Leisure-time Physical Activity Research Articles

Improving lower body muscle power indicators for non-athlete university students through plyometric exercise

Muscle power (FxV, explosive strength or explosive power) is an element of fitness level that influences the quality and efficiency of movements. Most of the studies that address plyometrics identify the effectiveness of this method at the level of performance athletes with different specializations and muscle power requirements. We considered that we can also study the possibility of using plyometrics in physical education lessons. The research identifies the benefits of implementing plyometric exercises for non-athlete university students on lower body muscle power indicators in curricular physical activities. The group of analyzed students (327 subjects/undergraduate level, of which 143 female and 184 male) participated in physical education lessons during one academic year (1 activity per week). The plyometric exercises used were jumping variants, diversified and adapted in dosage to the motor possibilities of the non-athlete students (on one or both legs, lateral, on ladder rungs or boxes, over hurdles, over cones, vertical and horizontal jumps). Their usefulness and effectiveness were verified by 3 successive tests: at the beginning, middle, and end of the academic year, through a battery of 7 lower body muscle power tests. The statistical calculation identifies significant increases in performance for both genders for all tests applied, both between the initial and final tests (T1-T3) and over the shorter time intervals/T1-T2 and T2-T3 (p <0.05). For males, we found greater progress in the second semester of the year (T2-T3) for 5 of the 7 tests, so their adaptation is better and they respond to plyometric training better in the second part of the academic year. For females better progress in semester 2 (T2-T3) for 3 of the tests, respectively greater differences at the end of semester 1 (T1-T2) for 3 tests, especially for endurance power and 10 m acceleration. The research results confirm the effectiveness of plyometric exercises in increasing muscle power indicators for the studied student groups and are a useful option for improving fitness levels. The attractiveness and diversity of the used exercises ensured good student engagement in the lessons. Although the improvements are statistically significant, the results do not indicate spectacular increases and are still weaker than the values recorded in most other research. This is because the students involved in our study are not at all concerned about engaging in leisure time physical activities, except for curricular physical education activities, sedentarism being a major problem among young people.

Investigating Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Depression Among Military University Students

The demands of living as a university student have caused an increasing number of students to experience poor mental health. Failure to adequately address these demands might lead to students suffering from mental health issues including depression. Thus, exploring leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) may play a crucial role in understanding students’ depression. The present study is designed to examine the association between LTPA and depression among National Defense University of Malaysia (UPNM) students. A cross-sectional research design was employed, and data was collected via a set of questionnaires among the sample of 381 UPNM students. Self-report questionnaires, consisting of Godin LTPA and patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) were distributed to the students. Correlation analyses were performed to examine the association between LTPA and depression. The analysis demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between LTPA and depression (r=0.104, p<0.05). Further studies are warranted to categorize the diverse types of leisure activities prevalent among military university students. Such research could provide valuable. Insights, enabling more information and direction on the selection of leisure activities to mitigate depression. The LTPA is recommended to alleviate depressive levels among military university students. The university and management should offer a few interventions to enhance students’ leisure-time physical activity.

Effects of Occupational and Leisure-Time Physical Activity on the Risk of Dementia: Results From the Copenhagen City Heart Study.

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) decreases the risk of dementia, whereas occupational physical activity (OPA) possibly increases the risk. Yet, previous findings are mixed. We therefore aimed to investigate the effect of LTPA and OPA, respectively, on dementia among men and women. In this observational, longitudinal study, we used data from the second wave of a population-based cohort from the municipality of Copenhagen as baseline. Data were collected in 1981-1983, and 10 343 participants were followed until the end of 2016. LTPA and OPA were self-reported, and information on dementia diagnoses and redemption of dementia medication was obtained at an individual level from national health registers. We used Poisson regression to analyze the association between LTPA/OPA and dementia and adjusted for self-reported age, socioeconomic factors, stress, and cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, alcohol, body mass index, and blood pressure). A higher level of LTPA was associated with a lower dementia risk among men, but we found no clear association among women. OPA and dementia were not associated among men, but occupationally active women who reported OPA in terms of walking, lifting, and heavy work had a higher risk of dementia than women with sedentary jobs. This study supported earlier findings of a protective effect of LTPA on dementia among men. Women in physically demanding jobs possibly have a higher risk of dementia, yet this finding warrants further investigation in future studies.

Abstract B062: Physical Activity in African American Prostate Cancer Survivors and a Comparison of Self-report versus Accelerometer-Derived Measurement

Abstract Authors: Shannon Reed, Margaret Tovar, MPH, Paula Papanek, PhD, Patricia Sheean, Deepak Kilari, MD, Katie Bylow, MD, PhD, Whitney Morelli, PhD, Melinda Stolley, PhD Background: The Men Moving Forward intervention examines a lifestyle intervention's effects on body composition among Black/African American prostate cancer survivors (AAPCS). AAPCS. To assess PA, self-report and objective measures are being used. Studies use self-report measurements due to their simplicity and low cost, however, the congruent validity of self-report PA is often questioned. This study describes PA and strength training and also compares self- report PA to accelerometry-derived PA among AAPCS at baseline. Methods: AA men with non-metastatic PC were recruited to participate in a randomized, waitlist control trial testing the efficacy of a lifestyle intervention. The 16-week group and community-based intervention was developed with and for AAPCS and is grounded in the ACS Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Survivors. Participants completed the Godin Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GLTPAQ) which queries about moderate and vigorous activities. The study added a question about the frequency of strength training. Participants also wore a GT3X accelerometer (Actigraph) for 7 days. Only men who wore the actigraph for at least 10 hours across 4 days were included in this analysis. Troiano 2008 cut points were used to measure moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA). Pearson’s correlation was used to assess linear correlation between objectively measured and self-reported MVPA. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: 73 AAPCS with a mean age of 65.8 years ± 6.9 were included in the analyses. Mean Godin score was 23.32 +16.80 (insufficient activity) with 45.2% classified as active (Godin score >24) and 54.8% as insufficiently active (Godin score<23). 30.2% strength trained at least twice weekly. Actigraph data showed a mean of 101.19 minutes per day of MVPA and that 73.68% of participants did not meet the guideline for 150 minutes per week of MVPA. The analysis revealed a weak positive correlation (r = 0.274, p = 0.019) between actigraph-recorded MVPA and self-reported MVPA. Conclusion: Study results suggest AAPCS overestimate their MVPA using the GLTPAQ when compared to accelerometry. Notably, a significant proportion did not meet the recommended level of physical activity. These findings underscore the importance of including objective measures of PA and the value of programming that is intentionally inclusive of AAPCS. To better support validity and reliability, participant perceptions of PA time and intensity may require improved clarification and description in studies relying solely on SR questionnaires. Citation Format: Shannon Reed, Margaret Tovar, Paula Papanek, Patricia Sheean, Deepak Kilari, Whitney Morelli, Katie Bylow, Melinda Stolley. Physical Activity in African American Prostate Cancer Survivors and a Comparison of Self-report versus Accelerometer-Derived Measurement [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B062.

Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated with Impoverishment Due to Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure in São Paulo City, Brazil.

The rise in obesity and related chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) during recent decades in Brazil has been associated with increases in the financial burden and risk of impoverishment due to out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure. Thus, this study investigated trends and predictors associated with impoverishment due to health expenditure, in the population of São Paulo city, Brazil, between 2003 and 2015. Household data from the São Paulo Health Survey (n = 5475) were used to estimate impoverishment linked to OOP health expenses, using the three thresholds of International Poverty Lines (IPLs) defined by the World Bank at 1.90, 3.20, and 5.50 dollars per capita per day purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2011. The results indicated a high incidence of impoverishment due to OOP disbursements for health care throughout the period, predominantly concentrated among low-income individuals. Lifestyle choices referring to leisure-time physical activity (OR = 0.766 at $3.20 IPL, and OR = 0.789 at $5.50 IPL) were linked to reduction in the risk for impoverishment due to OOP health expenditures whilst there were increases in the probability of impoverishment due to cardiometabolic risk factors referring to obesity (OR = 1.588 at $3.20 IPL, and OR = 1.633 at $5.50 IPL), and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (OR = 2.268 at $1.90 IPL, OR = 1.967 at $3.20 IPL, and OR = 1.936 at $5.50 IPL). Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with an increase in the probability of impoverishment at only the $1.90 IPL (OR = 2.506), whilst coefficients for high blood pressure presented lack of significance in the models. Health policies should focus on interventions for prevention of obesity to ensure the financial protection of the population in São Paulo city, Brazil, especially targeting modifiable lifestyle choices like promotion of physical activity and reduction of tobacco use.

The association between leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and job strain-Study with a Northern Finland birth cohort of 1966.

Job strain is a major concern in the workplace. Work-related stress is an increasing challenge worldwide as it is the leading cause of long-term sickness absences, disability pensions and lower productivity. Rarely studied simultaneously, both leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and physical fitness (PF), which comprises cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF), may have potential in preventing and managing job strain. The current study aimed to investigate whether LTPA, CRF and MF predict perceived job strain. In addition, the study examines reverse associations, that is, whether job strain predicts LTPA, CRF and MF. We used longitudinal population-based data from a Northern Finland birth cohort of 1966 (n=5363) to analyse LTPA, CRF and MF as well as job strain and its components, job demands and job control, at age 31years (1997) and 46years (2012). Leisure-time physical activity was measured with a self-reported questionnaire whereas CRF and MF were measured as part of clinical examination. Linear regression analyses were used to analyse the data. In both men (n=2548) and women (n=2815), higher baseline MF predicted lower job strain and job demands 15years later. In women, higher baseline total LTPA predicted higher job demands, whereas in men, higher CRF predicted lower job strain and higher job control. These associations remained significant, also when adjusted for education and occupational status. In the analyses on reverse associations, higher job control and higher job demands were linked to higher leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and total LTPA 15years later among both men and women, except for the association between job demands and total LTPA among women. These associations remained significant after adjustment for education and occupational status, except for the association of job control with MVPA and total LTPA among men. The association of higher job demands and total LTPA became significant in women. We conclude that LTPA and PF seem beneficial in preventing and managing job strain.

Associations of occupational and leisure-time physical activity with all-cause mortality: an individual participant data meta-analysis

ObjectiveHealth effects of different physical activity domains (ie, during leisure time, work and transport) are generally considered positive. Using Active Worker consortium data, we assessed independent associations of occupational and...

Isotemporal substitution analysis of time between sedentary behavior, and physical activity on sleep quality in younger adults: a multicenter study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of replacing time spent in sedentary behavior (SB) with moderate to vigorous physical activity on sleep quality in young adults.MethodsMulticenter cross-sectional study, carried out with students enrolled in undergraduate courses at universities in Brazil. Sleep quality was assessed using a question of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-brief) and classified as good or poor sleep quality. SB was evaluated by self-reported total sitting time, and the level of leisure-time PA was classified according to the intensity of moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA), which were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. An isotemporal replacement logistic model was used to evaluate the effects of different SB, MPA, and VPA sessions on sleep quality.ResultsA total of 8,059 study participants were evaluated, the majority had poor sleep quality (64.79%), were physically inactive (48.28%, defined as practicing < 150 min of MPA or < 75 min of VPA per week), and spent ≥ 9 h/day in SB (55.08%). The multivariate model showed an association between non-adherence to wake-based movement guidelines and poor sleep quality, where those with one altered behavior were 43% more likely to have poor sleep quality (OR:1.43;95%CI:1.27 to 1.60), while individuals with two altered behaviors were 97% more likely (OR:1.97;95%CI:1.73 to 2.24). In the isotemporal analysis, replacing MPA and VPA with equivalent time in SB increased the odds of poor sleep at all times assessed, with peaks of 56% for MPA and 68% for VPA.ConclusionThe results of the present study indicate that replacing SB with the same amount of MPA or VPA may reduce poor sleep quality.

Leisure Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activities, and Cardiovascular Disease Among Individuals With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study assesses the association between leisure-time physical activity, sedentary behavior, and CVD risk among patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, considering genetic predisposition to CVD. This cohort study included 157 794 participants with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease from the UK Biobank who were free of CVD at baseline. The study measured leisure-time sedentary behaviors (watching TV, using a computer, and driving) and physical activities (walking for pleasure, light and heavy do-it-yourself activities, strenuous sports, and other exercises) in terms of frequency and duration over the 4 weeks before assessment. Both a Cox proportional hazard model and an isotemporal substitution model were utilized in the study to assess the association between leisure sedentary behavior, physical activities, and CVD risk. During a median 12.5 years of follow-up, 26 355 CVD cases were reported, including 19 746 coronary heart disease, 4836 stroke, and 7398 heart failure cases. High physical activity levels were linked to a significantly lower risk of CVD (21%), coronary heart disease (20%), stroke (15%), and heart failure (31%). In contrast, individuals with >6.5 h/d of sedentary behavior faced a 16% to 21% higher risk of these conditions compared with those with ≤3.5 h/d. Notably, replacing 30 minutes of inactivity with physical activity reduced CVD risks by 3% to 16%, particularly with strenuous sports. A significant interaction was observed between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and genetic predisposition in relation to stroke risk. Among patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, higher leisure-time physical activity levels correlate with reduced CVD risks, while increased sedentary behavior is linked to higher CVD risks. Replacing sedentary time with physical activity consistently shows benefits in reducing CVD outcomes, irrespective of genetic predisposition.

89 Associations of active commuting and leisure-time physical activity with mental health symptoms among Finnish adults: a population-based study

Abstract Purpose Active commuting, that is, walking or cycling to work, can improve physical health. Yet, few studies have explored whether it could also enhance mental health. We examined cross-sectional associations of active commuting and, for comparison, leisure-time physical activity with depressive symptoms and psychological distress among Finnish adults. Methods We included 3439 adults (mean age 45.0 years; 51% women) from the FinHealth 2017 Study. Based on their commuting and leisure-time physical activity behaviour, participants were categorised as active or passive commuters and as sedentary, recreationally active, or exercisers and athletes. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for major sociodemographic, health behaviour, and physical activity variables. Results Active commuting, as a binary variable, was not associated with mental health outcomes compared to passive commuting. However, in dose-response analyses, high volumes of active commuting (≥ 30 minutes a day) were associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.18-2.13). Regarding leisure-time physical activity, recreationally active adults had lower odds of depressive symptoms (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.44-0.73) and psychological distress (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.32-0.68) compared to sedentary individuals. Similarly, exercisers and athletes had lower odds of depressive symptoms (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.32-0.61) and lower odds of psychological distress (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.21-0.55). Conclusions We found leisure-time physical activity, but not active commuting, to be associated with lower odds of mental health symptoms. More research on commuting behaviour is needed to understand the complex relationship between active commuting and mental health.

Seasonal differences in participation and time spent in physical activity in Russia: The Know Your Heart survey.

This study aimed to assess the levels and investigate socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related predictors of winter and summer physical activity (PA) in Russia using the data from the Know Your Heart population survey conducted in Novosibirsk and Arkhangelsk (2015-2018; n=5068; aged 35-69years). Employing a series of probit, Tobit, and the Cragg models, we separated the predictors of the probability of participating in leisure-time PA from the predictors of time spent in PA. Our study showed that financial constraints limited males' participation in winter PA (probability of participation decreased by 12 percentage points) and females' engagement in winter and summer PA (decrease in the number of hours of practicing PA by approximately 1h a week). Education, self-reported health, smoking, and cues to action had different impacts on both probability and time spent in PA in winter and summer. We also found significant gender differences in participation and time spent in PA across seasons. Older age, poor health, and smoking were greater obstacles to PA for males compared to females both in winter and summer. However, males were more likely to follow physician's advice to lose weight and take up physical exercise. Information campaigns that promote physical activities, including those that are free of charge, are needed to help limit barriers to PA for people with low socioeconomic status and individuals with little or no exercise experience. Also, making sports more accessible to citizens by providing free and low-cost sports facilities can increase their participation and time spent in PA, improving individual health and productivity.

Association Between Tongue Pressure and Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Japan.

Although it has been suggested that a decline in oral function is one of the potential risk factors affecting mild cognitive impairment (MCI), evidence is insufficient to draw clear conclusions. This Japanese cross-sectional study examined the association between tongue pressure (TP) and MCI in middle-aged and older adults aged 36-84years. Study participants were 1019 (368 men and 651 women). TP was evaluated using a TP measurement device. The maximum value of three measurements was used for analysis. MCI was defined as being present if a participant had a Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of <26. Adjustment was made for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, history of depression, number of teeth, employment, education, and household income. The prevalence of MCI was 45.3%. Among women, compared with the lowest tertile of TP, the second and highest tertiles were significantly associated with a lower prevalence of MCI with a clear dose-response relationship; the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) in the second and highest tertiles of TP were 0.54 (0.36-0.83) and 0.55 (0.36-0.84), respectively (p for trend=0.005). In contrast, no statistically significant association was observed between TP and the prevalence of MCI among men. Our findings suggest that higher TP might be inversely associated with the prevalence of MCI in middle-aged and older Japanese women.

Cancer in people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or gender-nonconforming.

Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, or gender-nonconforming (LGBTQ+) experience discrimination and minority stress that may lead to elevated cancer risk. In the absence of population-based cancer occurrence information for this population, this article comprehensively examines contemporary, age-adjusted cancer risk factor and screening prevalence using data from the National Health Interview Survey, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and National Youth Tobacco Survey, and provides a literature review of cancer incidence and barriers to care. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults are more likely to smoke cigarettes than heterosexual adults (16% compared to 12% in 2021-2022), with the largest disparity among bisexual women. For example, 34% of bisexual women aged 40-49 years and 24% of those 50 and older smoke compared to 12% and 11%, respectively, of heterosexual women. Smoking is also elevated among youth who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (4%) or transgender (5%) compared to heterosexual or cisgender (1%). Excess body weight is elevated among lesbian and bisexual women (68% vs. 61% among heterosexual women), largely due to higher obesity prevalence among bisexual women (43% vs. 38% among lesbian women and 33% among heterosexual women). Bisexual women also have a higher prevalence of no leisure-time physical activity (35% vs. 28% among heterosexual women), as do transgender individuals (30%-31% vs. 21%-25% among cisgender individuals). Heavier alcohol intake among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals is confined to bisexual women, with 14% consuming more than 7 drinks/week versus 6% of heterosexual women. Incontrast, prevalence of cancer screening and risk reducing vaccinations in LGBTQ+ individuals is similar to or higher than their heterosexual/cisgender counterparts except for lower cervical and colorectal cancer screening among transgender men. People within the LGBTQ+ population have a higher prevalence of smoking, obesity, and alcohol consumption compared to heterosexual and cisgender people, suggesting a higher cancer burden. Health systems have an opportunity to help inform these disparities through the routine collection of information on sexual orientation and gender identity to facilitate cancer surveillance and to mitigate them through education to increase awareness of LGBTQ+ health needs.

Association of aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity with chronic low back pain: population-based study

BACKGROUND CONTEXTChronic low back pain (CLBP) is a significant global health burden, primarily affecting the middle-aged and older; However, there is a lack of clear, evidence-based guidelines for leisure-time physical activity aimed at preventing CLBP. PURPOSEThis study sought to delineate the association between aerobic physical activity (APA) and muscle strengthening activities (MSA) and the prevalence of CLBP. STUDY DESIGNThis was a population-based study conducted across the United States. PATIENT SAMPLEThis nationwide study utilizes deidentified data from 22 consecutive rounds of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from 1997 to 2018. OUTCOME MEASURESThe primary outcome was self-reported CLBP. METHODSWe analyzed the prevalence of CLBP in a representative sample of 324,793 middle-aged and older people. Among 263,871 individuals, we used multiple logistic regression to investigate individual and joint association between the amount of APA and MSA with CLBP. RESULTSIn total, 263,871 participants (mean age, 59.0 years; SD, 9.7) were included in the final analysis. From 1997 to 2018, the prevalence of CLBP was approximately 32%, with an annual increase. Engaging in APA for 75 to 150 minutes weekly was associated with a modest reduction in CLBP risk (OR [95% CI] = 0.97 [0.97–0.98]). Similar benefits were seen with 150 to 225, 225 to 300, and >300 minutes. Engaging in MSA 2 to 3 times and 4 to 5 times weekly also reduced CLBP risk (0.98 [0.98–0.99] and 0.98 [0.97–0.99], respectively). Optimal reductions of CLBP risk may be associated with balanced levels of APA and MSA, with recommended amounts being 225 to 300 min/w of APA and 4 to 5 times/w of MSA (0.92 [0.89–0.95]). CONCLUSIONSThe study found engaging in over 75 minutes of APA and 2 to 5 weekly MSA sessions is associated with a reduced risk of CLBP. Furthermore, a balanced combination of APA and MSA may correspond to the greatest reduction in CLBP risk.

Voluntary exercise sensitizes cancer immunotherapy via the collagen inhibition-orchestrated inflammatory tumor immune microenvironment

Physical activity reduces cancer-associated mortality through multiple mechanisms, including tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) reprogramming. However, whether and how physiological interventions promote anti-tumor immunity remain elusive. Here, we report that clinically relevant voluntary exercise promotes muscle-derived extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated miR-29a-3p for tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) inhibition in patients and mouse models, thereby permitting immune cell infiltration and immunotherapy. Mechanistically, an unbiased screening identifies EV-associated miR-29a-3p in response to leisure-time physical activity or voluntary exercise. MiR-29a-3p-containing EVs accumulate in tumors and downregulate collagen composition by targeting COL1A1. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments and cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) demonstrate that myocyte-secreted miR-29a-3p promotes anti-tumor immunity. Combining immunotherapy with voluntary exercise or miR-29a-3p further enhances anti-tumor efficacy. Clinically, miR-29a-3p correlates with reduced ECM, increased Tcell infiltration, and response to immunotherapy. Our work reveals the predictive value of miR-29a-3p for immunotherapy, provides mechanistic insights into exercise-induced anti-cancer immunity, and highlights the potential of voluntary exercise in sensitizing immunotherapy.

Relationships Between Socioecological Factors and Self-Efficacy to Participate in Physical Activity for Adults With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: An Integrative Review.

Self-efficacy for leisure-time or health-promoting physical activity (SEPA) is a psychosocial determinant of physical activity. The socioecological model can provide a robust perspective of SEPA. The objective of this study was to synthesize the evidence on multilevel correlates of SEPA among individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The second aim examined the extent to which socioecological disparities are associated with SEPA among individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain. An integrative review was conducted. Included studies needed to investigate the relationship between SEPA and socioecological factors at the interpersonal, institutional, community, and/or macrosystem level among adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain (≥3months). Searches in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were performed (December 30, 2020, and October 12, 2022), yielding 4047 records after duplicates were removed. Two independent reviewers completed screening, full-text reviews, and data extraction. After title and abstract screening and full-text reviews, 17 studies were included. The constant comparison method included: data reduction, data display, data comparison, and conclusion drawing/verification. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. Five themes emerged with respect to relationships between SEPA and socioecological factors: social relations, social comparisons, patient-provider relationship, organizational resources, and accessibility to physical activity. Relationships between interpersonal factors and SEPA were most prominently studied. One study examined and addressed potential disparities in SEPA at the macrosystem level. A spectrum of relationships from supporting to straining SEPA were found at the interpersonal level. Relationships between institutional, community, and macrosystem factors and SEPA were comparably sparse. Gaps in the literature were identified regarding how health disparities present across the socioecological model with respect to SEPA. Clinicians can use this review to evaluate how SEPA can be supported or threatened by factors across the socioecological model. This may be a preliminary step towards examining and addressing health disparities in SEPA.

Determinants of Engagement in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Club Sports among University Students: A Large-Scale Study.

Various socio-demographic, environmental, and lifestyle-related factors have been reported to be associated with physical activity (PA) habits. However, there exist insufficient data comparing different forms of engagement in PA, sports, and exercise. This study aimed to investigate potential factors associated with the engagement in leisure-time PA (LPA) and club sports (CSs) in a large sample of college/university students. This Austria-wide study followed a cross-sectional design with a final sample of 4508 participants (mean age: 24.9 years; 65.9% female) from 52 Austrian colleges/universities. A standardized survey was used to collect data on demographics, anthropometric characteristics, and a wide range of health-related lifestyle factors, including patterns of PA and underlying motivations for PA engagement as well as details of dietary habits, sleep routines, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared, logistic regression, and MANCOVA were used for data analysis. Across the entire sample, 85.7% of participants reported regular participation in LPA, including 22.5% who were active members of sports clubs. Of the 36 potential motives listed in the questionnaire, "maintaining physical health", "feeling good", and "refreshing the mind" were the most commonly reported factors motivating students to engage in either LPA or CSs. Ten socio-demographic, dietary, or lifestyle factors were identified as predictors of CSs participation (p < 0.01), whereas only two variables (specifically sleep-related factors) were identified as predictors of LPA participation (p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the importance of considering the type of PA and sport participation and the associated determinants when designing tailored strategies to promote an active lifestyle.

The Role of Diet and Physical Activity in Obesity and Overweight in Children with Down Syndrome in Developed Countries.

Down's syndrome (DS), or Trisomy 21, represents the most common chromosomal abnormality in live births, characterized by an extra chromosome 21. Children affected by Down's syndrome are more susceptible to the development of obesity and of becoming overweight compared with other children. Furthermore, they seem to present a more unfavorable lipid profile than the non-DS obese pediatric population. Diet and physical activity are closely related to the development of overweight and obesity, and they can be assessed using questionnaires such as the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in children and adolescents (KIDMED) and the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. This review aims to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the intricate interplay between diet and physical activity in children affected by Down's syndrome. Specifically, it seeks to deepen understanding regarding the question of how diet and exercise can influence and prevent the development of overweight and obesity in that special pediatric population.

The physical activity paradox; exploring the relationship with pain outcomes. The Tromsø Study 2015-2016.

Paradoxical associations have been observed for leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and occupational physical activity (OPA) and several health-related outcomes. Typically, higher LTPA is associated with health benefits and high OPA with health hazards. Using data from the Tromsø Study (2015-2016), we assessed how questionnaire-based LTPA and OPA (n = 21,083) and accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) (n = 6778) relate to pain outcomes. Leisure-time physical activity and OPA were categorized as inactive PA, low PA, and moderate-to-vigorous PA and then aggregated into 9 levels, eg, inactive LTPA/inactive OPA. Accelerometer-measured PA included counts/minute, steps/day, and WHO PA recommendations from 2010 to 2020. Three binary pain outcomes (any pain, any chronic pain, and moderate-to-severe chronic pain) were constructed based on pain location, intensity, duration, and impact on daily activities. By using Poisson regression to estimate absolute and relative associations, we found that high LTPA was associated with lower pain prevalence and vice versa for OPA. Compared to inactive LTPA, prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals was lowest for moderate-to-vigorous LTPA, 0.93 (0.89-0.96) for any pain, 0.88 (0.84-0.93) for any chronic pain, and 0.66 (0.59-0.75) for moderate-to-severe chronic pain. Compared to sedentary OPA, the ratio was highest for moderate-to-vigorous OPA, 1.04 (1.01-1.07) for any pain, 1.06 (1.02-1.10) for any chronic pain, and 1.33 (1.21-1.46) for moderate-to-severe chronic pain. Aggregated LTPA and OPA showed lower outcomes for moderate-to-vigorous LTPA combined with lower levels of OPA. Higher levels of accelerometer-measured PA were associated with less pain. To summarize, we found inverse associations for LTPA and OPA. Benefits from LTPA seem to depend on low levels of OPA.

Healthy lifestyle practice correlates with decreased obesity prevalence in individuals with high polygenic risk: TMM CommCohort study.

Obesity and overweight, fundamental components of the metabolic syndrome, predispose individuals to lifestyle-related diseases. The extent to which adopting healthy lifestyles can reduce obesity risk, even in those with a high genetic risk, remains uncertain. Our aim was to assess the extent to which lifestyle modifications can improve outcomes in individuals with a high polygenic score (PGS) for obesity. We quantified the genetic risk of obesity using PGSs. Four datasets from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-Based Cohort (TMM CommCohort) were employed in the study. One dataset (n = 9958) was used to select the best model for calculating PGS. The remaining datasets (total n = 69,341) were used in a meta-analysis to validate the model and to evaluate associated risks. The odds ratio (OR) for obesity risk in the intermediate (11th-90th percentiles in the dataset) and high PGS categories (91st-100th) was 2.27 [95% confidence intervals: 2.12-2.44] and 4.83 [4.45-5.25], respectively, compared to that in the low PGS category (1st-10th). Trend analysis showed that an increase in leisure-time physical activity was significantly associated with reduced obesity risk across all genetic risk categories, representing an OR of 0.9 [0.87-0.94] even among individuals in the high PGS category. Similarly, sodium intake displayed a positive association with obesity across all genetic risk categories, yielding an OR of 1.24 [1.17-1.31] in the high PGS category. The risk of obesity was linked to the adoption of healthy lifestyles, even in individuals with high PGS. Our results may provide perspectives for integrating PGSs into preventive medicine.