Length In Centimeters Research Articles

Growth Restriction in the Offspring of Mothers With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, characterized by subfertility, increased risk of metabolic diseases, and pregnancy complications. Previous studies diverge regarding the association between maternal PCOS and newborn anthropometrics. To explore the association between maternal PCOS and newborn anthropometrics and the modifying effects of maternal body mass index, PCOS phenotype, and gestational diabetes. This cohort study followed up women from the first half of pregnancy to birth and combined data from 3 clinical trials of pregnant women with PCOS and a reference population consisting of participants in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort (MoBa) Study, with data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. The recruitment period for the clinical trials was between October 1, 2000, and August 31, 2017, and for MoBa, between July 1, 1999, and December 31, 2008. Participants included women with singleton pregnancies and live-born children. Data were analyzed from January 1 to June 15, 2023. Maternal PCOS status. Newborn birth weight, birth length, and head circumference as continuous variables and z scores, and ponderal index (calculated as the birth weight in grams × 100 divided by the birth length in centimeters cubed), placenta weight, and ratio of birth weight to placenta weight (BWPW). The cohort included 390 pregnant women with PCOS (mean [SD] age, 29.6 [4.2] years) and 68 708 women in the reference group (mean [SD] age, 30.4 [4.5] years). Offspring in the PCOS group had lower birth weight, birth length, and head circumference than in the reference group offspring. The estimated mean differences in z scores were -0.26 (95% CI, -0.38 to -0.14) for birth weight, -0.19 (95% CI, -0.33 to -0.05) for birth length, and -0.13 (95% CI, -0.26 to -0.01) for head circumference. The PCOS group also had a lower ponderal index (-0.04 [95% CI, -0.07 to -0.004] g × 100/cm3) and placenta weight (-24 [95% CI, -43 to -5)] g), and higher BWPW ratio (0.4 [95% CI, 0.3 to 0.5]). The association between growth restriction and PCOS was more apparent when additionally adjusting for body mass index. Neither PCOS phenotype nor gestational diabetes diagnosis was associated with neonatal anthropometry in women with PCOS. In this cohort of mother-infant pairs, maternal PCOS status was associated with lower birth weight, shorter birth length, and smaller head circumference in the offspring. This growth restriction was more pronounced when adjusting for BMI, providing insight into the association between PCOS and body mass index. The study contributed to the understanding of how PCOS affects the offspring.

Analyzing Dual-Task Paradigms to Improve Postconcussion Assessment and Management.

Dual-task (simultaneous cognitive-motor activities) assessments have been adapted into reliable and valid clinical concussion measures. However, abundant motor and cognitive variations leave researchers and clinicians uncertain about which combinations elicit the intended dual-task effect. Our objective was to examine differences between commonly employed dual-task motor and cognitive combinations among healthy, college-aged individuals. Cross-sectional laboratory study. Twenty participants (age: 21.3 [2.4]y; height: 176.0 [9.1]cm; mass: 76.0 [16.4]kg; 20% with concussion history) completed 4 motor tasks (gait, tandem gait, single-leg balance, and tandem balance) under 5 cognitive conditions (single task, subtraction, month reversal, spelling backward, and visual Stroop) in a research laboratory. The motor performance outcomes were spatiotemporal variables for gait and tandem gait and center of pressure path length (in centimeters) for single-leg and tandem balance. Cognitive outcomes were response rate (responses/second) and cognitive accuracy. We used separate repeated-measures analyses of variance for each motor and cognitive outcome with post hoc Tukey t tests. Gait velocity, gait stride length, and tandem gait velocity demonstrated significant cognitive-motor interactions (P's < .001) such that all dual-task conditions resulted in varyingly slower or shorter movement than single task. Conversely, single-leg balance (P = .627) and tandem balance (P = .434) center of pressure path length did not significantly differ among the dual-task cognitive conditions or relative to single task. Statistically significant cognitive-motor interactions were observed only for spelling backward accuracy (P = .004) and response rates for spelling backward, month reversal, and visual Stroop (P's < .001) such that worse accuracy, but faster response rates, occurred during motor tasks. Gait and tandem gait motor tasks accompanied with spelling backward or subtraction cognitive tasks demonstrated consistently strong dual-task effects and, therefore, may be the best suited for clinical and research use following concussion.

Efectos de la dieta alta en calorías y el ejercicio físico en el pez cebra (Danio rerio)

Zebrafish are becoming a valid model for investigating obesity and its associated disorders within a scientific context. The comprehension of the metabolic parameters linked to heightened body mass, adiposity, and energy expenditure stands as an indispensable endeavor in unraveling metabolic requisites among vertebrates. In this particular investigation, a cohort of 48 zebrafish specimens was scrutinized to determine the impact of physical exercise when subjected to a hypercaloric diet. The subjects were categorized into four distinct groups, each group respectively assigned to maintenance diets (GM, n=12, and GMex, n=12) or hypercaloric diets (GH, n=12, and GHex, n=12), with or without concurrent engagement in physical exercise. Applying a one-way ANOVA, with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05, the results revealed noteworthy findings. Among the GMex group, regarding body mass, a statistically significant variance was observed during the initial week (0.30g ± 0.10). This disparity demonstrated a reduction of 30.83% in the subsequent week, 33.59% in the fourth week, and 40.01% in the sixth week. Similarly, within the GH group, the analysis of variance unveiled significant deviations in body mass (in grams) from the inception of the study (0.32g ± 0.07), in comparison to measurements from the sixth through the thirteenth weeks. The GHex group exhibited significant differences in body mass between the first week (0.27g ± 0.08) and the subsequent weeks, extending until the thirteenth week. Furthermore, discernible variations in the length (in centimeters) of the zebrafish specimens were recorded, with statistical significance observed from the ninth (3.29cm ± 0.33) to the thirteenth weeks (3.61cm ± 0.33). The implementation of a hypercaloric diet yielded an augmentation in body mass. Additionally, the combination of this dietary regimen with physical exercise further contributed to an augmentation in the length of the zebrafish specimens. Collectively, the proposed model exhibited the capability to induce discernible metabolic effects, thereby enhancing our understanding of the intricate interplay between diet, exercise, and metabolic dynamics.

Genetic Analysis of Combining Ability and Genetic Parameters of Half Diallel Crosses of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The 10 bread wheat genotypes used in this research comprised 9 that have only recently been introduced to the United States (M45, Yakora, Giza168, Sids 12, SK95, Misr2, Giemiza9, Sahel 1, Sids14), all from the Arab Republic of Egypt. The genotypes, including the Silano variant, were grown in the field crops department research station at the University of Kirkuk’s College of Agriculture. To examine the combining ability, gene action, and some genetic factors for, genotypes (parents and crossings from half diallel crossing) were grown in a randomized completely block design R.C.B.D with three duplicate. Days to 75% flowering, tillers per plant, spike length in centimeters, and grains per plant were all measured. spike-1, 1000-grain weight (g), plant-1 grain yield (g), and plant-1 biological yield (g). The Outcomes Results of genetic analysis demonstrated that there were very significant variations in genotype means for all studied features, as indicated by (MSgca) and (MSsca). For all qualities under investigation, the estimated global variance components numbered less than the predicted individual ones. This suggests that the dominance variance in genes has a larger role in determining the inheritance of these traits. value of the effect of the special Combining Ability of the hybrids was (29), (37), (84), and (96) for all traits studied, the values of dominance variance were higher than the Additional variance for characters number of days to flowering 75% plants, No. of tillers per plant, and number of tillers per plot, and parent (4) for the characteristics of the number of days to value of the effect of the general Combining Ability of the hybrids is the parent (9) for all the traits studied plant-1 (g), grain yielding, spike-1, and the features of spike length (cm) and the number of grains were highly heritable in a restricted sense. spike-1, grains yield plant-1 (g), days to flowering 75% of plants (moderate), tillers per plant-1 (moderate), weight of 1000 grains per plant-1 (moderate), and biological yield plant+ (moderate). Additionally, all attributes had high heritability values, with the range being from 98.059 for the number of tillers per plant to 91.206 for the weight of one thousand grains. Over dominance is preponderant in the inheritance of these features, as the degree of dominance values were more than one. Overall, we found that parents, 12 siblings, and 14 siblings had a strong combining ability across all attributes. It is possible to benefit from the two parents (4) and (9) in future hybrid programs in transferring their desired traits to local varieties and following the isolationist generations of hybrids (YakoraSids14), (Giza168Giemiza9), (Sahel1sids12), and (Sids14Misr2). This is because their special combining ability was high in all the traits studied.

The Effectiveness of Different Types of PDA Culture Media on the Mycelial Growth of Shimeji Mushroom

This experiment aims to compare different types of PDA culture media recipes, including potato, sweet potato, pumpkin, and sugar banana, for their effects on the growth of Shimeji mushroom mycelium. It also aims to provide alternative options for formulating culture media for Shimeji mushroom spawn cultivation. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed for the experiment, with four treatments and five replicates each, as follows: (T1) potato-based media; (T2) sweet potato-based media; (T3) pumpkin-based media; (T4) sugar banana-based media. Data collection involved daily measurements of the length (in centimeters) and width (in centimeters) for a period of seven days. After the experiment concluded, data analysis was conducted to determine the variation and compare the mean values of the treatments using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and package software. The experimental results showed that over a period of 3, 5, and 7 days, the potato-based media (T1) exhibited the highest growth of Shimeji mushroom mycelium and the highest mycelium density values, measuring 6.2000, 3.2000, and 0.0000a (density scale +++). The pumpkin-based media (T3) had lower mean values of 0.9000, 3.1600, and 0.0000a (density scale +) for mycelium growth and density. Therefore, it can be concluded that among the four PDA media recipes tested over a period of 3, 5, and 7 days, the potato-based media (T1) demonstrated the highest mycelium growth and density values of approximately 6.2000, 3.2000, and 0.0000a (density scale +++).

Effect of Freezing On Some Morphometric Features of Planiliza Abu ( Hekel,1843)

The present study attempts to determine the effect of freezing for different periods on preserved bodies of fish in the laboratory to keep for the research and diagnosis of taxonomic studies and not for consumption. It also endeavors to identify the effect of freezing on some morphometric features of the preserved bodies of fishes. Planiliza abu fish were used to conduct the present study. Fish were frozen by regular freezing in the home refrigerator freezer with temperatures reaching four degrees centigrade below zero. Freezing time is distributed over four months; biometric measurements of frozen fish have been taken in these periods represented by body total length, Standard length, and Head length in centimeters using a ruler vernier caliper in addition to body weight in grams by using a scale. Statistical data analysis for this experiment has been conducted to investigate the resulting facts of freezing periods and the effect of differences in freezing periods on these biometric measurements using Duncan's new multiple range test and Levene's test. Results showed no apparent significant differences related to the size in total length and standard length and weight, While measuring head length showed important characteristics of frozen fish, especially in the first and third month of the experiment. Most of the sources that deal with such research patterns are concerned with the freezing of fish intended for food and human consumption, and few of these studies are concerned with research freezing, such as preserving frozen fish specimens for analysis, even for some time. Attention to the importance of freezing for research studies related to fish because of the susceptibility of its meat to rapid deterioration, and therefore, may give wrong diagnostic results if the survey is between species from the same family or a diagnostic and taxonomic study between many species belonging to different families. Keywords: Body measurements, Coastal fish, External appearance, Ice crystals, Preservation.

Screening of Mustard Germplasm against Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum) and Analysis of Yield Contributing Characters

The current experiment was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) Polasa, Jagtial during rabi 2020-21, with the goals of (1) assessing the resistance of Indian mustard germplasm lines to powdery mildew disease and (2) analysing the yield and its contributing traits, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height in centimetres, primary branch number, secondary branch number, siliqua number and siliqua length in centimetres. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences between the genotypes and their characteristics. The genotypes viz., DRMR-150-35, Black gold, and RH-9304 performed best on average out of 50 different varieties for twelve different characteristics, including high seed yield per plant, high 1000-seed weight and high harvest index.Two resistant genotypes (GM-3 and Swarna Jyothi) and nine genotypes (Pusa mahak, PM-25, PM-26, PDZM-31, Pusa tarak, Pusa bahar, Ashirwad, DRMR-601, and JM-2) demonstrated considerable resistance reaction to the powdery mildew disease after being screened against the illness. We can solve the disease effect problem by utilizing these germplasm lines as donors in future breeding programme to develop powdery mildew resistant lines.

Hranidbena i mesna svojstva mladih svinja različitog intenziteta formiranja u ranoj ontogenezi i unutarpasminske diferencijacije prema genu za melanokortin 4 (Mc4r) receptor

The aim of this study was to investigate young pig fattening and meat quality due to the varying formation intensities in early on- togenesis and two genotypes based on the mel- anocortin receptor 4 (Mc4r) gene. To calculate the correlations between traits and the econom- ic efficiency of using animals of experimental groups in industrial complex conditions, the assessment of animals for fattening and meat quality examined the following characteris- tics: average daily live weight gain during the control fattening period in grams; age of reaching 100 kg live weight in days, chilled car- cass length in centimetres; length of the bacon half of the cooled carcass in centimetres; lard thickness at the thoracic vertebrae T6-T7 in millimetres. Further, the biometric processing of research results and calculation of the eco- nomic efficiency was performed. Young pigs of the controlled population met the requirements of the 1st class and the elite class for fattening and meat qualities. In examining the interbreed differentiation of large white breed animals, the melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) gene determined that the Mc4rAG genotype outperformed the Mc4r AA genotype for average daily live weight gain, age at live weight of 100 kg, lard thickness at T6-T7, and chilled carcass length by an average of 4.50%. The difference between groups for the Tyler B's index was 11.82 points, and according to the average daily increase in live weight, the disparity between young pigs of interbreed differentiation according to the formation intensity index was 4.69%, the age of reaching 100 kg live weight was 3.10%, and the chilled carcass length was 1.23%. The num- ber of reliable connections between fattening and meat qualities, and the formation inten- sity and Tyler B indices was 75.0%, indicating their promise for use in selection and breeding work. The maximum increase in additional production was obtained from young pigs of the Mc4r AG genotype (+2.71%) and of group I, in which the formation intensity index ranged from 0.935 to 1.087 points (+2.65%).

Phenotyping the sheep tail - Presentation of characterization methods in the context of breeding for short-tailedness

In order to establish targeted breeding for short-tailedness, a suitable method must initially be found that allows phenotyping of the sheep tail beyond tail length. In this study, in addition to assessing body measurements, more advanced studies such as ultrasonography and radiology were performed on the caudal spine of sheep for the first time. The objective of this work was to analyze the physiological variation of tail lengths and vertebrae within a merino sheep population. It also aimed to validate the use of sonographic gray scale analysis and perfusion measurement on the sheep tail. Tail length and circumference in centimeters were measured in 256 Merino lambs on the first or second day of life. At 14 weeks of age the caudal spine of these animals was examined radiographically. Sonographic gray scale analysis and measurement of the perfusion velocity of the caudal artery mediana were also performed in a portion of the animals. The tested method of measurement showed a standard error of 0,08 cm and a coefficient of variation of 0,23% for tail length and 0,78% for tail circumference. The animals had a mean tail length of 22,5±2,32 cm and a mean tail circumference of 6,53±0,49 cm. The mean caudal vertebrae count for this population was 20,4±1,6. The use of a mobile radiographic unit is well suited for imaging the caudal spine in sheep. It was demonstrated that the caudal median artery could be imaged for measurement of perfusion velocity (cm/s), and sonographic gray-scale analysis also showed good feasibility. The mean gray scale value is 19,74±4,5 and the modal value for the most commonly found gray scale pixels is 191,53±120,2. The mean perfusion velocity for the caudal artery mediana is 5,83±3,04 cm/s. The results show that the methods presented are well suited for further characterization of the ovine tail. For the first time, gray values for the tail tissue and the perfusion velocity of the caudal artery mediana were determined.

Analysis of the Condition of Soil Moisture Content of Plants Experiencing Drought, Indicated by Buzzer Sound

The value of plant soil resistance is related to the water content in the soil under conditions of sufficient or water drought. When the water content in the plant's soil decreases, it can cause the plant to wither. In this study, the soil water conditions of the plants were tested in sufficient condition or experiencing drought based on the soil resistance value of the plant. The test results on plant soil are in a rectangular container having the dimensions of the parameters of length, width and height in centimeters. The results of the research on plant soils were in the container in the condition that the soil water content was sufficient, the soil resistance value R(t.c) = 40.5 kOhm. The condition of the plant soil experienced water drought, the value of soil resistance parameter R(t.k) = 51.2 kOhm. An indication of the water content of the plant's soil experiencing water dryness, the electronic switch from the electronic circuit equipment activates a buzzer sound. Then watering is carried out into the soil container of the plants experiencing water drought to prevent the plants from wilting, then the electronic switch deactivates the buzzer condition so that it does not sound.

Fertile window and biophysical biomarkers of cervical secretion in subfertile cycles: a look at biotechnology applied to NaProTechnology

Background: The principal objective of this study was to correlate biophysical properties of vaginal discharge present in the cervical mucus with the timing of the fertile window. In particular, we produce measures of the viscoelasticity of the cervical secretion using two methods. The first uses only the elasticity extracted from the Creighton Model Fertility Care System (CrMs) scale, calculated P-6 ovulation estimated day (OED) with respect to the peak day of the CrMs. The second uses a numerical method that takes into account the changes in viscoelasticity, but without reference to the peak day calculated using the CrMs model. Using both methods, twelve records were obtained from a single female subject. Methods: The methodology used to evaluate the viscoelasticity factor was by measuring the approximate length in centimeters (cm) of the vaginal discharge of cervical discharge. For this, the scale of the stretching graph established by observing the stretching of CrMS was used, taking into account the previous 6 days at peak day P-6. The first method, which we termed CFW (Clinical Fertile Window), uses a measure based on the approximate length (cm) of the maximal stretchiness of the vaginal discharge. The second method we termed SFW (Software-CrMS/strectching) (Software-based Fertile Window). Results: The fertile window was detected correctly in 100% of the cases using either method, and a correlation value of 0.71 was observed between the two methods. Conclusions: We conclude that the assessment of viscoelasticity using SFW algorithm allowed in this pilot study to detect the fertile window and to describe the evolution pattern of cervical discharge throughout the fertile window. Our study provides support for the use of computational methods in detecting the fertile window, taking only into account the time evolution of the cervical discharge throughout the menstrual cycle.

Morphometric Analysis of Brachiocephalic Trunk in Brazilian Cadavers of Human Foetuses

Introduction: The Brachiocephalic Trunk (BCT) is the largest branch of the aortic arch, with an average of 4-5 centimetres length. It usually divides into two vessels, the Right Common Carotid Artery (RCCA) and the Right Subclavian Artery (RSA). Aim: To conduct a morphometric study of BCT in cadavers of human foetuses and associate it with gender. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted from year 2012 to 2020, in which 35 foetal cadavers (18 male and 17 female) were dissected and fixed in 10% formalin, all belonging to the Human Anatomy Laboratory of the Morphology Department of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil. After dissection and exposure of the aortic arch and its branches, measurements were made of the BCT length (from the edge of the aortic arch to its division into the right common carotid and subclavian arteries) and outside diameter (at the origin of the aortic arch) using a 0.05 mm precision digital calliper. The t-Student test was used for independent or unpaired samples to compare the BCT morphometric values in relation to gender, taking p&lt;0.05 as statistically significant. Data were analysed using the Bioestat 5.3. Results: The length of the BCT varied from 6.19-15.34 mm, with an average of 10.22 mm, and its diameter from 1.51-5.11 mm, with an average of 3.16 mm. The comparative analysis between morphometric measurements and gender did not show any statistically significant difference (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: The knowledge of the BCT morphometry in foetuses can assist in the safe execution of various surgical procedures in the mediastinum, as it reduces the chances of serious complications resulting from these procedures.

The scientific principles and technological determinants of haemodialysis membranes.

ABSTRACTIn most biological or industrial (including medical) separation processes, a membrane is a semipermeable barrier that allows or achieves selective transport between given compartments. In haemodialysis (HD), the semipermeable membrane is in a tubular geometry in the form of miniscule pipes (hollow fibres) and separation processes between compartments involve a complex array of scientific principles and factors that influence the quality of therapy a patient receives. Several conditions need to be met to accomplish the selective and desired removal of substances from blood in the inner cavity (lumen) of the hollow fibres and across the membrane wall into the larger open space surrounding each fibre. Current HD membranes have evolved and improved beyond measure from the experimental membranes available in the early developmental periods of dialysis. Today, the key functional determinants of dialysis membranes have been identified both in terms of their potential to remove uraemic retention solutes (termed ‘uraemic toxins’) as well subsidiary criteria they must additionally fulfill to avoid undesirable patient reactions or to ensure safety. The production of hundreds of millions of kilometres of hollow fibre membranes is truly a technological achievement to marvel, particularly in ensuring that the fibre dimensions of wall thickness and inner lumen diameter and controlled porosity—all so vital to core solute removal and detoxification functions of dialysis—are maintained for every centimetre length of the fragile fibres. Production of membranes will increase in parallel with the increase in the number of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients expected to require HD therapies in the future. The provision of high-quality care entails detailed consideration of all aspects of dialysis membranes, as quality cannot in any way be compromised for the life-sustaining—like the natural membranes within all living organisms—function artificial dialysis membranes serve.

Rayleigh imaging along an optical fiber in operation

We present in this work a non-destructive and non-invasive imaging spectroscopic technique with a high spatial and spectral resolution to characterize the light propagation behaviour along a centimetric length and nanometric size tapered optical fiber in operation.

Normal Spleen Size in Adults in Kirkuk Population Using Ultrasound Scan

Background: Splenomegaly is a clinically important finding, particularly for physicians required to make decisions on variety of disease status including infectious, storage diseases and malignant disorders. Objective diagnostic measures have been proposed as a useful step in making decisions in those patients using ultrasonography, as it‘s a noninvasive, established, safe, quick and accurate method for measurement of spleen size. There are racial differences in normal splenic size, as previous ultrasound data have been suggested. These differences in splenic size result in improper interpretation of splenic measurements. Objectives: To develop standards of normal range of splenic length (as indicator for splenic size) for our adult population based on gender, age and body mass index using ultrasound scan. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in the department of Radiology in Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq within a period from May 2013 to April 2016. The study was conducted among 303 adult individuals (120 males and 183 females), they were healthy individuals more than 18 years old not suffering from diseases affecting the spleen, the exclusion criteria were individuals not willing to participate; history of medical disorders affecting spleen, such as blood, metabolic and connective tissue diseases, portal hypertension, high body temperature within the last month of examination, malignancy, and pregnancy. Maximum splenic length in centimeters was assessed at level of splenic hilum on the longitudinal view using 5 MHz sector curvilinear transducer probe for trans-abdominal Ultrasonography. 2-tailed t test was used to assess the differences between continues variables. The Relationship of length of spleen with age, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed with the Pearson‘s correlation coefficient (r). Results: The mean age of the study sample was 38.05±15.58 years for male and 37.23±13.98 for female, their mean body height was 173.1±46 cm for male and 159.70±4.88 cm for female, their body weight was 83.42±16.70 kg for male and 73.19±15.90 Kg for female and mean BMI were 27.86 ±5.42 for male and 28.58±6.27 for female. Mean spleen length were 10.65±1.41 for male and 9.52±1.25 for female. There was significant correlation between spleen length and gender (p< 0.05). There was weak negative correlation with age, and weak positive relation between the splenic length and BMI. Conclusion: This study provides the values of normal splenic size by ultrasonography in adults‘ for both genders at Kirkuk city. The splenic size had weak positive correlation with body mass index (BMI), and weak negative correlation with age.

Additive Manufacture of Small-Scale Metamaterial Structures for Acoustic and Ultrasonic Applications.

Acoustic metamaterials are large-scale materials with small-scale structures. These structures allow for unusual interaction with propagating sound and endow the large-scale material with exceptional acoustic properties not found in normal materials. However, their multi-scale nature means that the manufacture of these materials is not trivial, often requiring micron-scale resolution over centimetre length scales. In this review, we bring together a variety of acoustic metamaterial designs and separately discuss ways to create them using the latest trends in additive manufacturing. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques that act as barriers towards the development of realisable acoustic metamaterials for practical audio and ultrasonic applications and speculate on potential future developments.

Umbilical Cord Blood Metal Mixtures and Birth Size in Bangladeshi Children.

Background:Studies have evaluated environmental exposure to toxic metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), or lead (Pb) on birth size; however, information on potential effects of exposures to metal mixtures is limited.Objectives:We assessed the association between metal mixtures (As, Cd, Mn, Pb) in umbilical cord blood and neonate size in Bangladeshi children.Methods:In this birth cohort study, pregnant women who were of age with an ultrasound-confirmed singleton pregnancy of gestation were recruited from two Bangladesh clinics between 2008 and 2011. Neonate size metrics were measured at the time of delivery. Metals in cord blood were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We employed multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to estimate associations of individual metals and metal mixtures with birth size parameters.Results:Data from 1,088 participants was assessed. We found a significant negative association between metal mixture and birth length and head circumference when all metal concentrations were above the 60th and 55th percentiles, respectively, compared with the median. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in log Cd concentration {log[Cd (in micrograms per deciliter)] } was associated with a 0.13-standard deviation (SD) decrease in mean birth length (95% CI: , ) and a 0.17-SD decrease in mean head circumference (95% CI: , ), based on linear regression models adjusted for covariates and the other metals. An IQR increase in log Mn concentration {log[Mn (in micrograms per deciliter)] } was associated with a 0.07-SD decrease in mean birth weight (95% CI: , 0.002).Discussion:Metal mixtures in cord blood were associated with reduced birth size in Bangladeshi children. Results from linear regression models adjusted and the BKMR mixtures analyses suggest adverse effects of Cd and Mn, as individual metal exposures, on birth size outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7502

Anatomical aspects of the use of the thoracodorsal nerve as a donor in musculocutaneous nerve ­injury

Aim. To assess the anatomical possibility of the use of the thoracodorsal nerve as a donor for nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve.&#x0D; Methods. Anatomical dissection of the brachial plexus with layer-by-layer dissection of secondary bundles, short and long branches was performed in 121 male and female corpses. The localization of the origin of thoracodorsal and musculocutaneous nerves relative to the clavicle, the takeoff angle (degrees) from the secondary bundle, the length (in centimeters) of the nerves from the site of origin to the latissimus dorsi muscle entry point and the perforation of the coracobrachialis muscle, respectively, were investigated. The length of the thoracodorsal nerve with and without extramuscular branches was studied separately.&#x0D; Results. It was revealed that, in 58.7% of cases, the thoracodorsal nerve has the optimal length required for transposition to the musculocutaneous nerve. The excess length of the thoracodorsal nerve was between 0.1 and 9.1 cm. In 41.3% of cases, the length of the thoracodorsal nerve is not enough for transposition. Of these, in 17.4% of cases, the shortage of the length of the thoracodorsal nerve was 2 cm or less, which categorically does not allow its transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve. Only in 5% of cases, the length of the nerve was not enough for transposition in the use of the thoracodorsal nerve with extramuscular branches.&#x0D; Conclusion. Due to tension in many cases, the thoracodorsal nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve can be performed with difficulty, and in some cases it is impossible, solving the problem in this category of people dictates the development of new surgical techniques with the thoracodorsal nerve or the use of another nerve as a donor.

Formulated Feeds for Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT)

Background: The problem in the development of Genetically Improved Tilapia brought about by the protein from the expensive fish feed is the surprising cost of fish feeds. The study's aim is to look for an alternative and cheap fish feed. The research identified Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) growth and survival rates in the HAPA using formulated sweet potato granules and commercial feeds as the grounds for the development of a Technology Guide. The experiment method has been used in the research. Results: The findings showed that the three formulated feeds have lower protein (20.33, 19.3, and 19.6) yet with higher fat (24.1, 15.69, and 10.72) than the commercial (24.1%, 3%). The initial and final weight in grams, length in centimeters and width in centimeters were highest on T1 then followed by T2 and T3. It was with the use of T1 which proved to be an effective feed. Conclusion: The ingredients utilized in the feed formulations are possible substitution of fish feed and the advancement of its usage is commendable.

RGB-D sensor application for static anthropometry measurement

This study aimed to apply the RGB-D sensor for other alternative static anthropometric measurements. The RGB-D sensor that was used is Kinect Xbox 360 from Microsoft. The study was conducted by running the RGB-D sensor activation program so that it can detect static anthropometric measurements which include height, sitting height, leg length, knee length, hand length, forearm length, shoulder width and hip width. After the system run, the sensor captured objects that can be detected and then become input from the program and produce RGB data and depth (depth) and then processed again to get skeletal tracking. Skeletal tracking obtained if the sensor detects human presence. From the results of this skeletal tracking, the program can produce length data from each body part measured. Information processing results shown on the monitor screen in the form of units of length in centimeters (cm). The research results showed that from 110 anthropometric data that have been taken with this measurement system, the system showed the total absolute absolute error of 2.71%. Error for each antropometry measurement are height 2.53%, knee length 2.94%, foot length 2.97%, shoulder width 2.47%, hand length 2.16%, arm length 2.46%, hip width 2.67%, and sitting height 3.45%. From the results of regression analysis, the average correlation value between the actual value and the system value are 0.91 so that the results of the sensor measurements can be accepted. Can be concluded that the use of the Kinect sensor for anthropometric measurements can be used for anthropometric measurements.