Lemongrass Extract Research Articles

Green Betel Leaf and Lemongrass Extracts as Sustainable Disinfectants: Optimizing Dosage and Environmental Impact for Medical Waste Recycling

Green Betel Leaf and Lemongrass Extracts as Sustainable Disinfectants: Optimizing Dosage and Environmental Impact for Medical Waste Recycling

Nano-emulgel formulation of lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon citratus) as herbal–based topical drug for oral mucositis: A review

Background: Oral mucositis is a condition characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the oral mucosa, commonly affecting cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with MRSA infection as a significant contributing factor. This condition impairs mucosal barrier function, increasing susceptibility to secondary infections, especially from MRSA, which thrives in the moist environment of the oral cavity. Secondary infections by MRSA exacerbate symptoms, delay healing, and complicate the clinical presentation of mucositis through the production of virulence factors like enterotoxins and exfoliative toxins. Purpose: Explaining the potential of lemongrass extract and its combination with nanoemulgel formulation as herbal intervention against oral mucositis. Method: A literature review of studies published within the past five years from sources like ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Result: Lemongrass extract comprises prominent amount of citral, emphasizing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities. Combination with nanoemulgel phase will provide stability and enhanced therapeutic capabilities of lemongrass extract into the targeted oral site. Conclusion: The formulation of lemongrass extract nanoemulgel equipped can be a futuristic solution as an over-the-counter drug for minimally invasive therapy of oral mucositis.

Phytochemical characterization and biological evaluation of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts: A systematic experimental study

Lemongrass () is widely used in traditional medicine, with growing interest in its pharmacological properties. This study aims to systematically investigate the phytochemical composition and biological activities of lemongrass extracts, focusing on optimizing extraction methods and evaluating their therapeutic potential.Various extraction techniques were employed, including solvent-based methods (ethanol, methanol, and water) and green extraction approaches (ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction). Phytochemical profiling was conducted using qualitative and quantitative techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The biological activities of the extracts were assessed through in vitro assays for antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS), antimicrobial (agar diffusion), anti-inflammatory (COX inhibition), and cytotoxicity activities (on HeLa, MCF-7, and HEK-293 cell lines). Ethanol extracts showed the highest yield of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids. These extracts also exhibited significant antioxidant activity with DPPH and ABTS assays. The antimicrobial tests revealed strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, while the COX inhibition assay indicated notable anti-inflammatory effects. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated selective toxicity toward cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7) with minimal effects on normal cells (HEK-293). Lemongrass extracts, particularly those obtained via ethanol extraction, exhibit promising antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. These findings highlight its potential for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications, warranting further investigation in vivo and in clinical trials.

Mosquito repellent propensity of hexane extract of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> Stapf. (Poaceae), lemongrass, cream and emulgel formulations

Malaria is a global threat affecting majorly the African continent with Nigeria having the highest burden of deaths from the disease. Prophylactic measures in addition to curative treatments are strategies used for eradication of malaria. This study aims to develop topical mosquito repellent from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). Lemongrass extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, it was formulated as lemongrass extract cream (LGCM) and emugel (LGEM) at 1 and 2% w/w concentrations. Organoleptic properties, spreadability, pH and skin irritation test were evaluated. Percentage mosquito repellency (R) and complete protection time (CPT) assay using the animal (rodent) model were determined and compared with N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). Results showed all the formulations were non-gritty, homogenous, relatively stable upon storage for 30 days at room temperature except forLGCM 1. They were non-irritant to the skin; pH was in range of 5.3 – 8. Spreadability was optimum with LGCM, LGEM 1 and 2% w/w. Mosquito repellency was concentration dependent and ˃ 80% in LGCM 2 and LGEM 2 but emulgels exhibited better repellency. CPT was 4, 5 and 8h for LGCM 2, LGEM 2 and DEET respectively. This study shows that LGEM 2% may be considered as an efficient topical mosquito-repelling formulation.

Lemongrass extract enhances productive performance, blood biomarkers, immunity, and gut health of broilers

BackgroundLemongrass (LG) had various phytochemical components such as saponins, phenols, resins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and terpenes, minerals as well as vitamin C which had various pharmacological actions (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antibiotic, and antifungal) and growth promoter. The use of LG in broiler nutrition can be optimized the bird performance and gut health. Based on the high nutrition value of LG and absence of sufficient studies on the effect of lemongrass aqueous extract (LGX) on broiler performance and gut health (antioxidant and immune biomarkers and intestinal morphology), the aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of using LGX on productive performance, blood biomarkers, immunity and gut health of broilers. MethodsA total of two hundreds one-day- old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were fed on the starter basal diet for 6 days. From day 7 of age onwards, the birds were distributed, at random, into 4 groups. Each group included 5 replicates with 10 chicks per replicate. The birds in group 1 were not administered lemongrass extract (control, LGX0) while chicks in group 2 (LGX100), 3 (LGX200) and 4 (LGX300) were administered the aqueous extract of lemongrass in drinking water at levels of 100, 200 and 300 ml/l, respectively. The experimental period lasted for 35 day. Growth performance parameters, economic efficiency, hematological and biochemical biomarkers, expression of some antioxidant and immune related genes, cecal bacterial counts and intestinal morphological changes all were assessed. ResultsThe results indicated that, administration of LGX in drinking water at levels of 200, 100 ml/l, respectively significantly improved (p ≤ 0.001) body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control but without any effect on economic efficiency index (EEI) and feed intake (FI). On the other hand, the addition of LGX in drinking water at levels of 300 ml/l significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.001) FI, EEI and all growth performance parameters as compared to those other groups. LGX supplemented birds groups exhibited higher Hb, PCV, MCH, platelets, and lymphocytes than the control group. However, the ratio of H/L in LGX100 and LGX200 groups was lower (p ≤ 0.001) than other groups. LGX supplemented groups showed low (p ≤ 0.001) cholesterol, creatinine, MDA and high (p ≤ 0.01) TAC. Up regulation (p ≤ 0.001) of the expressions of catalase, GPX1, and SOD1 were in LGX200 group compared to other groups. While, the proinflammatory genes expression (IL1B, IL6, IFNᵧ, and TNF) were down regulated (p ≤ 0.001) in the LGX200 compared to others. Moreover, LGX200 and LGX300 reduced (p ≤ 0.001) the intestinal pathogens counts (E.coli and Salmonella). Administration of LGX at levels of 200 and 100 ml/l, respectively enhanced (p ≤ 0.001) villi height and crypts depth. ConclusionsIt was concluded that lemongrass aqueous extract can be included at level 100 and 200 ml/l in broilersˈ drinking water since it resulted in improved weight, feed conversion ratio, blood parameters, immunity and gut health without any deleterious effect on the health and performance of the birds. LGX at a 200 ml/l supplementation level achieved the best results followed by a 100 ml/l level. Also, the tested supplements can be used as natural growth promoter instead of antibiotic and help in solving the global problem of antimicrobial resistant bacterial strains responsible for human and animal diseases.

Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity assessment of Aloe vera gel and extracts of turmeric, oregano, and lemon grass in broilers

Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity assessment of Aloe vera gel and extracts of turmeric, oregano, and lemon grass in broilers

Possibility of Concentrating Milk Enriched with Lemongrass (Cymbopogon) as a Preservative using Ultrafiltration Technology

Background: This study aimed at the possibility of concentrating milk in the laboratory using ultra-filtration technology instead of the traditional evaporation method that is still used in Iraq. Methods: Therefore, 5 litres of raw, cow milk were taken from a reliable source and two different concentrations of lemongrass were added as a preservative to observe the changes occurring during concentration, chemically and microbial. The best conditions were found to concentrate the milk 2.7 once and improve it over many days with the addition of lemongrass extract as a preservative. A material with a flat membrane polyethyle-solphen with a measurement of 10 kdalton (Snyder USA) was selected. Throughout the duration of the more than three-hour experiment, the measurements were taken. Two sets of data were examined: in the first set, the flow rate was varied between 0.15 and 0.25 L/min while the trans membrane pressure (TMP) was kept constant at 2 bar. The value of 0.15 L/min was determined to be the ideal flux. In the second group, the trans membrane pressure was varied between 0.5 and 1,2 bar while the flow rate was kept constant at 0.15 L/min. At TMP 2 bar, the ideal flux value was discovered at 35°C, the permeate flux was around 5-7 L/m2.hr. Result: It was found the change of the total solid and protein were excellent percentages with time of filtration. The total number of bacteria at both concentrations decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) in the biological test results.

Characteristics of antioxidant activity of functional drinks from kebo rubber leaf extract and lemongrass extract

Abstract The rubber plant (Ficus Elastica L.) is an ornamental plant that is rarely used for consumption. This research aims to determine the characteristics of the antioxidant activity of functional drinks from rubber leaf extract and lemongrass extract. The research method used the Randomized Complete Block with two factors i.e., the ratio of rubber leaf extract and lemongrass extract (70%:30% w/w; 50%:50% w/w; 30%:70% w/w), and the ratio of stevia solution and sugar solution (0:100%; 50%:50%; 100%:0), that had 2 repetitions and resulted in 18 samples of experimental. Then the results were tested its antioxidant activities using the DPPH method and tannin analysis. The best result for antioxidant activity was obtained by the H1T3 sample with an IC50 value is 12.41 ppm, flavonoid content is 10.99% and tannin content is 2.86%. From the parameter results, the functional drinks of rubber leaf extract and lemongrass extract have the potential to contain a very strong antioxidant activity.

Bioactive components and bioactivity of essential oils, hydrosol and water steam distillation solvents of lemongrass leaves (Cymbopogon citratus)

Abstract Hydrosol is a by-product of the distillation process which contains water-soluble compounds. Hydrosols are becoming increasingly popular in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is an herbal plant widely used as a flavoring agent in herbal teas, frozen desserts, and meat products. The water extract of lemongrass leaves contains alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, and flavonoids, which have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This research aims to identify the bioactive components and bioactivity of essential oils, hydrosols, and solvents used in the distillation of lemongrass leaves (Cymbopogon citratus). Fresh lemongrass leaves were water steam distilled for three hours. The antioxidant activity of lemongrass leaf essential oil, hydrosols, and solvents was determined using the DPPH assay. The chemical composition of lemongrass leaf essential oil, hydrosol, and solvent was analyzed using GCMS. The GCMS test results showed that the essential oil, hydrosol, and solvent of lemongrass leaves had different chemical components. There are 17 compounds found in the lemongrass leaf essential oil, with 5 major compounds namely E-citral (44.22%), Z-citral (32.78%), β-myrcene (15.66%), trans-4,5-epoxi-carane (3.51%) and geranyl acetate (0.82%). In the hydrosol, 3 compounds were identified, namely isolongifolene (18.81%), epiglobulol (64.09%), and 4,7-Epoxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (17.10%). One compound, (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene, has been identified in the solvent. The antioxidant activity of hydrosols and solvents is the same as the lemongrass leaf essential oil. The findings of this study suggest that distillation waste in the form of hydrosols and distillation solvents for lemongrass leaves has the potential to be functional ingredients that may have applications in both the food and non-food sectors.

Characterization of Lemongrass Extract (Cymbopagon citratus) Nanoemulsion and Its Application as an Antibiofilm Agent in Acrylic Resin.

An antimicrobial agent is needed for denture cleaning, such as lemongrass (LG), which has a bioactive antimicrobial component. This research analyzed LG extract nanoparticles with a particle size analyzer, ZPA, and biofilm formation inhibition on resin acrylic surfaces. We found that there is high stability in nanoparticle size, while other concentrations, including chlorhexidine as a positive control, did not show any statistical differences. Lemongrass oil nanoemulsion has proved to be an antibiofilm and effective as a denture cleaning agent because of its ability to inhibit Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans growth.

Studies on Preparation of Antioxidant Enriched Herbal Lassi Incorporated with Lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) Extract

Studies on Preparation of Antioxidant Enriched Herbal Lassi Incorporated with Lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) Extract

Acute toxicity testing of a mixture of ethanol extracts of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and habbatussauda seeds (Nigella sativa L.) on the anatomy of mice

Abstract Immunostimulators are a collection of certain substances that are used to improve the immune system, especially when the body is sick. The use of herbs as immunostimulators is an option because it has been proven to be relatively safer if consumed correctly and appropriately. Four types of plants that are thought to have benefits as immunostimulators and have been used by some Indonesian people for generations are ginger, lemongrass, turmeric and habbatussauda. This study aims to determine the toxicity effects of a mixture of ethanol extracts based on observations of toxic symptoms, anatomical changes in mice (Mus musculus L.) and determine the level of toxicity through calculating the LD50. This research was experimental using 30 male mice divided into 6 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment consisted of control, mixed extracts of ginger, lemongrass, turmeric and black seed at doses of 1000 mg/kgBB, 2000 mg/kgBB, 3000 mg/kgBB, 4000 mg/kgBB and 5000 mg/kgBB given orally. The results showed that the ethanol extract of a mixture of ginger, lemongrass, turmeric and black seed had no significant effect on the average weight of the lungs, liver, heart and spleen. But it has a significant effect on the average weight of the kidney. The results of this study also showed changes in the mice’s body weight after 14 days of administration of the extract which tended to increase. The results of the research showed that no deaths occurred in the test animals so it was declared with a pseudo LD50 and was included in the practically non-toxic category so that the mixture of ginger, lemongrass, turmeric and black cumin was safe to use.

Application Lemongrass Extract (Cymbopogon citratus Dc) Against Mortality Death of Termites (Macrotermes gilvus Hagen) With Several Application Techniques

Lemongrass is a plant that contains citronellal, geraniol, and other compounds which are known to increase termite mortality. This research aims to determine the most effective concentration of lemongrass extract on termite mortality using several application techniques. The method used in this research was a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 3 replications where: Treatment factor I used lemongrass extract application. This treatment consists of 10 combinations and in 1 treatment unit there are 30 termites ( Macrotermes gilvus Hagen), so the total is 900 termites. The parameters observed were the percentage of termite mortality (%) and termite activity after application with 3 categories: 1=Alive actively moving; 2=Alive not actively moving; 3=Dead, so the data was analyzed using the Variety Print Analysis Method and Kruskal Wallis Analysis. Significant data analysis results will be followed by the Duncan Mean Range Test (DMRT) at ɑ=5%. The results of the study showed that the application of lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon citrates DC) 100g/l of water was significant in reducing termite (Macrotermes gilvus Hagen) mortality by up to 95% on day 7. The effectiveness of the feeding technique was not significantly different from the spraying technique in reducing actual mortality to 85.44 %. The interaction between the application of lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon citratus DC) 100g/liter of water and the application technique did not significantly reduce the mortality of termites ( Macrotermes gilvus Hagen)

Managing Dust Mite Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranchidae) Infesting Date Palm Orchards By Using Lemongrass Extract and Nanosulfur

The dust mite Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor 1939) (Acari: Tetranychidae) poses a significant threat to date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. productivity in Iraq. To address this issue, a field study was conducted in a private date palm orchard in Al-Zubair district, Basrah province, Iraq, to assess the efficacy of some treatments in controlling the dust mite population on date palm fruits. The treatments included lemongrass extract, nanosulfur, a combination of lemongrass extract and nanosulfur, liquid sulfur, and a distilled water as control treatment. Treatments were applied by spraying on leaves and fruits at three dates: five weeks, eight weeks, and eleven weeks after pollination. Dust mite mortality rates were measured at intervals of 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment application. Results revealed that the second date, eight weeks after pollination, exhibited the highest mortality rate of 76.77%, significantly outperforming other dates. Among the treatments, liquid sulfur showed the highest efficiency, with an 87.83% mortality rate, followed closely by the combination of lemongrass extract and nanosulfur (84.14%). Nanosulfur alone recorded a mortality rate of 79.26%, while lemongrass extract alone showed a mortality rate of 49.15%. The mortality rate increased over time, reaching 80.79% after 7 days and 65.76% after 1 day. In conclusion, liquid sulfur emerged as the most effective treatment for controlling the dust mite population on date palm fruits. The second date, eight weeks after pollination, was the optimal time for treatment application. These findings offer valuable insights into sustainable and environmentally friendly pest control strategies for date palm cultivation in Iraq.

Antibacterial Potential of Freshener Water Based on Siwalan Coir Extract (Borassus flabellifer) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Against Airborne Bacteria

Air is an important part of life. The Quality of air can be seen from three parameters, namely chemical, physical, and biological parameters. One of the biological parameters of air quality can be seen from the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria. The presence of airborne microorganisms, especially in enclosed spaces can affect human health, one of which can cause respiratory infections. On the other hand, people often use air freshener products. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the potential of air freshener based on siwalan (Borasus flabellifer) coir extract and lemongrass as antibacterial against airborne bacteria. This research is an experimental research with a pre test-post test design. The data obtained is in the form of the value of the Total Plate Count of indoor air bacteria before and after treatment using air freshener based on coir extract of siwalan and lemongrass. The results showed that both formulations (P1 and P2) of air freshener based on coir extract and lemongrass were able to reduce the number of airborne bacterial colonies in the room, with a significance value of 0.000<0.05.

Effect of soaking time of cocoa fruit peel and addition of citronella grass extract (Cymbopogon nardus) on quality characteristics of infused water from indonesian local resources for increasing body immune to face bad environment

Infused water is a form of modern processed food that is widely consumed by the public. Infused water drinks can be made from a variety of food ingredients. This infused water drink is made from cocoa pod skin and added citronella juice. This research was conducted to investigate the impact of soaking duration of cocoa fruit peel and the concentration of lemongrass extract on the characteristics of cocoa fruit peel infused water. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design method with two factors, namely the soaking time of cocoa fruit peel (P): (2 hours; 4 hours; 6 hours) and the concentration of citronella grass extract (S): (5%; 10%, 15%). Infused water drinks were then analyzed for color index (°Hue), pH, vitamin C levels, and antioxidant activity. The final result was that P3S3 treatment = 6 hours of soaking cocoa pod skin : 15% citronella grass extract was the best treatment of infused water.

Synthesis of green-engineered silver nanoparticles using Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and its antibacterial activity against clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background and Aim: The use of bioengineered nanocomposites as antimicrobials has increased in recent years, but very few investigations have been conducted to test their effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen presenting public health risks that can impact both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial potential of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles synthesized using lemongrass extract against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50x hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m2/ cm3, and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4–64 µg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC. Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs. Keywords: antibiofilm capacity, antimicrobial activity, green synthesis, lemongrass, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, silver nanoparticles.

Augmented reparative potential of adipose-derived stem cells with silver nanoparticles against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats

Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is a widely used medicinal plant. The previous literature studies demonstrated its diverse pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and antifungal properties. The present study involves the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from lemongrass and their characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of silver nanoparticles derived from the aqueous extract of lemongrass (LG-NPs) in comparison with the rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) treated with lemongrass-derived silver nanoparticles (LG-NPs + ASCs). To assess the hepatoprotective effect of LG-NPs + ASCs, CCl4-induced fibrosis model rats were employed and it was revealed that transplanting LG-NPs + ASCs decreased fibrosis development compared to transplanting naive ASCs and LG-NPs, as demonstrated by improved hepatic architecture and functions. Additionally, the liver parenchyma's expression of fibrosis-associated gene markers Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-β1), collagen type I alpha 1(Col1α1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) reduced after LG-NPs + ASCs transplantation. These results suggest that pretreating ASCs with LG-NPs increase their effectiveness.

Trypanosocidal activity of methanolic extract of lemon grass (<i>Cymbopogon citratus</i>)

This study determined the in vitro trypanocidal activity of lemon grass(Cymbopogon citratus) methanolic extract against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and its bio infectivity in an in vivo study using male albino rat as the experimental animal. Five treatment levels were applied (0.002mg/ml, 0.02mg/ml, 0.2mg/ml, 2.0mg/ml and 0.0mg/ml). Trypanosome was inactive at all treatment levels of lemongrass. PCV was statistically the same at all exposure times whereas the control mice had significantly lower PCV than all treated mice apart from the control, all other treatments gave similar PCV results, but the highest grand mean value (51.87%) was obtained at 0.02mg/ml while week 4 recorded the highest value (51.53%). All treatment levels had equal effects on the mice’s rectal temperature, but exposure time had significant effects on the temperature parameter where the grand mean temperature readings significantly varied from 35.55oC in week 2 to 37.47oC in week 5. The weight of mice varied significantly with both treatment (F=16.01, p<0.05) and time (F=5.10, p<0.05) factors. The highest mean weight recorded was 38.37±2.46g at 2.0mg/ml treatment in week 5 thus, the weight of mice increased as lemon grass treatment concentration and exposure time increased. Treatment concentrations significantly affected mice PCV and weight where the control level had the lowest values for these physical parameters. Also, exposure time significantly affected both the temperature and weight of mice. A general fluctuation but decline in feed intake was observed in mice at different treatment levels of methanolic extracts of lemon grass from weeks 1-7. A strong positive significant correlation exists between PCV and feed intake (r= -0.930, p<0.05) as well as between rectal temperature and weight of mice (r= -0.948, p<0.05). PCV and weight had a strong positive correlation though insignificant (r= 0.728, p>0.05). Therefore, lemon grass extract showed trypanocidal efficacy in the control of trypanosomiasis in Africa.

Physicochemical and sensory evaluation of lemon grass leaves extracts enriched soy yoghurt from soybeans (Glycine max) milk

AbstractThere are challenges in the utilization of soybean‐based foods due to undesirable associated flavors. This study aimed to prepare soybean based yoghurt with different amounts of lemon grass extract in the ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µL/L of soy yoghurt as shown by Figure 1. The Table 1 and 2 summarized results of different treatments of Soybeans based yoghurt analyzed for protein by Kjedhal method, fats by Soxhlet method, total ash by muffle furnace method. Soluble crude fiber was determined by dry oven method, pH, titratable acidity, syneresis and viscosity, by AOAC method, total phenolic compounds by spectrophotometric method. Sensory analysis was done by effective tests with 10 panelists using five hedonic scale tools. From the study, the results indicate that moisture content range from (89.3 to 89.6%); protein content (5.5−6.8%); fat (2.7−3.6%); total ash (0.43−0.53%); crude fiber (0.06−0.33%) and carbohydrate (0.59−0.93%). The level of pH range from 4.30 to 5.59; viscosity (2.85−3.17 pa.s); titratable acidity, (0.01−0.07 g\L) and synersis (6.44−7.56) and total phenolic compound (8.59−18.40 mg/g). Most of the parameters did not show any significant variations while the pH and total phenolic compounds varied significantly between the treatments. In addition, Figure 2 detailed sensory evaluation results of treatments and that the treatment with highest level of lemon grass extract was the most liked. In conclusion, incorporation of lemon grass extract can help improved the level of phenolic compounds and sensory properties of yoghurt.