Length Of Transfer Research Articles

Experimental investigation of liquid jet impingement heat transfer at superhydrophobic surfaces

This paper presents an experimental exploration of thermal transport due to a water jet impinging on post patterned superhydrophobic surfaces and provides the first experimental data for this problem. The surface is heated to temperatures much lower than the saturation value. Results are obtained for a smooth hydrophobic surface and superhydrophobic surfaces with varying microfeature pitch (w = 8, 16, and 24 µm) and cavity fraction (Fc = 0.56 and 0.85) and are compared to results derived from a previously published analytical model. The jet Reynolds number varied from 1.1 × 104 to 1.7 × 104 and the nominal surface heat flux varied from 2.5 × 104 to 4.9 × 104 W/m2. Results obtained for all superhydrophobic surfaces show a significant decrease in the local and average Nusselt numbers (up to 30 % reduction) compared to impingement on a smooth surface. Further, the reduction is a strong function of the surface post and cavity geometric parameters. The effective temperature jump length is determined for all scenarios considered, representing the first experimental measurements of temperature jump length for heat transfer at superhydrophobic surfaces. Functional relationships showing how the average Nusselt number and the non-dimensional temperature jump length depend on the superhydrophobic surface parameters are also presented.

Modeling land-atmosphere energy and water exchanges in the typical alpine grassland in Tibetan Plateau using Noah-MP

Study regionAlpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau Study focusThis study used Noah-MP to simulate the energy fluxes [net radiation (Rn), latent (λE) and sensible (H) heat fluxes] in two typical alpine ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau. The effectivenesses of new parameterization schemes for the roughness length for heat transfer and the root distribution were evaluated. By further using multi-scenario modeling, the responses of land evapotranspiration (ET), soil evaporation (Es) and vegetation transpiration (Tr) to changes in precipitation, solar radiation and air temperature were investigated. New hydrological insights for the regionThe default Noah-MP largely overestimates (underestimates) Rn and λE, but tends to underestimate (overestimate) H in alpine meadow (alpine steppe). After incorporating two newly-developed parameterization schemes, the accurancy of Noah-MP has been improved in alpine meadow for Rn and λE, while in alpine steppe only H has been improved. The ET, Es and Tr in alpine meadow are more sensitive to decreasing precipitation than that to increasing precipitation. In alpine steppe, ET and Es increase with increasing precipitation, while Tr responds weakly to changes in precipitation; The effect of temperature change on ET appears weak in both ecosystems. However, Tr shows negative responses to increased temperature and such responses in alpine steppe are more remarkable than those in alpine meadow, suggesting the former may be more vulnerable to future warming than the latter.

Hemophilia Caregiver Burden in a Low Socioeconomic Region of Turkey.

This study aims to evaluate the caregiver burden of parents of hemophilia patients and related factors in the southeast region of Turkey, where access to a regular healthcare facility is more complicated than in other areas. Twenty-six caregivers of patients with hemophilia were consecutively enrolled in this non-interventional study. Caregiver burden is measured using the "HemophiliaAssociated Caregiver Burden Scale" (HEMOCAB). Hemophilia affects 65.4% of caregivers emotionally, and 92.3% feel the burden caused by financial problems related to hemophilia. The perception of the patients by caregivers was negative in the groups of low educational degree and unstable employment status (P = .037 and P = .017, respectively). The employment status and job changes influence the caregiver burden because of hemophilia (P = .034 and P = .001, respectively). The groups of those who spent greater than 5 hours for transportation to the hemophilia treatment center (HTC) had a higher burden (P = .001). Multiple linear regression analysis analyzed variables affecting HEMOCAB, frequency, and burden total scores. The model created with the burden total score was statistically significant (P = .047). The main factors affecting caregiver burden were educational status, working conditions, and economic difficulties, as well as the length of infusion times and transfer to HTCs. There is a need to develop socioeconomic policies related to these problems.

An Experimental Study on Secondary Transfer Performances of Prestress after Anchoring Failure of Steel Wire Strands

To understand the secondary transfer performances of residual prestress after the anchoring failure of end-anchored steel wire strands due to corrosion fracture, six steel wire strand components of post-tensioning prestress were designed and fabricated. One-side fast corrosion was applied to the steel wire strand components using the electrochemical method until anchoring failure was reached. The sphere of influence, stress changes, and the retraction and swelling effect of broken beams after failure were investigated. The influences of factors such as concrete strength, stirrup area, and the length of the component on the secondary transfer length of residual prestress were discussed. Based on the deformation relationship between prestressed steel wire strands and concrete in the stress transfer zone, a stress equation was established and solved through a bond constitutive model. A prediction model of the effective stress transfer length of prestressed steel wire strand after failure was proposed. The results demonstrated that residual prestress can have a secondary transfer after the corrosion fracture of end-anchored steel wire strands, but some effective prestress may be lost. Moreover, the loss of prestress is inversely proportional to concrete compressive strength. When the specimens are relatively short, the prestress loss increases significantly. Concrete strength has significant influences on the length of secondary transfer. The proposed simplified calculation method of the secondary transfer length of residual prestress has a relatively high accuracy, with an average error of 2.9% and a maximum error of 5.2%.

The minimum required overlap length for tendon transfer A biomechanical study on human tendons.

In tendon transfer surgeries sufficient stability of the tenorrhaphy is essential. In addition to the choice of a suitable technique, adequate overlap of donor and recipient tendons must be ensured. The aim of this study was to investigate the tensile strength with regard to tendon overlap of a recently published tenorrhaphy, termed Woven-Fridén (WF) tenorrhaphy, which displayed higher tensile strength and lower bulk when compared to the established Pulvertaft technique. For this purpose, WF tenorrhaphies with 1.5 cm, 2 cm, and 3 cm tendon overlap were performed and subsequently tested for different biomechanical properties by tensile testing. Among others, the parameters of ultimate load and stiffness were collected. Native tendons served as controls. A formula was derived to quantify the relation between tendon overlap and ultimate load. We observed that sufficient tensile strength (mean ultimate load of 217 N) is already given with a 2 cm tendon overlap. In addition, with more than 3 cm overlap length only little additional tensile strength is to be expected as the calculated ultimate load of 4 cm overlap (397 N) is approaching the plateau of the maximal ultimate load of 435 N (native tendons).

Aprotic Solvent Effect in Preparation of Organo Lead Iodide Perovskite Nanowires by Two-Step Spin-Coating Procedure

Lead-iodide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3 ≡ MAPbI3) nanowires (NWs) were prepared by a two-step spin-coating technique by modifying one of the perovskite precursors with a small amount of aprotic solvent. In the two-step spin-coating technique, the perovskite precursors are MAI and PbI2. The first MAI powder is dissolved in isopropanol (IPA) to produce an isopropanol-MAI solution, while the second PbI2 is used in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as an aprotic solvent. Here, a small amount of DMF was used with an IPA solution of MAI to grow 1D NWs based on MAPbI3 perovskite. Then, the film was formed directly from the MAPbI3 perovskite nanowires (PNWs) by coating the PbI2 layer with an IPA solution of MAI modified by DMF. The amount of DMF in the MAI/IPA solution was adjusted in the range between 0 and 50 μl. One-dimensional (1D) PNWs (∼100 nm diameter) and three-dimensional (3D) perovskite nanocrystals are compared. The structural and optical properties of the PNWs films are systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), scanning electron microscopy images (SEM), UV–vis absorption, and photoluminescence (PL). The result is that the presence of an additional solvent and its optimized amount in the MAI/IPA solution can increase the length and efficiency of charge transfer by facilitating perovskite transformation, as evidenced by the intensity of PL and the formation of a high-quality perovskite film. Compact, hole-free films with low trap states (crystal defects) were obtained. Further investigation of the lead iodide perovskite showed that reducing the dimensionality from 3D to 1D resulted in shorter wavelengths of the absorption edge and the PL peak in both the absorption and PL spectra. The shorter wavelengths indicate more localized exciton states in NWs. Finally, the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) properties were obtained under picosecond laser excitation and a low ASE threshold was found at 10 and 53 μJ/cm2 for 1D and 3D, respectively, at about 300 nm film thickness.

Effect of particle shape on biomass pyrolysis in a bubbling fluidized bed

The effect of biomass particle shape on the conversion of beech wood during pyrolysis in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) was experimentally quantified. A lab-scale BFB installed on a high-precision scale was used to characterize the mass loss of the biomass particles immersed in the bed. The scale could monitor the mass loss of the beech wood particles while moving freely inside the bed, which was operated at 2.5 times the minimum fluidization velocity of the bed material employed. The tests were performed at 500 and 600 °C using beech wood particles of the same mass, but different in shape. All particles used were cylindrical in shape, with the same mass, and differing in their aspect ratio, analyzing particles from typical biomass chips to standard biomass pellets. The experimental results indicate that the velocity of pyrolysis for the different particles is proportional to the characteristic heat transfer length of the particles, with pyrolysis times ranging from 27 to 53 s for a bed temperature of 600 °C and from 43 to 85 s for a bed temperature of 500 °C. The minimum pyrolysis time was obtained for particles with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 2 mm pyrolyzing in a bed at 600 °C, whereas the maximum pyrolysis time corresponds to particles of 10 mm in diameter and 8 mm in length converting in a bed at 500 °C. Estimations of the conversion time obtained from a Shrinking Unreacted Particle Model (SUPM), assuming a constant density and reducing volume of biomass during conversion, and a Uniform Conversion Model (UCM), considering uniform volume and decreasing density of biomass along the conversion process, were compared to experimental measurements of the conversion time. Qualitative agreement was found between the experimental values and the predictions of the conversion time from the simplified models, obtaining in all cases conversion times proportional to the characteristic length of heat transfer of each particle shape.

New Perspective on Electron Transfer through Molecules.

Motivated by experiments which display unusual length and temperature effects for electron transfer in the nanometer length regime, we propose a new approach for describing long-range electron transfer (ET) processes through molecules. We posit that the electron reorganization in the molecules (e.g., the electronic polarization of a macromolecule or organic film by an applied electric potential, or the injected charge generating a dipole moment) should be included in the description. We numerically solve a one-dimensional model for the electron transport, which includes electron-electron interactions explicitly, and we show that it generates a power law distance dependence for electron transport similar to that observed in experiments. The model does not include vibrations explicitly and should be consistent with the weak temperature dependences observed experimentally. This approach emphasizes the need to treat the electronic changes in the molecule(s) more explicitly to understand the behavior.

Minimum Halloysite Length for Efficient Load Transfer Through the Interphase of Polymer Nanocomposites in Biomedical Applications

Minimum Halloysite Length for Efficient Load Transfer Through the Interphase of Polymer Nanocomposites in Biomedical Applications

Slippage on Porous Spherical Superhydrophobic Surface Revolutionizes Heat Transfer of Non‐Newtonian Fluid

AbstractIn this study, a new strategy to achieve high‐efficient heat transfer for non‐Newtonian fluids with slippage using a stably prepared superhydrophobic coating is presented. A superhydrophobic coating is prepared on the inner surface of a sleeve at specific shear stress. The slippage and heat‐transfer processes of the typical non‐Newtonian fluid–1% carboxymethyl cellulose solutions on the superhydrophobic coating are investigated simultaneously. A novel porous spherical type of superhydrophobic coating with a contact angle of 168° is obtained. It is found that the shear stress in electrodeposition is a key parameter to control the morphology and wetting ability of the superhydrophobic coating. The slip length and enhancement factor of heat transfer for the non‐Newtonian fluid on the coating are found in a range of 20–900 µm and 1.47 experimentally. A new parameter is proposed as Reynolds number Re divided by the dimensionless slip length ls* (Re/ls*) for the heat‐transfer enhancement with slippage, which can be used as the guide for designing coating and selecting the operating conditions. The Re/ls* is <4, which can enhance the heat transfer via the slippage.

Anchorage behavior of Fe-SMA rebars Post-Installed into concrete

The unique self-prestressing behavior exhibited by Iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMAs) coupled with the ease of application makes them suitable for numerous structural applications requiring post-installed reinforcement. However, the practical realization of Fe-SMA rebars as post-installed reinforcement systems entails an understanding of their bond behavior with concrete to ensure the use of adequate anchorage length for prestress transfer and prevention of premature failure. The bond behavior of cast-in-place and near-surface mounted Fe-SMA rebars with concrete has been investigated in detail in a few recent studies. However, no study has so far investigated the bond behavior of Fe-SMA rebars post-installed into concrete. To address this important knowledge gap, this paper presents an extensive experimental campaign aimed at evaluating the anchorage of post-installed Fe-SMA rebars in concrete. The experimental campaign comprised 23 specimens, with the variable parameters of the study including the bond length, state of Fe-SMA rebar (non-activated or activated), drill-hole size, strength of the adjacent concrete, type of rebar (plain, threaded, or deformed), and the type of loading history (monotonic or cyclic). The experimental results showed that for bond lengths ≥ 5db, the ribbed Fe-SMA rebars primarily fail in a pull-out failure mode and exhibit large inelastic rebar strains and load capacity at bond failure. The paper is concluded with the comparison of anchorage length predictions of conventional design models with the results of the current experimental testing campaign. The comparison demonstrates that the anchorage length recommendations of existing design standards are generally conservative for Fe-SMA rebars.

Should the early surgery threshold be moved to 72 h in over-85 patients with hip fracture? A single-center retrospective evaluation on 941 patients

AimAim of the study was to assess whether early surgery and other clinical and orthogeriatric parameters could affect mortality rate in hip fracture patients aged > 85.Materials and methodsData regarding a 42-month period were retrospectively obtained from the institutional medical records and registry data. Gender, age, fracture pattern, surgical technique, type of anesthesia, timing of surgical intervention (within 24, 48 or 72 h from admission), days of hospitalization, mortality rate divided in intra-hospital, at 30 days and at 1 year were collected for the whole population. Some additional data were collected for an orthogeriatric subgroup.Results941 patients were considered, with a mean age of 89 years. Surgery was performed within 24, 48 and 72 h in 24.4%, 54.5% and 66.1% of cases, respectively. Intra-hospital mortality rate resulted to be 3.4%, while mortality at 30 days and 1 year resulted to be 4.5% and 31%, respectively. Early surgery within 48 and 72 h were significantly associated with a lower intra-hospital and 30-day mortality rate. In the orthogeriatric subgroup (394 patients), a significant association with a higher mortality rate was found for general anesthesia, number of comorbidities, ADL (Activities of Daily Living) < 3, transfer to other departments.ConclusionsIn over-85 hip fracture patients, the threshold for early surgery might be moved to 72 h to allow patients pre-operative stabilization and medical optimization as intra-hospital and 30-day mortality rates remain significantly lower. Advanced age, male sex, number of comorbidities, pre-operative dependency in ADL, general anesthesia, length of hospitalization and transfer to other departments were significantly related to mortality rate.

Dynamic Adsorption Characteristics of Phosphorus Using MBCQ

Biochar is a new type of adsorption material with excellent performance, but it has some problems, such as light texture, poor sedimentation, and difficult recovery, which limits its practical application. In this study, biochar microspheres (MBCQ) were prepared by the sol–gel method using powdery biochar from Hydrocotyle vulgaris as raw material and sodium alginate as a granular carrier. Experiments were performed to investigate the dynamic adsorption characteristics of phosphorus by MBCQ in the adsorption column and the influences of particle size, initial phosphorus concentration, flow rate, and column height on the breakthrough curve. The results showed that the static adsorption properties of different particles varied and that 3-millimeter particles were optimal. The breakthrough time positively correlated with column height and negatively correlated with initial phosphorus concentration, flow rate, and particle size. Flow velocity significantly impacted breakthrough time and length of mass transfer. The bed depth/service time model accurately predicted the relationship between breakthrough times and column heights. When ct/c0 = 0.6, the average relative deviation between predicted and measured values was the lowest. The Thomas model described the MBCQ adsorption process of Ph (R2 &gt; 0.95), which indicated that diffusion in MBCQ adsorption was not a rate-limiting step.

Latissimus dorsi transfer with amodified single-incision Herzberg technique and description of its arthroscopic advancement

Latissimus dorsi transfer aims to reduce pain and improve function for irreparable tears of the posterosuperior rotator cuff by restoring the transversal force couple to improve external rotation and delaying superior migration of the humeral head. Surgery is advocated in patients with unbearable shoulder pain and limited external rotation caused by an irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tear. Usually, alatissimus transfer is recommended in the presence of superior migration of the humeral head, higher grade fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff and arestriction of range of motion and strength for abduction and external rotation. Advantages of the arthroscopically assisted technique are the missing need of detaching the deltoid from its origin, smaller incisions and therapy of concomitant intraarticular lesions. Little pain and sufficient shoulder function in massive posterosuperior rotator cuff tears do not necessitate latissimus transfer. In the presence of subscapularis tears, osteoarthritis and deltoid dysfunction as well as shoulder stiffness tendon transfer are associated with inferior clinical outcomes. Surgery is performed in prone position. The incision is made about 5 cm caudal of the posterolateral corner of the acromion and extends over 6 cm at the inferior border of the deltoid muscle. After exploration and protection of the axillary and radial nerve the latissimus tendon is peeled off of the humerus. The medial part of the latissimus is then mobilized to gain length for the later transfer. Afterwards the footprint of the infraspinatus is visualized and debrided. Two or three suture anchors are placed into the posterosuperior aspect of the greater tuberosity. The sutures are stitched through the tendon in ahorizontal mattress stitch configuration and the tendon tied onto the bone. In arthroscopic advancement, the patient is placed in an upright beach-chair position with the arm attached to an arm holder. After debridement of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus footprint, arthroscopic preparation at the anterior border of the subscapularis tendon is performed. The latissimus tendon is visualized and detached with electrocautery. Afterwards the interval between posterior rotator cuff and deltoid muscle is prepared to allow the transfer of the latissimus tendon to the posterosuperior footprint. This marks the transition to the open approach, in which the arm is placed in aflexed and internally rotated position. Immobilization in ashoulder sling for 3weeks. Early passive range of motion (ROM: flexion30°, internal rotation60°, abduction0°, external rotation0°) was immediately allowed. After 3weeks, passive ROM was increased to90° of flexion, 60° of abduction, whereas external rotation was still restricted. After 7weeks, free passive ROM and after 8weeks active ROM (assisted) were allowed. In all, 67patients (mean age 63years) were examined 54months (± 28) after open transfer of the latissimus dorsi tendon. Constant score improved from 24 (± 6) points to 68 (± 17) points. Active flexion increased from 83° (± 47°) to 144° (± 35°), abduction from 69° (± 33°) to 134° (± 42°) and external rotation from 24° (± 18°) to 35° (± 21°). The VAS score decreased from 6.3 (± 1.1) to 1.8 (± 2). However, osteoarthritis worsened over time and the Hamada-Fukuda stage increased from1.4 to2.1 and the acromihumeral distance decreased from 7.9 (± 2.6) to 5.1 (± 2.2) at final follow-up.

Abstract 14066: Control of Atrial Fibrillation With Short vs Long Duration of Continuous Intravenous Diltiazem

Introduction: Continuous intravenous (IV) diltiazem is one of the options for urgent management of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response (RVR). This study assesses the clinical outcomes of utilizing IV diltiazem for less than or greater than 24 hours. Methods: A retrospective chart-review of patients receiving continuous IV diltiazem between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018 where adult patients were included if they had atrial fibrillation with RVR and were treated with continuous IV diltiazem. Exclusion criteria included initiation of IV diltiazem in the ICU, strict nothing by mouth, only a bolus of IV diltiazem used, no conversion to oral rate controlling agent following discontinuation of IV diltiazem, and if pregnant. Infusions lasting &gt;24 hours and &lt;24 hours were compared. Primary objective was to evaluate duration in goal heart rate for the first 48 hours after conversion to PO diltiazem. Secondary outcomes included length of hospitalization, ICU transfer, 30-day readmission, and development of cardiovascular events including stroke, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death. Results: 146 out of 251 patients met inclusion criteria. 75.3% of patients maintained a goal heart rate (less than 110bpm) for at least 80% of the 48 hours after conversion to oral diltiazem in &lt; 24 hours group compared to only 59% (p =0.037). The &lt;24 hours group had more patients in heart rate goal for &gt;85% of 48 hours after conversion to oral diltiazem compared to the &gt;24 hours group (p=0.03). Diltiazem drips used for &gt;24 hours had a higher percentage of ICU transfers (p = 0.035) and longer hospitalization (p = 0.001). There were no differences regarding major adverse cardiovascular events and readmission rates. Conclusions: Diltiazem drip use for &lt;24 hours was associated with greater time spent in goal heart rate as well as a lower rate of ICU transfers and shorter hospitalization when compared to drips used &gt; 24 hours.

Correlation Between Visual Factors During Patient Transfer and Objective Measures of Operative Risk in Preoperative Risk Assessment

<h3>Introduction and Objectives</h3> Frailty, an important consideration for determining a patient's surgical risk, is usually assessed informally based on clinical gestalt—the "eye-ball test." Surgeons are usually skilled at identifying high-risk patients, however, the factors underlying their unstructured assessments are unknown. The objective of our study was to explore the visual factors that may be used in an "eye-ball test" and understand how they compare to objective measures of frailty, multiple comorbidities, and operative risk. <h3>Methods</h3> A convergent mixed methods design was utilized to compare factors present in video recordings of patients transferring from a chair to exam table during vascular clinic visits to objective measures of surgical risk, including grip strength, modified frailty index-5 (mFI-5), and Fried Frailty Score. The videos were qualitatively evaluated by three independent coders. Patient transfer began in seated position in chair, followed by ambulation and transfer to the exam table, and ended in seated position on the exam table (Figure 1). Transfer length of time was measured in seconds based on time stamps. T-tests were used to compare length of transfer and Fisher's exact test was used to examine associations between visual factors and the objective measures of operative risk.Figure 1Components of a patient transfer from chair to exam table in the clinic setting. This segmentation was utilized for analysis of the video-recorded patient transfers.Figure 1 <h3>Results</h3> 30 patients and their video-taped transfers from two centers were analyzed. Mean age of participants was 71.9±9.45 years, 43.3% were female, and 18% identified with non-white race. Approximately half were categorized as frail by mFI-5 score and 50% were weak by grip strength measurement (65% convergence; P=.37). Frail patients had a longer transfer time (mean 11.6 vs 9.9 seconds; P=.19). A median of 45 coded factors based on visually present patient appearance and movement were coded. Patients who were considered frail more often used their arms to push up from sitting position (69.2% vs 25.0%; P=.04), have a medical device visible (e.g., portable oxygen, orthotic shoe, insulin pump) (38.5% vs 0%; P=.04), have a walking assistive device present (e.g., wheelchair, cane) (23.1% vs 0%; P=.22), and displayed postural instability during transfer from chair to exam table (50% vs 8.3%; P=.07). There appeared to be no difference in the presence of no-lace shoes (46.2% vs 41.7%; P=.82). <h3>Conclusions</h3> This pilot study reveals patient appearance and movement correlate with objective measures of operative risk. These visual factors may underlie unstructured frameworks utilized by vascular surgeons during preoperative risk assessment. Future work will build on this work by exploring surgeon's assessment in comparison to the visually coded factors in this study through case simulations.

Effect of nanoscale dielectric environments on concentration quenching

Abstract We have studied the dependence of concentration quenching of luminescence (donor–acceptor energy transfer) on the thickness d of dye-doped polymeric films (HITC:PMMA) and found its strong inhibition at small values of d. This phenomenon is tentatively explained by a limited number of acceptors, which donors’ excitation can reach in thin samples, if the film’s thickness is comparable to the diffusion length of the energy transfer. The latter mechanism, along with effective reduction of the dye concentration, is responsible for an inhibition of the concentration quenching of dye molecules impregnating porous alumina membranes. The elongation of emission kinetics in thick (≥3 μm) HITC:PMMA films is cautiously attributed to the samples’ crystallinity.

MXene-based mixed-dimensional Schottky heterojunction towards self-powered flexible high-performance photodetector

0D Bismuth nanoparticles (Bi NPs) are grown on the surface of 2D few-layer Nb2CTx MXene to form the mixed-dimensional Nb2CTx@Bi Schottky heterojunction. The large surface to volume area characteristic of 2D Nb2CTx nanosheets can provide the sufficient sites for the growth of Bi NPs, which can not only prevent the aggregation of Bi NPs, but also effectively shorten the length and transmission time of charge transfer. The Schottky heterojunction generated at the interface could lead to the uniflow spreading process of electrons/holes, promotes the separation of photo-induced electron/hole pairs, and suppress the carrier recombination dynamics, thus leading to the enhanced performance of Nb2CTx@Bi-based optoelectronic devices. Systematic investigations demonstrate that Nb2CTx@Bi-based flexible photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type photodetector shows self-powered photodetection capability with fast response/recovery time (0.08/0.08 s), a photocurrent of 1.56 μA cm−2, a responsivity of 585.25 μA W−1, and a specific detectivity of 4.63 × 1012 Jones. The photodetector exhibits self-powered capability after bending 180° for 1000 cycles. Additionally, the repeatable and reproducible ON/OFF signals can be detected after placing the photodetector in alkaline electrolyte for one month, suggesting the potential of Nb2CTx@Bi Schottky heterojunctions for practical applications in flexible optoelectronics.

Non-Gray Radiative Heat Transfer in Two-Dimensional Cylindrical System

Radiative heat transfer in a concentric cylinder system with a participating medium is demonstrated to be inherently two-dimensional, even for the consideration of heat transfer to the total inner or outer surface with uniform boundary conditions. For the evaluation of two-dimensional nongray radiative heat transfer, the zonal exchange factor, together with the concept of point mean beam length, is shown to be an effective solution approach. Optimal point mean beam length for radiative heat transfer between a differential area and a finite area with different geometrical configurations within the concentric cylindrical enclosure is generated. Numerical data for an example calculation is presented to illustrate the characteristics of nongray two-dimensional radiative heat transfer.

Synthesis of novel pseudo-capacitive perovskite nanostructured flowerlike KTaO3 for lithium ion storage

Research and technology development of lithium ion battery is very important nowadays because of its high energy and power density, low self discharge, no/less memory effect, comparatively high current output. It has been largely used in various fields like hybrid electric vehicles (EV's), portable devices, digital cameras and many more. As per our knowledge this is the first report on the synthesis of KTaO3 and examination of electrochemical performance on lithium ion batteries (LIB). The flower like nanostructured KTaO3 exhibits high interfacial area and less path length for charge transfer, which was the main reason to exhibit good electrochemical properties. The average crystallite size of material was confirmed by XRD analysis and found to be ~26 nm. The high irreversible capacity was recorded at 1307 mAh g−1 with high Columbic efficiency (~99%) at potential window of 0.01–3.00 V. Moreover, reversible first discharge capacity was measured at 432 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C current rates with exemplary cyclic stability. The capacity fade was negligible for consecutive cycles. Even at very high current rate (3C) also it presents good capacity of 74 m Ahg−1 with excellent reversibility. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectra prove the less conductive resistance at higher frequency region. Finally the present work explains the excellent electrochemical performance of nanostructured flower like KTaO3 for Li-ion battery as anode material.