathology and autism spectrum disorders

Emerging findings suggest that perinatal factors may influence the risk of developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Abnormal placentation has been proposed as a potential risk factor. We aimed to evaluate the association between placental pathology and gross morphology with ASD. We conducted a matched case-control study of children with confirmed autism who were born between 2000 and 2017 at one of three university-affiliated hospitals in Montreal, Quebec. Cases, who were identified through the Montreal Children’s Hospital Autism Spectrum Disorders Program, were matched to babies (1:5) born on the same day and hospital. Multi-fetal births were excluded. Data on pregnancy characteristics and placental pathologies were collected from maternal and infant hospital charts by abstractors blind to autism diagnoses. This study is the analysis of data from a single-site that had pathology reports available. Pearson chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to estimate p-values. During the study period, 107 babies born at this Montreal area hospital were later diagnosed with ASD. Mothers of cases and controls were similar in parity, gravidity, and BMI, with no differences in frequency of chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes, and clinical chorioamnionitis. Mothers of cases were slightly older in age and were more frequently smokers. Cases were more likely male (78% vs 52%), born slightly earlier, and were heavier in weight. There were no differences in placental abnormalities between cases and controls, with 18% of each group possessing at least one placental abnormality, including chorioamnionitis, vasculitis, decidual inflammation, chorionitis, funisitis, and villitis. Placental hypermaturity was more common among cases (p=0.002). No differences in placental weight, thickness, umbilical cord length, and umbilical cord insertion were found between cases and controls. This study suggests that placentation, placental infections, or placental abnormalities do not increase the risk of development of ASD.

Shrinkage of specimens after CO2 laser cordectomy: an objective intraoperative evaluation.

The margin status after CO2 laser cordectomy for glottic carcinoma may influence prognosis. There are no studies assessing the possible bias due to anatomic changes of the specimens for shrinkage. The authors evaluated the intraoperative shrinkage of specimens immediately after transoral CO2 laser microsurgery (CO2 TOLMS) to improve the understanding and the interpretation of surgical margins. This is a prospective study involving a consecutive cohort of 23 patients (19 males, 4 females, mean age 69.9years, range 42-83years) with early glottic carcinoma treated by CO2 TOLMS from February 2017 to April 2019. The anteroposterior shrinkage of the specimen, of the tumor, and of the anterior and posterior margins was measured intraoperatively with a cross table reticle glass micrometer ruler, inserted into the eyepiece of the surgical microscope. The mean shrinkage of the mucosal specimen from intralaryngeal measurement to post-resection measurement was 3.8 ± 0.3mm, resulting in an average loss of 29% of the anteroposterior length (p < 0.01). The anteroposterior length of both the tumor and the margins after resection significantly decreased, but the shrinkage of the anterior and posterior margins was significantly greater than the shrinkage of the tumor (49% versus 20% and 45% versus 20%, p < 0.01). The present study demonstrates significant shrinkage of specimens after CO2 TOLMS, especially in the anteroposterior length of the vocal cords, and justifies the good oncological results for specimens with close and single positive superficial margins. Follow-up versus a second surgical look policy could be safely suggested in cases of close superficial and single positive superficial margins.

Biphasic Postnatal Umbilical Cord Shortening.

Variations in postnatal length of refrigerated, unfixed umbilical cords were studied over time to elucidate natural changes and times of stability. Length was measured in 132 cords following severance, repeated at varying timed intervals and studied by analysis of variance and regression analysis. Data show immediate rapid initial phase shortening (mean 4.2+/-3.9 cm SD); an interval of lengthening; stable length at hours 3-4 following severance, a slower second phase shortening (mean 1.5+/-0.7 cm SD) beginning at 5 hours and peaking at 12 hours; and gradual lengthening to stable length after 23 hours. Overall, there was a significant net mean decrease of 3.49+/-2.29 cm SD. Shortening was greatest for intact long cord segments (p=0.0001), as much as 11 cm. Two highly significant models for predicting umbilical cord length at delivery (OL) were determined using the post-delivery lengths (Length) measured at different times following delivery (Hours), as follows:At ≤ 3 hours following delivery: OL=1.02xLength cm+1.11xHoursAt >3 hours following delivery: OL=1.07xLength+0.44xHours-0.01x(Hours)2. Cord lengths stabilized between hours 3-4 and after 23 hours following severance. Phase one shortening resembles vasoconstriction; phase two resembles rigor mortis. The models allow prediction of the original umbilical cord length at delivery, regardless of the time of measurement.

10 cases of umbilical cord thrombosis in the third trimester

Thrombosis of umbilical vessels is a rare occurrence that is difficult to detect during routine antenatal examinations but can lead to poor perinatal outcomes. The aim of this study is to examine the association between meaningful clinical manifestations and features associated with thrombosis of umbilical vessels, and to evaluate optimal management options. A retrospective study of umbilical cord thrombi cases enrolled between 2015-2019 was carried out. Data were analyzed from the medical archives where the diagnosis of all cases was established by histopathology. Gross examination reported additional cord abnormalities (7/10), including the irregular length of the umbilical cord, narrowed cord with hyper-coiling, swollen cord with deficiency of Wharton's jelly, placenta velamentous and umbilical infarction. Pathological examination accounted for 10 cases of umbilical cord thrombosis including umbilical artery embolism (3/10), umbilical vein thrombi (5/10) and funisitis (2/10). Clinical findings depicted that the chief complaint was decreased fetal movement companied by nonreactive NST tests (5/10). With the exception of two stillbirths, the remaining pregnancies (8/10) were terminated by cesarean section. All neonates are alive, including one VLBW and three LBW cases. We have observedthat umbilical structural dysplasia, maternal coagulation disorder, vascular endothelial injury and elevated blood glucose may lead to the formation of thrombosis. Focus on specific signs during a prenatal ultrasound, EFM monitoring and counting fetal movements can help in early identification of umbilical cord thrombi. Our results support the more effective approach of emergency cesarean section during the third trimester.

Books, Candles, a Cassone, and a Length of Cord: “Too-Close Viewing” Hitchcock’s Rope

Books, Candles, a Cassone, and a Length of Cord: “Too-Close Viewing” Hitchcock’s Rope

Thermo-Fluid Characteristics of Microchannel Heat Sink With Multi-Configuration NACA 2412 Hydrofoil Ribs

In the present study, hydrofoil ribs made from NACA 2412 profile were mounted in a novel way at all walls of microchannel heat sink with various configurations to improve its thermo-hydraulic characteristics. The various configurations include comparison between staggered and aligned arrangements, and the variation of rib spacing between two consecutive hydrofoils (Sr = 0.2–0.6 mm) at a constant cord length (Cr = 0.4 mm). The study was performed with the help of commercially available computational fluid dynamics tool, ANSYS Fluent. The performance of various configurations were compared with each other and with smooth channel using parameters like friction factor (f), Nusselt number (Nu), and overall performance is determined by thermal enhancement factor ( $\eta$ ). The results of this study showed that the best performance is achieved by the configuration where rib spacing becomes equal to cord length (Sr = 0.4 mm). Moreover, it has been observed in this study that staggered configuration performed better than aligned configuration.

Determination of the patch cords lengths distribution physical layer of the modern automation systems of smart city and smart home by the Monte Carlo method

A method for determining the distribution of patch cord lengths for the formation of the physical layer of modern IP-control systems is proposed. Assuming the formation of the switching field on a regular basis and the equiprobable connection of individual ports, a procedure was developed for determining the probability density function of the cord lengths, taking into account the necessary margin in case of unevenness of the laying. The calculation of the distribution has been performed and it is shown that it is advisable to use patch cords with a length of 1–2 m in control systems.

The biomechanical characteristics of spinal dura mater in the context of its basic morphology

Purpose: Spinal dura mater plays a crucial role in the biomechanics and protection of the spine. Therefore, the present study investigated the dura mater's mechanical and basic morphological properties to learn more about the biomechanical behaviour of this fibrous membrane. Methods: Tissue strips, oriented in the longitudinal and circumferential directions, were cut from the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae parts of the porcine spinal cord. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed using a device with a speed of 4 mm/min until rupture of the sample. Results: It was demonstrated that the dura mater is a heterogeneous, anisotropic material. The longitudinal excised specimens showed the highest values of mechanical properties (ultimate force (FU), the stiffness coefficient (k), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and Young’s modulus (E)) compared to those of the circumferentially. Confocal microscopy and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay enabled us to visualise collagen and elastin elements more efficiently without a need for sample fixation. Conclusions: The spinal dura mater mechanical properties are not uniform along the entire length of the spinal cord, but, in the case of morphological features, no major differences were noticed. The utilisation of SRB occurred to be a non-destructive, fast, and efficient tool for visualising even the smallest elastic fibres on different depths of examined samples. The mechanical and morphological properties of the dura mater provided by this study can be further used in computational modelling to understand injury mechanisms better and help develop injury prevention strategies.

Tensile mechanical properties of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar porcine spinal meninges

BackgroundThe spinal meninges play a mechanical protective role for the spinal cord. Better knowledge of the mechanical behavior of these tissues wrapping the cord is required to accurately model the stress and strain fields of the spinal cord during physiological or traumatic motions. Then, the mechanical properties of meninges along the spinal canal are not well documented. The aim of this study was to quantify the elastic meningeal mechanical properties along the porcine spinal cord in both the longitudinal direction and in the circumferential directions for the dura-arachnoid maters complex (DAC) and solely in the longitudinal direction for the pia mater. This analysis was completed in providing a range of isotropic hyperelastic coefficients to take into account the toe region. MethodsSix complete spines (C0 – L5) were harvested from pigs (2–3 months) weighing 43±13 kg. The mechanical tests were performed within 12 h post mortem. A preload of 0.5 N was applied to the pia mater and of 2 N to the DAC samples, followed by 30 preconditioning cycles. Specimens were then loaded to failure at the same strain rate 0.2 mm/s (approximately 0.02/s, traction velocity/length of the sample) up to 12 mm of displacement. ResultsThe following mean values were proposed for the elastic moduli of the spinal meninges. Longitudinal DAC elastic moduli: 22.4 MPa in cervical, 38.1 MPa in thoracic and 36.6 MPa in lumbar spinal levels; circumferential DAC elastic moduli: 20.6 MPa in cervical, 21.2 MPa in thoracic and 12.2 MPa in lumbar spinal levels; and longitudinal pia mater elastic moduli: 18.4 MPa in cervical, 17.2 MPa in thoracic and 19.6 MPa in lumbar spinal levels. DiscussionThe variety of mechanical properties of the spinal meninges suggests that it cannot be regarded as a homogenous structure along the whole length of the spinal cord.

Magnetic resonant imaging features of acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: Its correlation with american spinal injury association impairment scale and prediction of neurological improvement using a low tesla magnetic resonant imaging in a resource-constrained environment

Context: Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a devastating disease, hence the need to identify clinical and radiological injury features that can predict neurological improvement. Aims: This study aims to identify magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) features in cervical TSCI that correlates with neurological status at admission, and also predict early neurological improvement. Settings and Design: This was a prospective cohort study. Subjects and Methods: Admission MRI features of 47 patients with cervical TSCI and their neurological assessments at admission and 3 months post-injury were reviewed prospectively over a period of 18 months. Correlational and regression analyses were done using SPSS® version 25 software. P < 0.05 was used as the level of significance. Results: Spinal cord oedema and cord contusion (78.0%) constitute the majority of injury patterns seen on MRI. There was a significant association between spinal cord contusion and cord oedema on MRI and incomplete TSCI. Likewise, spinal cord haemorrhage, compression and transection were associated with complete TSCI. Maximum canal compromise (MCC), maximum spinal cord compression (MSCC) and length of cord lesion significantly correlate with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale at admission (P = 0.033, P = 0.015 and P < 0.001, respectively). Increasing values of these variables were found to be independent predictors of complete TSCI. However, length of cord lesion was the only independent predictor of neurological improvement, 3 months post-injury (P = 0.025). Conclusions: Spinal cord haemorrhage, compression, transection and higher values of MCC, MSCC and increased length of cord lesion were predictive of complete TSCI. However, the length of spinal cord lesion was a better predictor of early neurological improvement.

Study of the Interceptors Effect on Ship Manoeuvrability Using the Open Free Running Test Method

Interceptors are plates that are attached to the stern of the ship to produce lift that controls the trim angle of the ship. This paper describes the use of interceptors on the fast boat to enhance its ability to perform the turning manoeuvre. The ship model of High-speed crafts (HSCs) with a scale of 1: 26.9 is tested in an open pool with the open free running test method, namely the movement of the model is controlled from the edge of the pool with a remote control. The ship trajectory data is obtained by using the colour object tracking method, that is, the ship trajectory captured by the camera is processed based on colour filters. The main concern is the varying dimensions of the interceptor including 0% (no interceptor), 50% (half length), and 100% (full length) of the design cord length. The initial trim conditions are examined, such as even keel, trim by bow, and trim by stern with a trim angle of 2 degree. The test results show that the interceptor contributed to improve the manoeuvrability of the boat by decreasing the tactical diameter length respectively at half and full length of the cord by 8.8% and 17.9% in even keel, 6.3% and 15% in bow trim, and 12.9% and 14.8% in stern trim.

Влияние длины голосовых складок на диапазон голоса у начинающих вокалистов

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of vocal cord length on vocal range in aspiring vocalists. On the basis of the Frederic Chopin Irkutsk Regional College of Music. 141 student vocalists (18 ± 3.6 years, 122 girls) underwent indirect laryngoscopy, the length of the vocal folds was measured using an ultrasound scan of the larynx using an Aloka SSD 500 apparatus with a 5 MHz sensor during breathing and during phonation of the lowest and highest tones, measured weight and height, the voice range in Hz and the number of semitones were assessed. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was calculated, the significance of differences according to the U-Mann – Whitney and Wilcoxon criteria was calculated using the Statistica 10.0 software (reliable data at p &lt;0.05*). Results. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was: between the length of the vocal folds and weight + 0.52*, height + 0.43*, gender + 0.45* (female 1, male 2), the lowest tone –0.34*, between height and the lowest tone is –0.23*. The range of the voice in arbitrary units and Hz correlated weakly with the length of the folds during breathing (-0.18/–0.24*, respectively), with the lowest pitch (+ 0.42/+ 0.59 *), but there was a high correlation with the highest (+ 0.88/+ 0.99*). The latter depended on: the length of the vocal folds at rest (–0.32*), weight (–0.25*), gender (–0.45*), the length of the folds during high-pitched phonation (–0.6*). Differences in the length of the vocal folds during breathing in female vocalists with different vocal ranges were not significant, while in males and females (soprano) they were significant. The length of the fold during phonation in all types of voices was shorter than during breathing. The voice range of novice vocalists was increased mainly by high tones in parallel with the shortening of folds during phonation, which could be measured using ultrasound scanning and which is achieved by training.

ASSOCIATION OF UMBILICAL CORD LENGTH WITH MODE OF DELIVERY

OBJECTIVE: To find out the average length of umbilical cord, variation in umbilical cord length in our antenatal women and to see the the association of umbilical cord length with mode of delivery. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar Pakistan, from Jan 2018 to Dec 2018. Using non-probability convenience sampling technique, 3300 pregnant women with singleton fetus between 37-42 weeks of gestation were included in the study. Umbilical cord length was measured by standard measuring tape. Umbilical cord length was divided into three groups and its association with mode of delivery was noted in each group. RESULTS: Umbilical cord length in our study varied from 31-100 cm. The mean umbilical cord length was 56±9.01 cm among 3,300 participants. Short umbilical cord length (≥40 cm) was found in 62 (1.8%) cases, out of which 36 (58.06%) normal vaginal delivery (NVD) while 21 (33.87%) had Caesarean section (CS). Normal umbilical cord length (41-70 cm) was found in n=3,079 (93%) participants, out of which 2,188 (71.06%) had NVD while CS rate was 17.1% (n=526/3079). Long umbilical cord (>70 cm) was found in 159 (4.8%) cases, where 96 (60.4%) had NVD and 31 (19.5%) had CS. Nuchal cords were more common in long umbilical cord group (n=136/159; 85.53%) as compared to normal (n=371/3079; 12.04%) & short cord length (n=3/62; 4.83%). CONCLUSION: Both long and short umbilical cords are associated with higher rate of operative vaginal delivery and caesarean section. Nchal cords were more in long umbilical cord group.