Length Elongation In Children Research Articles

Association of accommodation and convergence with axial length elongation in children with basic intermittent exotropia: a 12-month observational study.

To investigate the association of parameters related to accommodation and convergence and axial elongation in basic intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients and the potential clinical predictors of axial length (AL) growth. A total of 140 basic IXT patients were recruited in this study. The medians of AL growth in different age brackets were chosen to divide the subjects into Group A (slower axial elongation group, n=69) and Group B (faster axial elongation group, n=71). Parameters of dominant and nondominant eyes were compared and analyzed during the 12-month follow-up period. The parameters, including baseline refraction, angle of deviation, Newcastle score (NCS), accommodative amplitude (AMP), accommodative facility (AMF), accommodative response, positive or negative relative accommodation (PRA/NRA), and near point of convergence (NPC), were analyzed via univariate and multivariate regression. Subjects in faster axial elongation group tended to have more myopic spherical equivalents (t=3.956, P<.001), greater accommodative amplitudes of dominant eyes (t=-2.238, P=.027) and less near points of convergence (t=2.347, P=.020) than in slower axial elongation group. For dominant eyes, logistic and linear regression analysis revealed that more negative spherical equivalents (OR=0.603, P<.001; β=-0.045, P<.001), greater accommodative amplitudes (OR=1.201, P=.027; β=0.023, P=.010) and less near points of convergence (OR=0.883, P=.021; β=-0.012, P=.019) were correlated with the faster axial elongation. For nondominant eyes, more myopic spherical equivalent (OR=0.682; P=.001; β=-0.029, P=.005) was the only parameter correlated with faster axial elongation through regression analysis. In children with basic intermittent exotropia, faster axial elongation in the dominant eyes were associated with more myopic spherical equivalents, greater accommodative amplitudes, and lower near points of convergence. These accommodative parameters can serve as potential clinical indicators for monitoring myopia progression in addition to axial length.

The impact of COVID-19 home confinement on axial length in myopic children undergoing orthokeratology

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Understanding the impact of home confinement on axial length in myopic children undergoing orthokeratology (OK) treatment facilitates the management of myopia control during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown. Background The outbreak of COVID-19 and the corresponding home confinement measures have brought a considerable challenge to myopia control. The study aimed to investigate the influence of home quarantine on axial length in myopic children with OK treatment. Methods Axial length measurements during and before COVID-19 home confinement were retrospectively collected from the myopic children treated with OK, and the children were prospectively followed up after finishing the quarantine. The monthly axial length growth before, during and after confinement was calculated and compared in the full dataset and subgroups stratified by age. Influencing factors for monthly axial length growth during confinement were analysed. Results Ninety-two myopic children with OK treatment were enrolled in this study. In the full dataset, covariates adjusted (gender, time interval, baseline axial length and age) monthly axial length growth during confinement was not significantly different from that before (P = 0.213) or after the home confinement (P = 1.000). Multiple linear regression showed that the monthly axial length growth during confinement was negatively correlated with age (P = 0.002). Subgroup analysis based on age demonstrated that the adjusted monthly axial length growth was not significantly different among three periods (P > 0.05) for younger children. For children older than 12-year-old, the adjusted monthly axial length growth during home confinement was significantly slower than before the confinement (P = 0.011), but not the monthly axial length growth after the confinement (P = 1.000). Conclusions COVID-19 home confinement does not increase the myopic axial length elongation in children with OK treatment.

Orthokeratology Lenses Versus Administration of 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops for Axial Length Elongation in Children With Myopic Anisometropia.

To investigate the effect of orthokeratology (OK) lenses and that of 0.01% atropine eye drops on axial length (AL) elongation in children with myopic anisometropia. Ninety-five children with myopic anisometropia who used OK lenses (N=49) or 0.01% atropine eye drops (N=46) were enrolled in this retrospective 1-year study. For all children, the eyes with higher spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) were assigned to the H-eye subgroup, whereas the fellow eyes with lower SER were assigned to the L-eye subgroup. After 1-year treatment, the mean change in the AL of H eyes and L eyes in the OK lenses group was 0.18±0.16 mm and 0.24±0.15 mm, respectively (P=0.15), and 0.28±0.20 mm and 0.25±0.18 mm, respectively (P=0.48), in the 0.01% atropine group. Multivariate regression analyses showed significant differences in AL change between H and L eyes after treatment with OK lens (P=0.03), whereas no significant difference in the 0.01% atropine (P=0.22). The change in the AL in the H-eye group was less with OK lenses than with 0.01% atropine (P=0.04), whereas there was no significant difference between the change in AL in the L-eye group between treatment with OK lens and 0.01% atropine (P=0.89). In myopic anisometropic children, AL differences between 2 eyes decrease by wearing OK lenses but do not change after administration of 0.01% atropine eye drops. The increased effect of OK lenses, but not 0.01% atropine, in reducing axial elongation at 1 year in the eye with higher SER in anisometropic children warrants further investigation.