Length Dependence Research Articles

Kinetic and structural investigation of the 4-allyl syringol oxidase from Streptomyces cavernae.

4-Phenol oxidases are proposed to be involved in the utilization of lignin-derived aromatic compounds. While enzymes with selectivity towards 4-hydroxyphenyl and guaiacyl motifs are well described, we identified the first syringyl-specific oxidase from Streptomyces cavernae (Sc4ASO) only very recently. Here, in-depth studies were conducted to unravel the molecular origins of the outstanding selectivity of Sc4ASO. Kinetic experiments revealed high activities on dimethoxylated substrates (up to 2.9 ± 0.1 s-1), but also strong cooperativity between both protein subunits, as well as substrate inhibition in dependency of ortho methoxylation and chain length of the para substituent. Rapid mixing kinetics in combination with the determination of the crystal structure in complex with three substrates allowed to connect the kinetic behavior with never-observed positioning of the conserved residue Y471. Ultimately, the catalytic potential of Sc4ASO was investigated in a 100 mL scale cascade reaction to produce the natural product syringaresinol.

Precise main-chain length dependence for the chiral supramolecular self-assembly of oligofluorenes in chiral solvent

Precise main-chain length dependence for the chiral supramolecular self-assembly of oligofluorenes in chiral solvent

Does force depression resulting from shortening against series elasticity contribute to the activation dependence of optimum length?

The optimum length for force generation (L0) increases as activation is reduced, challenging classic theories of muscle contraction. Although the activation dependence of L0 is seemingly consistent with length-dependent Ca2+ sensitivity, this mechanism can't explain the apparent force dependence of L0, or the effect of series compliance on activation-related shifts in L0. We have tested a theory proposing that the activation dependence of L0 relates to force depression resulting from shortening against series elasticity. This theory predicts that significant series compliance would cause tetanic L0 to be shorter than the length corresponding to optimal filament overlap, thereby increasing the activation dependence of L0. We tested this prediction by determining L0 and maximum tetanic force (P0) with (L0_spring, P0_spring) and without added compliance in bullfrog semitendinosus muscles. The activation dependence of L0 was characterised with the addition of twitch and doublet contractions. Springs attached to muscles gave added fixed-end compliances of 11-39% and induced force depression for tetanic fixed-end contractions (P0_spring < P0). We found strong, negative correlations between spring compliance and both P0_spring (r2 = 0.89-0.91) and L0_spring (r2 = 0.60-0.63; P < 0.001), while the activation dependence of L0 was positively correlated to added compliance (r2 = 0.45, P = 0.011). However, since the compliance-mediated reduction in L0 was modest relative to the activation-related shift reported for the bullfrog plantaris muscle, additional factors must be considered. Our demonstration of force depression under novel conditions adds support to the involvement of a stress-induced inhibition of cross-bridge binding.

Style Transfer of Chinese Wuhu Iron Paintings Using Hierarchical Visual Transformer.

Within the domain of traditional art, Chinese Wuhu Iron Painting distinguishes itself through its distinctive craftsmanship, aesthetic expressiveness, and choice of materials, presenting a formidable challenge in the arena of stylistic transformation. This paper introduces an innovative Hierarchical Visual Transformer (HVT) framework aimed at achieving effectiveness and precision in the style transfer of Wuhu Iron Paintings. The study begins with an in-depth analysis of the artistic style of Wuhu Iron Paintings, extracting key stylistic elements that meet technical requirements for style conversion. Furthermore, in response to the unique artistic characteristics of Wuhu Iron Paintings, this research constructs a multi-layered network structure capable of effectively capturing and parsing style and content features. Building on this, we have designed an Efficient Local Attention Decoder (ELA-Decoder) that adaptively decodes the style and content features through correlation, significantly enhancing the length dependency of local and global information. Additionally, this paper proposes a Content Correction Module (CCM) to eliminate redundant features generated during the style transfer process, further optimizing the migration results. In light of the scarcity of existing datasets for Wuhu Iron Paintings, this study also collects and constructs a dedicated dataset for the style transfer of Wuhu Iron Paintings. Our method achieves optimal performance in terms of loss metrics, with a reduction of at least 4% in style loss and 5% in content loss compared to other advanced methods. Moreover, expert evaluations were conducted to validate the effectiveness of our approach, and the results show that our method received the highest number of votes, further demonstrating its superiority.

Driving factors for the peculiar bond length dependence and tetragonal distortion of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 and other chalcopyrites

Abstract The chalcopyrite alloy (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 is a highly efficient thin film solar cell absorber, reaching record efficiencies above 23%. Recently, a peculiar behavior in the bond length dependence of (Ag,Cu)GaSe2 was experimentally proven. The common cation bond length, namely Ga–Se, decreases with increasing Ag/(Ag + Cu) ratio even though the crystal lattice expands. This is opposite to the behavior observed for Cu(In,Ga)Se2, where all bond lengths increase with increasing lattice size. To better understand this peculiar bond length behavior, element-specific bond lengths of (Ag,Cu)InSe2 and Ag(In,Ga)Se2 alloys are determined using extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. They show that the peculiar bond length dependence occurs only for (Ag,Cu) alloys, independent of the species of common cation (In or Ga). The bond lengths are used to determine the anion displacements and to estimate their contribution to the bandgap bowing. Again, both behaviors differ significantly depending on the type of alloyed cation. A valence force field approach, relaxing bond lengths and bond angles, is used to describe the structural distortion energy for a comprehensive set of I–III–VI2 and II–IV–V2 chalcopyrites. The model reveals bond angle distortions as main driving factor for the tetragonal distortion and reproduces the literature values with less than 10% deviation. In contrast, the peculiar bond length dependence is not reproduced, demonstrating that it originates from electronic effects beyond the scope of this structural model. Thus, a fundamental understanding of bond length behavior and tetragonal distortion is achieved for chalcopyrite materials, benefiting their technological applications such as high efficiency thin film photovoltaics.

Electrical Stress on Semiconductor Devices Mounted on PCB during Electrostatic Elimination by Corona Discharge Ionizer

Semiconductor devices mounted on printed circuit boards may be damaged by electrical stresses based on induced voltages due to the electric field generated by corona discharge ionizers during the static elimination, because the input line connected to the semiconductor device acts as an antenna terminating the electric field. An electrical stress sensor using an operational amplifier with an input line was mounted on a printed circuit board, in order to investigate the input line length dependence of the electrical stress due to the electric field by the ionizer. The results showed that recent scaled‐down semiconductor devices may be damaged when the length of the input line exceeds 50 mm during static elimination with the corona discharge ionizer. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Gain Saturation of Encapsulated CdTe-Ag Quantum Dot Composite in SiO2.

Amplified spontaneous emission of CdTe and CdTe-Ag quantum dot composites were compared for increasing the optical stripe length, whereby optical gain coefficients for various emission wavelengths were obtained. In the case of CdTe-Ag nanoparticle composites, we observed that plasmonic coupling causes both optical enhancement and quenching at different wavelengths, where the amplified spontaneous emission intensity becomes enhanced at short wavelengths but suppressed at long wavelengths (>600 nm). To analyze the logistic stripe length dependence of amplified spontaneous emission intensity, we used a differential method to obtain the gain coefficient beyond the amplification range. This analysis enabled us to find the limit of the commonly used fitting method in terms of a threshold length and a saturation length, where amplification begins and saturation ends, respectively.

Gate Length Dependence of Bias Temperature Instabilities up to 400 °C in 4H-SiC CMOS Devices

Gate Length Dependence of Bias Temperature Instabilities up to 400 °C in 4H-SiC CMOS Devices

Fabrication and Modeling of Battery Yarns for e-Textiles

Yarn-shaped energy-storage devices (YSEs), including supercapacitors and batteries, are becoming promising energy-supply units with decent mechanical flexibility to be integrated into e-textiles, in various shapes and locations with the possibility of hiding among regular textile yarns without being noticed or detected. However, a robust YSE configuration, which can provide long-term and reliable power output after rigorous weaving/knitting processes and upon all kinds of end-use scenarios, is yet to be established. Most YSEs today still suffer from performance decay and short-circuiting risks, primarily due to structural failures of active materials involved. Moreover, a prominent length-dependent output has been observed in many YSE samples, which exhibit a plateaued capacitance/capacity at extended yarn lengths. In this talk, we will give an overview of existing issues of the state-of-the-art YSEs, and their possible solutions or mitigation strategies. In detail, we will discuss the incorporation of separator threads in a twisted YSE, to withstand repetitive mechanical deformations. A detailed mathematical model for YSEs will also be discussed to clarify the length dependence of their performances. REFERENCES He, X. Zhang, J. Song, F. Zhao, W. Gao*, Modeling of yarn-shaped supercapacitors – Unraveling its length dependent output, Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 595, 234067He, J. Song, J. Liao, F. Zhao, W. Gao*, Separator Threads in Yarn-Shaped Supercapacitors to Avoid Short-Circuiting Upon Length, npj Flexible Electronics , 2022, 6, article number 19.He, N.; King, C.; Xie, Q.; Zhao, F.; Gao, W.* A Multidirectional Forearm Electromagnetic Generator Designed via Numerical Simulations. Actuators,2023, 12 (6), 225.Wang, Y.; Shim, E.; He, N.; Pourdeyhimi, B.; Gao, W.* Modeling the Triboelectric Behaviors of Elastomeric Nonwoven Fabrics. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34 (2), 2106429.Subjalearndee, N. He, H. Cheng, P. Teastchabut, P. Eiamlamai, P. Limthongkul, V. Instasanta, W. Gao*, X. Zhang*, Gamma (ɣ)-MnO2/rGO Fibered Cathode Fabrication from Wet Spinning and Dip Coating Techniques for Cable-Shaped Zn-Ion Batteries, Adv. Fiber. Mater. , 2022, 1-18.Mainka, W. Gao, N. He, J. Dillet, O. Lottin, A General Equipvalent Electrical Cuicuit Model for the Characterization of MXene/graphene oxide hybrid-fiber supercapacitors by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-Impace of fiber length, Electrochimica Acta , 2022, 404, 139740N. He, J. Liao, F. Zhao, W. Gao*, Dual-Core Supercapacitor Yarns: An Enhanced Performance Consistency and Linear Power Density, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2020, 12, 15211-25219. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work has been financially supported by 1) United States Army Research Office under the contract number W911NF19C0074 and W911NF18C0086; 2) Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) under the SMART ePANTS program. Figure 1

Coordination and Structural Control of Trinuclear Ruthenium Clusters Using Organic Ligands at HOPG Surface

Controlling the self-assembly and nanoarchitectures of metal complexes at the molecular scale is essential for the development of new functional materials and devices. Since two-dimensional (2D) sheets consisting of metal complexes can be designed and controlled with various bonding modes, geometric structures, and chemical functions, they have been studied using various approaches by selecting metal ions and organic ligands. Trinuclear metal clusters contain three metal ions in one complex and are expected to be building blocks for the formation of 2D sheets of metal complexes by selecting their shape and axial ligands. In this study, a trinuclear cluster of ruthenium ions, Ru3O(EtCOO)6(CO)(THF)2:1, was used as the core to form nanostructures on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates via axial ligand exchange with 1,4-Di (4-pyridyl) benzene:2 and 4,4’-di(4-pyridyl) biphenyl: 3. The adlayer structures and electrochemical properties of the nanoarchitectures were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the experimental procedure, powders of 1, 2, and 3 were dissolved in methanol (MeOH) and tetrahydrofuran (THF), respectively, and a 0.78 µM solution was prepared. A predetermined amount of this was cast on HOPG, dried to form a thin film, and the thin film was observed in air using AFM. Next, equal amounts of 1 and 2 and 1 and 3 solutions were mixed in each solvent, and after heating a water bath at 60°C for 1 h, thin films were prepared in the same manner and observed by AFM. Ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra and electrochemical measurements by CV were performed before and after heating the mixed solutions. First, in the AFM image of the thin film prepared by casting the MeOH mixture of 1 and 2, two stripe-like domains with different heights were observed, which matched the heights of the structures obtained in the AFM images of the single-domain formation of 1 and 2. In addition, no new absorption peaks were observed in the UV-vis absorption spectrum after mixing the solution; it was inferred that 1and 2 did not exchange ligands. However, when the mixed solution was heated in a water bath for 1 h, a few striped domains were observed, and a new ring-like structure was formed. The CV results also supported the change in the AFM images and absorption spectra after heating the solution. Before heating the mixed solution, a small redox peak was observed around 0.8 V, whereas after the warm bath, a large redox peak was observed around 0.6 V. A dramatic change in the magnitude of the current density was observed, indicating a significant improvement in conductivity. These results suggest that heating the mixed solution replaced THF ligand 1 with 2, forming a cyclic structure consisting of 1 and 2. When the same experiment was carried out in THF solution, a different structure was observed from that of the methanol solution, and a one-dimensional (1D) molecular wire structure was formed after heating the water bath. The absorption spectra and CV results also supported that ligand exchange occurred in the 1D wire structure, revealing the solvent dependence of the nanoarchitecture. When 3 was used as the axial ligand, larger structures were formed compared to 2, and one-dimensional wire structures of several micrometers were observed in the THF solution after the warm bath. Larger current densities and peak separations are also observed in the voltammograms. Thus, the length dependence of the organic ligand for the nanoarchitecture formation on the HOPG surface was demonstrated. Figure 1

The Relationship Between Length and Active Force for Submaximal Skeletal Muscle Contractions: a Review.

The force-length relationship is usually obtained for isometric contractions with maximal activation, but less is known about how sarcomere length affects force during submaximal activation. During submaximal activation, length-dependent alterations in calcium sensitivity, owing to changes in cross-bridge kinetics (rate of attachment and/or detachment), result in an activation-dependent shift in optimal length to longer sarcomere lengths. It is known that sarcomere length, as well as temperature and phosphorylation of the regulatory light chains of myosin, can modify Ca2⁺ sensitivity by altering the probability of cross-bridge interaction. This altered calcium sensitivity is particularly important for submaximal force levels, as it can change the shape of the length dependence of force, with peak force occurring at sarcomere lengths longer than those associated with maximal filament overlap. In athletic contexts, contractions typically do not reach maximal intensity. Therefore, understanding that the ability to produce force under both maximal and submaximal conditions can differ, and that peak force can be generated at different lengths, could influence the development of targeted training regimens optimal for each sport.

Intramolecular Polarization Contributions to the pKa's of Carboxylic Acids Through the Chain Length Dependence of Vibrational Tag-Shifts in Cryogenically Cooled Pyridinium-(CH2)n-COOH (n = 1-7) Cations.

The pKa's of acids are known to depend on the ionic strength of an electrolyte solution, an effect that qualitatively results from electrostatic interactions of the acid and conjugate base with proximal ions. Here, we explore an intramolecular variation on this theme in which a carboxylic acid group is tethered to a pyridinium cationic charge center with increasingly long alkyl linkages in the series Py+-(CH2)n-COOH, with n = 1-7. The effective acidities of the carboxylic acid group in the isolated cations are determined by recording the red-shifts in the frequencies of the acid OH stretches upon attachment to D2 and N2 molecules, measured by using cryogenic ion spectroscopy. The short chains indeed lead to substantial increases in acidity, with the effect falling off in the range of n = 4-5. The response of the CO stretch on the acid head group is surprisingly strong and, in contrast to the expected red shift of the OH, displays a blue shift as the chain length is reduced. Electronic structure calculations recover these trends and indicate that the proximal cationic charge center acts to draw electron density away from the acid C═O bond. This acts to blue-shift the CO stretch while weakening the C-C bond that attaches the head group to the chain.

Channel length dependency in Sn: ZnO/ZrO2 thin film transistors: a performance analysis

Channel length dependency in Sn: ZnO/ZrO2 thin film transistors: a performance analysis

Dependence of nanowire length, diameter, and concentration on the electrochromic properties of hybrid silver nanowire network/PEDOT:PSS-based devices.

Mixing silver nanowires is a relevant tool to increase the overall conductivity of hybrid electrochromic systems. Herein, the addition of silver nanowires with an average diameter of 30 nm, length of 88 um, and concentration of 3.0 mg/ml lowered the sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS films from 280 Ω/sq to 34 Ω/sq. Further characterized for their electrochromic behavior, mixing silver nanowires with PEDOT:PSS films allowed lowering the turn-on voltage from -1.5 V to -1.1 V and reducing the switching time from 7 to 3.6 seconds. Furthermore, with the addition of silver nanowires into PEDOT:PSS, an expensive ITO transparent and environmentally impactful electrode material is no longer required. Electrochromic devices based on hybrid AgNW/PEDOT:PSS films showed higher colouration efficiency, lower sheet resistance, lower turn on voltage, and faster switching times as compared to electrochromic devices made with PEDOT:PSS films only.

Diffusion-Induced Ordered Nanowire Growth: Mask Patterning Insights.

Innovative methods for substrate patterning provide intriguing possibilities for the development of devices based on ordered arrays of semiconductor nanowires. Control over the nanostructures' morphology in situ can be obtained via extensive theoretical studies of their formation. In this paper, we carry out an investigation of the ordered nanowires' formation kinetics depending on the growth mask geometry. Diffusion equations for the growth species on both substrate and nanowire sidewalls depending on the spacing arrangement of the nanostructures and deposition rate are considered. The value of the pitch corresponding to the maximum diffusion flux from the substrate is obtained. The latter is assumed to be the optimum in terms of the nanowire elongation rate. Further study of the adatom kinetics demonstrates that the temporal dependence of a nanowire's length is strongly affected by the ratio of the adatom's diffusion length on the substrate and sidewalls, providing insights into the proper choice of a growth wafer. The developed model allows for customization of the growth protocols and estimation of the important diffusion parameters of the growth species.

Hole diffusion length and mobility of a long wavelength infrared InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice nBn design

We demonstrated high-performance 8.9 μm cutoff wavelength nBn InAs/InAsSb type-II strained-layer superlattice (T2SL). These detectors exhibit a long minority carrier (hole) lifetime of 1.2 μs at 80 K, high quantum efficiency of 40% for back-side illuminated devices without antireflection coating, and low dark current density of 4.6 × 10−6 A/cm2 at 80 K. We measured absorption, minority carrier (hole) lifetime, quantum efficiency, and spectral response as a function of the temperature and applied bias. We investigated the temperature dependence of the hole diffusion length and mobility and found that their values increase with temperature from 1.3 μm and 6.5 cm2/Vs at 30 K to 6.5 μm and 36 cm2/Vs at T = 90 K. We compared the measured diffusion length and mobility of holes in long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) T2SL with these parameters of a high-performance mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) T2SL. Unexpectedly, hole mobility in LWIR T2SL was found to be higher than in MWIR that is contrary to the theoretical predictions.

An Integrated Module Performs Selective ‘Online’ Epoxidation in the Biosynthesis of the Antibiotic Mupirocin

AbstractThe delineation of the complex biosynthesis of the potent antibiotic mupirocin, which consists of a mixture of pseudomonic acids (PAs) isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 10586, presents significant challenges, and the timing and mechanisms of several key transformations remain elusive. Particularly intriguing are the steps that process the linear backbone from the initial polyketide assembly phase to generate the first cyclic intermediate PA‐B. These include epoxidation as well as incorporation of the tetrahydropyran (THP) ring and fatty acid side chain required for biological activity. Herein, we show that the mini‐module MmpE performs a rare online (ACP‐substrate) epoxidation and is integrated (‘in‐cis’) into the polyketide synthase via a docking domain. A linear polyketide fragment with six asymmetric centres was synthesised using a convergent approach and used to demonstrate substrate flux via an atypical KS0 and a previously unannotated ACP (MmpE_ACP). MmpE_ACP‐bound synthetic substrates were critical in demonstrating successful epoxidation in vitro by the purified MmpE oxidoreductase domain. Alongside feeding studies, these results confirm the timing as well as chain length dependence of this selective epoxidation. These mechanistic studies pinpoint the location and nature of the polyketide substrate prior to the key formation of the THP ring and esterification that generate PA‐B.

An Integrated Module Performs Selective 'Online' Epoxidation in the Biosynthesis of the Antibiotic Mupirocin.

The delineation of the complex biosynthesis of the potent antibiotic mupirocin, which consists of a mixture of pseudomonic acids (PAs) isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 10586, presents significant challenges, and the timing and mechanisms of several key transformations remain elusive. Particularly intriguing are the steps that process the linear backbone from the initial polyketide assembly phase to generate the first cyclic intermediate PA-B. These include epoxidation as well as incorporation of the tetrahydropyran (THP) ring and fatty acid side chain required for biological activity. Herein, we show that the mini-module MmpE performs a rare online (ACP-substrate) epoxidation and is integrated ('in-cis') into the polyketide synthase via a docking domain. A linear polyketide fragment with six asymmetric centres was synthesised using a convergent approach and used to demonstrate substrate flux via an atypical KS0 and a previously unannotated ACP (MmpE_ACP). MmpE_ACP-bound synthetic substrates were critical in demonstrating successful epoxidation in vitro by the purified MmpE oxidoreductase domain. Alongside feeding studies, these results confirm the timing as well as chain length dependence of this selective epoxidation. These mechanistic studies pinpoint the location and nature of the polyketide substrate prior to the key formation of the THP ring and esterification that generate PA-B.

The temperature block length for the wet facing masonry under freezing

Introduction. The outer layer of exterior walls is the facing masonry, experiencing a complex stress-strain state when taking its own weight, climatic loads, and exposures (wind pressure, humidity, and air temperature). An analysis of available research results, as well as the requirements of regulatory documents showed that no consideration is given to the temperature deformations of wet masonry when freezing. In this regard, the studies were conducted to assess the impact of this effect on the stress-strain state of the facing masonry.Aim. To obtain a universal dependence of the temperature block length of the facing masonry, including its freezing.Materials and methods. The study is applied to the facing masonry (facing layer) of multilayer exterior walls of buildings, modeled in the LIRA-CAD software package, which implements the finite element method in the form of displacement method. The research results of the work of M.A. Mury "Temperature deformations of wet brickwork" (2008) are used here.Results. An empirical dependence of the temperature block length of the facing masonry for exterior multilayer walls is obtained based on the analysis of the thermal stress state of the masonry resulting from numerical calculation. A logically justified structural solution of the facing masonry unit with antifriction interface with the floor slab is proposed.Conclusions. According to the results, the length of the masonry temperature block is not only affected by the temperature difference and the stiffness of the supporting structure, but also by the humidity conditions of its operation. When the humidity of the masonry increases from 6 to 12 %, the design length of the temperature block significantly decreases. The lengths of temperature blocks, set according to existing methods (including methods of design standards), have an overestimated value, and thus the durability of facing masonry is essentially reduced, or even destructed in a number of cases.

The efect of low-dose gamma radiation on the development of plants from irradiated Pisum sativum sprouts in laboratory experiments

The problem of radiation exposure to organisms is relevant for areas where nuclear industry enterprises are located. Plant biotests are widely used for biotesting of anthropogenic factors affecting the environment, including radiation. The sensitivity of growth and cytogenetic parameters of the biotest based on Pisum sativum to the action of gamma irradiation n has been shown before, but only at high doses. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of low-dose gamma irradiation on the development of Pisum sativum over 6-10 days after irradiating the sprouts. In the experiments, seeds of the Radomir sowing variety from the collection of the pea breeding laboratory of Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture - Federal Research Centre Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center SB RAS were used. Pea sprouts were irradiated with a 137Cs source for 24 and 72 hours, with the absorbed dose being 20 and 62 mGy. After irradiation, the sprouts were grown in a climatic chamber on hydroponics for 10 days (240 hours). The control consisted of non-irradiated sprouts grown under identical conditions. The experiments for the first time provided reliable data on the negative effects of gamma irradiation (20 and 62 mGy) on the development of sowing peas 6-10 days after irradiation. A negative effect of gamma irradiation on the growth of the main and lateral roots of young plants was revealed. The experiments with irradiated pea sprouts confirmed the previously known fact that plant roots are more sensitive to irradiation compared to shoots. The pattern of change in the length of the main root of peas over time during germination at a dose of 20 mGy is described by a linear equation, while for a higher dose of irradiation, 62 mGy, the data can be approximated by a logarithmic equation with saturation. The different character of root length dependence on the time of cultivation after irradiation indicates a possible trend in plant growth under various doses of irradiation and cultivation times.