Leisure-time Moderate-to-vigorous Physical Activity Research Articles

The COVID-19 Pandemic Decreases Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in Industry.

We aimed to determine if maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), resting heart rate (RHR), and self-reported leisure- time moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) changed over a 3-year follow-up (FU) among industrial workers. We assessed cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) August 2018 and August 2021. The last 17-18 months coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from 86 participants were collected; demographics by questionnaire and cardiovascular outcomes from medical examination: V˙O2max, RHR, and fat mass (%). Workers reported on their leisure-time MVPA twice. To assess changes in health outcomes we applied a linear mixed model, adjusting for baseline (BL) age, sex, pack-years, shift work, and a 5-month plant shutdown. Further, we adjusted for actual age instead of BL age. V˙O2max decreased from 39.6 mL/kg/min at BL to 34.0 at FU, a reduction of 5.6 mL/kg/min (95%CI, -7.6, -3.7). Adjusted for actual age, the corresponding figure for V˙O2max was 5.4 mL/kg/min, (95%CI, -7.4, -3.4), an annual loss of 4.6%. RHR increased from 61.3 to 64.4 beats per minute (95%CI, 0.8, 5.4). Self-reported MVPA decreased by 43.9 min/week, (95%CI, -73.5, -14.4). We observed a decrease in V˙O2max, an increase in RHR and a decrease in self-reported MVPA, suggesting physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The association of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behaviour with abdominal aortic calcification

Background and aimsThe increasing prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases poses a significant challenge to global healthcare systems. Regular physical activity (PA) is recognized for its positive impact on cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).MethodsThe study used data from NHANES participants aged 40 and above during the 2013–2014 cycle. AAC scores were assessed using the Kauppila scoring system, and MVPA and SB were self-reported. Sociodemographic variables were considered, and multivariable linear regression models were used to analyze associations between MVPA, SB, and AAC scores. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on age, sex, BMI, hypertension, and diabetes.ResultsThe study included 2843 participants. AAC prevalence was higher in older age groups, smokers, and those with diabetes or hypertension. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher AAC prevalence. Individuals engaged in any level of MVPA exhibited lower AAC rates compared to inactive individuals. Not engaging in occupational MVPA (β = 0.46, 95% confidence interval = 0.24‒0.67, p < .001) and prolonged SB (β = 0.28, 95% confidence interval = 0.04‒0.52, p = .023) were associated with higher AAC scores. However, no significant associations were found for transportation and leisure time MVPA. Subgroup analysis revealed age and hypertension as effect modifiers in the MVPA-AAC relationship.ConclusionsThis study highlights the potential benefits of engaging in occupational MVPA and reducing SB in mitigating AAC scores, particularly among older individuals and those with hypertension.

Sedentary behavior is associated with poor sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic, and physical activity mitigates its adverse effects

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the association of sedentary behavior (SB) and moderate to vigorous leisure-time physical activity (MVPA) with sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsCross-sectional, population-based study in adults, conducted from October to December 2020 in the Iron Quadrangle region, Brazil. The outcome was sleep quality, evaluated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. SB was assessed by self-report of total sitting time, before and during the pandemic. Individuals with ≥ 9 h of total sitting time were classified as SB. In addition, the ratio of time spent in MVPA to time in SB was analyzed. A contrasted directed acyclic graph (DAG) model was constructed to adjust logistic regression models.ResultsA total of 1629 individuals were evaluated, the prevalence of SB before the pandemic was 11.3% (95%CI: 8.6–14.8), and during the pandemic 15.2% (95%CI: 12.1–18.9). In multivariate analysis, the chance of poor sleep quality was 77% higher in subjects with SB ≥ 9 h per day (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.02–2.97). Furthermore, a one-hour increase in SB during the pandemic, increased the chance of poor sleep quality by 8% (OR: 1.08; 95%CI 1.01–1.15). In the analysis of the ratio of MVPA per SB in individuals with SB ≥ 9 h, practicing 1 min of MVPA per hour of SB reduces the chance of poor sleep quality by 19% (OR: 0.84; 95%CI: 0.73–0.98).ConclusionSB during the pandemic was a factor associated with poor sleep quality, and the practice of MVPA can reduce the effects of SB.Graphical

Il cambiamento che possiamo ottenere produce effetti clinicamente rilevanti?

Adopting and maintaining a physically active lifestyle provides si¬gnificant health benefits to people with diabetes and prediabetes by increasing energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and physical fitness and decreasing chronic low-grade inflammation. Physical activity (PA)/exercise favors control of hyperglycemia and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and, therefore, it is recommended for diabetes prevention and treatment and for improving overall health. According to current guidelines, people with type 2 diabetes are re-commended to perform at least 150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise plus 2-3 sessions/week of resistance exercise on non-consecutive days. Unfortunately, these individuals are usually well below the recommended level of PA and, hence, it is difficult for them to put into action guideline recommendations for a number of external and internal barriers, thus suggesting the need for effective strategies to promote a sustained behavior change. Several randomi¬zed clinical trials have shown that supervised exercise programs are effective in improving surrogate endpoints such as blood glucose and other CVD risk factors, physical fitness, and well-being. However, such programs are not suitable for long-term implementation in rou¬tine clinical practice and adherence to PA/exercise is usually strictly dependent on participation to supervised sessions and falls once the intervention ends. In this regard, counseling interventions appear to be more feasible and adequate to promote a true, long-lasting beha¬vior change. A limited number of studies have tested the efficacy of counseling interventions designed to promote walking through the provision of pedometers. These interventions resulted in modest and transient increases in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and, accor¬dingly, failed to significantly improve CVD risk factors and other sur¬rogate outcomes or to produce sustained increases in cardiorespiratory fitness. These results are in contrast with those of several epidemio¬logical surveys, showing that, in physically inactive and sedentary or unfit individuals, even modest amounts of (MV)PA, corresponding to one-third to one-half of those recommended by guidelines, exert a beneficial impact on morbidity and mortality. This discrepancy might be explained by the fact that walking-based interventions are focused only on leisure-time MPVA. Conversely, current guidelines consider also other domains, such as sedentary behavior and light-intensity PA (LPA), and other settings, such as home, work and commuting, as they recommend also to decrease the amount of sedentary (SED)-time and to interrupt prolonged sitting with bouts of LPA every 30 min. In fact, in the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study 2 (IDES_2), a counse¬ling intervention targeting both MVPA and sedentary behavior was effective in promoting increases in MVPA, which were modest but sustained over a three-year follow-up and associated with larger de¬creases in SED-time and corresponding increases in LPA. This resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in physical fitness and, to a les¬ser extent, in CVD risk factors and scores over a three-year follow-up. Conversely, no clinically meaningful effects were observed in counse¬ling intervention targeting only SED-time. In conclusion, counseling interventions are effective in producing clinically meaningful effects, even when resulting in only modest increments in leisure-time MVPA, provided that they also target the other domains and settings of PA/sedentary behavior.

Associations of sleeping, sedentary and physical activity with phenotypic age acceleration: a cross-sectional isotemporal substitution model

BackgroundPhysical activity was believed to be associated with reduced aging among adults, while the competing nature of the physical activity and sedentary behavior has mainly been neglected in studies. We aimed to estimate the association of sleeping, sedentary behavior, and physical activity with aging among adults, considering the competing nature between variables of activity status.MethodsA total of 5288 participants who were 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were involved. The questionnaire was used to collect data regarding sociodemographics (age, sex, ethnicity/race, and education), and lifestyle behaviors (smoking, drinking). The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure self-reported time for sedentary behavior, walking/bicycling, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The sleeping duration was obtained via interview. Phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) was calculated as an aging index using nine chemistry biomarkers. Isotemporal substitution models using multivariable linear regression to examine the associations of sleeping, sedentary behavior, and physical activity with PhenoAgeAccel, stratified by MVPA (< 150 min/week, ≥ 150 min/week).ResultsThirty minutes per day spent on sedentary behavior was positively associated with PhenoAgeAccel (β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.11), and 30 min/day spent on leisure-time MVPA was adversely associated with PhenoAgeAccel (β = − 0.55, 95% CI: − 0.73, − 0.38). Replacing 30 min/day sedentary behaviors with 30 min/day of MVPA (β = -3.98, 95% CI: -6.22, -1.74) or 30 min/day of walking/bicycling (β = -0.89, 95% CI: -1.10, -0.68) was adversely associated with PhenoAgeAccel. Substituting 30 min/day of walking/bicycling for 30 min/day of leisure-time MVPA was positively associated with PhenoAgeAccel (β = 3.09, 95% CI: 0.93, 5.25).ConclusionSedentary behavior was positively associated with aging. Replacing sedentary behaviors with walking/bicycling or MVPA was adversely associated with aging among adults.

Associations Of Wrist-measured Physical Activity With Self-reported Moderate-to-vigorous Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior: NHANES 2011-2014

It remains unknown what individuals are attempting to convey, in terms of wrist-measured objectively monitored physical activity (PA), when self-reporting their leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (LTSB). PURPOSE: To examine wrist-measured objectively monitored PA across groupings of self-reported leisure-time MVPA and LTSB in US adults (≥ 18 yrs). METHODS: A secondary analysis of data from the 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was performed. Weekly frequencies and average daily durations for self-reported moderate and vigorous activities were used to derive weekly MVPA. Self-reported MVPA was then dichotomized into two groups based upon compliance to PA guidelines (< 150 vs. ≥ 150 min/week). Screen time was quantified from questions about daily TV and computer usage. An LTSB variable was then created by dichotomizing total daily screen time at its median (< 3 vs. ≥ 3 hr/day). Participants also completed a 7-day objective wrist-worn accelerometer PA assessment. Mean daily PA was quantified in monitor independent movement summary (MIMS) units. Participants (n = 8,949) who provided complete questionnaire responses and ≥ 4 valid days accelerometer data (≥ 10 hr/day) were retained for analyses. Mean wrist-measured objectively monitored PA was modelled as a function of self-reported MVPA and LTSB using complex samples regression. RESULTS: Participants reporting compliance to PA guidelines accumulated significantly more wrist-measured PA (13,722 ± 96.3 MIMS/day) than those not compliant to current guidelines (13,004 ± 83.2 MIMS/day; p < 0.001). Participants reporting <3 hr/day LTSB were significantly more active (14,063 ± 96.1 MIMS/day) than those accumulating ≥3 hr/day (12,664 ± 61.7 MIMS/day, p < 0.001). Cross-classification of self-reported MVPA status and LTSB indicated those achieving PA guidelines and accumulating <3 hr/day LTSB were the most physically active grouping (14,279 ± 122.7 MIMS/day), while those not achieving PA guidelines and accumulating ≥3 hr/day of LTSB were the least active grouping (12,161 ± 74.9 MIMS/day; p < 0.001) CONCLUSION: Consistent with results from previous waist-measured PA studies, wrist-measured PA significantly varied across self-reported leisure-time MVPA and LTSB levels.

Does Cognitive Attitude Matter When Affective Attitude Is Negative in Physical Activity Behavior Change?

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purposes of this study were to determine the moderation effects of affective attitude on the effects of cognitive attitude and intention on leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Methods: A total of 2100 undergraduate students completed validated instruments measuring their affective and cognitive attitude, intention to do MVPA, and leisure-time MVPA. Hierarchical regression analyses and Hayes’ Process program (model 1 and model 58) were used to address the research questions. Results: The results showed that affective attitude significantly moderated the effects of cognitive attitude on MVPA. It suggested that when affective attitude was negative, the effect of cognitive attitude on MVPA was not significant; when it was positive, the higher the value of affective attitude score, the larger the effects of cognitive attitude on MVPA. The results also showed that affective attitude significantly moderated the effect of intention on MVPA and the indirect effects of cognitive attitude on MVPA through intention. It suggested that the higher the value of the affective attitude, the larger the effects of intention on MVPA and the larger the indirect effects of cognitive attitude on MVPA through intention. Conclusions:These results indicate that the moderating role of affective attitude in behavior change is important and should be considered for future theory development on the relationship between attitude and behavior. Practically, it suggests that people’s affective attitude should be first understood and addressed when designing PA promotion programs.

Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Disabling Dementia in Japan

The associations of daily total physical activity and total moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with dementia are still unclear. To investigate the association between daily total physical activity and subsequent risk of disabling dementia in large-scale, extended follow-up prospective study. This prospective cohort study used data from questionnaires collected between 2000 and 2003 from 8 areas from the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Disabling Dementia Study. Participants included adults aged 50 to 79 years in with available follow-up data on disabling dementia. Data analysis was performed from February 1, 2019, to July 31, 2021. Daily total physical activity, total MVPA, and leisure-time MVPA. The main outcome was incidence of disabling dementia during the dementia ascertainment period between 2006 and 2016, based on the national long-term care insurance system. Risks of dementia in association with daily total physical activity, total MVPA, and leisure time MVPA were calculated using multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). Among 43 896 participants (mean [SD] age, 61.0 [7.5] years; 23 659 [53.9%] women), 5010 participants were newly diagnosed with disabling dementia during a mean (SD) of 9.5 (2.8) years in the dementia ascertainment period. In the highest daily total physical activity group, compared with the lowest activity group, risk of dementia was lower in men (aHR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.66-0.85]; P for trend < .001) and women (aHR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.67-0.84]; P for trend < .001). Similar inverse associations were observed in men and women for total MVPA (men: aHR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.65-0.84]; P for trend < .001; women: aHR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.66-0.83]; P for trend < .001) and leisure-time MVPA (men: aHR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.53-0.67]; P for trend < .001; women: aHR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.63-0.78]; P for trend < .001). However, these inverse associations disappeared when participants diagnosed with disabling dementia within 7 years of the starting point were excluded in men (aHR, 0.93 [95%CI, 0.77-1.12]) and within 8 years were excluded in women (aHR, 0.86 [95%CI, 0.71-1.04]). The association remained significant among men in the highest vs lowest group of leisure-time MVPA, after excluding participants diagnosed within the first 9 years (aHR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.56-0.92]; P for trend = .004). This cohort study examined associations of daily total physical activity and total MVPA with risk of disabling dementia. The findings suggest that a high level of leisure-time MVPA was associated with decreased risk of disabling dementia in men.

Physical Activity Is Associated with Improved Overall Survival among Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

Simple SummaryPhysical activity is linked to longer survival among non-metastasized colorectal cancer patients. It is unclear if physical activity is also beneficial for survival among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. We researched this question in our study of 293 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. We found that participants who reported higher levels of physical activity at diagnosis lived longer compared to patients who reported low activity levels. Furthermore, adherence to the physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors was related to prolonged survival. Our findings suggest that patients with metastatic colorectal cancer also benefit from being physically active. Future studies are needed to investigate whether improving exercise levels after diagnosis of metastasis is also beneficial and what kind of exercise interventions are most optimal for possibly improving survival time of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.Regular physical activity (PA) is associated with improved overall survival (OS) in stage I–III colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This association is less defined in patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). We therefore conducted a study in mCRC patients participating in the Prospective Dutch Colorectal Cancer cohort. PA was assessed with the validated SQUASH questionnaire, filled-in within a maximum of 60 days after diagnosis of mCRC. PA was quantified by calculating Metabolic Equivalent Task (MET) hours per week. American College of Sports and Medicine (ACSM) PA guideline adherence, tertiles of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), and sport and leisure time MVPA (MVPA-SL) were assessed as well. Vital status was obtained from the municipal population registry. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to study the association between PA determinants and all-cause mortality adjusted for prognostic patient and treatment-related factors. In total, 293 mCRC patients (mean age 62.9 ± 10.6 years, 67% male) were included in the analysis. Compared to low levels, moderate and high levels of MET-hours were significantly associated with longer OS (fully adjusted hazard ratios: 0.491, (95% CI 0.299–0.807, p value = 0.005) and 0.485 (95% CI 0.303–0.778, p value = 0.003), respectively), as were high levels of MVPA (0.476 (95% CI 0.278–0.816, p value = 0.007)) and MVPA-SL (0.389 (95% CI 0.224–0.677, p value < 0.001)), and adherence to ACSM PA guidelines compared to non-adherence (0.629 (95% CI 0.412–0.961, p value = 0.032)). The present study provides evidence that higher PA levels at diagnosis of mCRC are associated with longer OS.

Personality, motivational, and social cognition predictors of leisure-time physical activity

ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to investigate associations between personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism, autonomous motivation, and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs and leisure-time physical activity. The study examined whether autonomous motivation and the TPB constructs mediate the association between personality traits and physical activity, and whether personality traits moderate the relationship of autonomous motivation and the TPB constructs with physical activity. MethodsMiddle-aged women (N = 441) completed self-report measures of personality traits, autonomous motivation, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC) and intention. Moderate-to-vigorous leisure-time physical activity (MVPA) was measured using accelerometers approximately seven weeks later. Participants’ past accelerometer-based MVPA was available from four years earlier. ResultsOnly autonomous motivation and past MVPA directly predicted MVPA. Neuroticism and past MVPA were indirectly related with MVPA through autonomous motivation. No support for a moderator role of personality traits was found. ConclusionsCurrent data suggest that autonomous motivation and past experience are prominent determinants of accelerometer-based leisure-time MVPA, but not beliefs and intentions.

Pathways of cognitive and affective attitude influencing leisure-time physical activity: based on an integrated model

ABSTRACT The purposes of this study were to determine the direct and indirect effects of cognitive and affective attitudes on leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behaviour in an integrated model constructed based on the theory of planned behaviour and the behavioural affective associations model. A total of 2100 undergraduate students completed the validated measures of cognitive attitude, affective attitude, intention, and leisure-time MVPA. Structure equation modelling and two mediation analyses were conducted to address the research questions. Cognitive attitude influenced leisure-time MVPA through three indirect pathways: cognitive attitude→affective attitude→MVPA, cognitive attitude→intention→MVPA, cognitive attitude→affective attitude→intention→MVPA. Affective attitude influenced leisure-time MVPA through one direct pathway and one indirect pathway: affective attitude→intention→MVPA. In addition, this study showed that cognitive attitude had similar total effects on leisure-time MVPA with affective attitude. These findings imply that (a) the effects of cognitive attitude on PA behaviour tend to be more complicated and more indirect than affective attitude. (b) Cognitive attitude should be valued at the same level as affective attitude in PA behaviour change because of its total effect size and its role of serving as an important building block of PA behaviour change.

Body mass index and physical activity in seven-year-old children whose mothers exercised during pregnancy: follow-up of a multicentre randomised controlled trial

BackgroundThere are limited data on long-term outcomes of children whose mothers have followed exercise interventions during pregnancy. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether regular moderate intensity exercise during pregnancy affected the children’s body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (PA) at 7 years of age, and determine the relationship between children’s and mothers’ BMI and PA.MethodsThis was a follow-up of a multicentre randomised controlled trial, carried out at St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, and Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (2007–2009 and 2014–2016). Women were randomised to follow a 12-week structured exercise protocol or standard antenatal care during pregnancy. At the 7-year follow-up, parents reported their child’s height, weight, and PA. The mothers also reported their own weight and PA. Main outcome variables were BMI, frequency and duration of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), and intensity of PA.ResultsA total of 855 women were randomised to exercise (n = 429) or standard antenatal care (n = 426) during pregnancy. At follow-up, 164 (38.2%) children and mothers in the intervention group and 117 (27.5%) in the control group participated. We found no group differences in the children’s iso-BMI or PA. Findings were similar when we performed stratified analyses by sex, except boys in the control group spent more time on electrical devices than boys in the intervention group. Subgroup analyses of children of mothers who adhered to the exercise protocol and sensitivity analyses excluding children born preterm, children admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, and children with diseases or health problems at the 7-year follow-up, did not change the results. Children’s BMI, weekly leisure time MVPA and intensity of PA correlated with mothers’ BMI, daily exercise, and intensity of exercise.ConclusionsRegular moderate intensity exercise during pregnancy did not affect BMI or PA of the children at 7 years. Good maternal health should be encouraged as it may influence the health of the next generation.Trial registrationThe initial RCT study was registered in ClinicalTrials.govNCT00476567.

Association between physical activity and leisure-time sedentary behavior among 140,808 adolescents aged 12 to 15 from 47 low- and middle-income countries

ObjectivesData from high-income countries (HICs) indicate that sedentary behavior is negatively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in young people. We examined associations between leisure-time sedentary behavior (LTSB) and MVPA in adolescents from 47 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Study designCross-sectional study. MethodsData from the Global school-based Student Health Survey were analyzed in 140,808 adolescents (13.8 ± 1.0 years; 49% girls). Time spent in LTSB was a composite variable assessing time spent sitting and playing computer games, watching TV, talking with friends during a typical day. The PACE + Adolescent Physical Activity Measure assessed MVPA levels. The association between ≥3 h/day of LTSB and adequate physical activity levels (every day last week 60 min MVPA) was explored with multivariable logistic regression analyses. ResultsThe prevalence of ≥3 h/day of LTSB and 60 min of MVPA/day last week were 26.3% (girls 26.2%; boys 26.5%) and 15.3% (girls 12.1%; boys 18.4%), respectively. LTSB of ≥3 h/day versus <3 h/day was associated with a 35% increased odds for adequate levels of MVPA in boys [OR = 1.35 (95%CI = 1.23–1.48)] and 22% in girls [1.22 (95%CI = 1.10–1.36)]. ConclusionsOur data indicate that being physically active 60 min per day every day and at moderate-to-vigorous intensity and being sedentary ≥3 h/day during leisure-time might co-exist in adolescents in some LMICs.

Amount, Type, and Timing of Domain-Specific Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Among US Adults.

Surveillance of domain-specific physical activity in the United States is lacking. Thus, the authors describe domain-specific moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a nationwide sample of US adults. Participants from the AmeriSpeak panel (n = 2649; 20-75y; 50% female) completed the Activities Completed Over Time in 24-Hours previous-day recall. The authors estimated average MVPA duration (in hours per day) overall and in major life domains by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and education. They also described the most commonly reported MVPAs and timing of MVPA during the day. Across all life domains, participants reported an average of 2.5hours per day in MVPA. Most MVPA was accumulated during work (50% of total, 1.2h/d) and household activities (28%, 0.7h/d) with less MVPA reported in leisure time (15%, 0.4h/d). Time reported in MVPA varied by sex, and race/ethnicity (P < .05). Walking at work and for exercise, childcare, and walking for transportation were the most commonly reported domain-specific MVPAs. A greater proportion of MVPA took place in the morning (∼06:00h) and evening (∼18:00h). Work and household activities accounted for 78% of overall MVPA reported, while leisure-time MVPA accounted for only 15% of the total. Encouraging MVPA during leisure time and transportation remain important targets for promoting MVPA in US adults.

Rationale and study protocol for the Movement Oriented Games Based Assessment (MOGBA) cluster randomized controlled trial: A complex movement skill intervention for 8-12 year old children within 'Made to Play'.

There is a positive relationship between children’s movement competence and physical activity, with a further relationship established between physical activity and childhood obesity. The Movement Oriented Games Based Assessment (MOGBA) is a delivery and assessment intervention designed to improve children’s complex movement skills, based on principles of motor development and assessment theories. MOGBA aims to improve children’s movement competence, physical fitness and self-perceptions (physical and game) and increase children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). MOGBA is to be used in the ‘Made to Play’ initiative, involving 105 sports and activity programs across 21 countries, involving over 25 million children. A multi-site cluster randomized controlled trial will take place across three global sites (UK, Ireland and Australia). Each site will recruit eight primary schools (four experiment, four control) with each school providing two separate classes of children from age ranges 8–12 years (Site n = ~300, total n = 904). After baseline assessments, schools will be randomly allocated to an experimental or wait-list control group. Following two half-day workshops, trained facilitators will deliver the MOGBA intervention for 9 weeks. The main intervention components include delivery of 14 games-based activities with associated assessments of children’s movement and differentiation to meet children’s needs by manipulating space, effort and relationships. The primary outcome of the trial is to improve children’s’ movement competence (The Dragon Challenge), with secondary outcomes of improving children’s’ in-activity and leisure-time MVPA (5-day accelerometer), physical fitness (standing long jump and push ups) and self-perceptions (physical and game). Data will be analysed using multilevel modelling approaches. The MOGBA intervention has been designed to improve children’s movement competence and scalable interventions based on MOGBA could be applied across programs within the Made to Play initiative, globally. The trial is registered at the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12619001320145p, 27 Sep 2019).

Associations of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Television Viewing with Life Expectancy Cancer-Free at Age 50: The ARIC Study.

Physical activity has been associated with longer chronic disease-free life expectancy, but specific cancer types have not been investigated. We examined whether leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (LTPA) and television (TV) viewing were associated with life expectancy cancer-free. We included 14,508 participants without a cancer history from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. We used multistate survival models to separately examine associations of LTPA (no LTPA, <median, ≥median) and TV viewing (seldom/never, sometimes, often/very often) with life expectancy cancer-free at age 50 from invasive colorectal, lung, prostate, and postmenopausal breast cancer. Models were adjusted for age, gender, race, ARIC center, education, smoking, and alcohol intake. Compared with no LTPA, participants who engaged in LTPA ≥median had a greater life expectancy cancer-free from colorectal [men-2.2 years (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-2.7), women-2.3 years (95% CI, 1.7-2.8)], lung [men-2.1 years (95% CI, 1.5-2.6), women-2.1 years (95% CI, 1.6-2.7)], prostate [1.5 years (95% CI, 0.8-2.2)], and postmenopausal breast cancer [2.4 years (95% CI, 1.4-3.3)]. Compared with watching TV often/very often, participants who seldom/never watched TV had a greater colorectal, lung, and postmenopausal breast cancer-free life expectancy of ∼1 year. Participating in LTPA was associated with longer life expectancy cancer-free from colorectal, lung, prostate, and postmenopausal breast cancer. Viewing less TV was associated with more years lived cancer-free from colorectal, lung, and postmenopausal breast cancer. Increasing physical activity and reducing TV viewing may extend the number of years lived cancer-free.

Acculturation And Leisure-time Physical Activity Among Asian American In The United States, 2011-2016

The Asian population has become the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States (US). However, less than a quarter of Asian Americans met WHO Physical Activity (PA) Guideline. Few studies have examined the association between acculturation and leisure-time PA among Asian Americans. PURPOSE: To examine the association between acculturation and leisure-time PA among Asian American adults. METHODS: Data concerning 1,989 Asian Americans aged 20 years and older, came from the 2011- 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Acculturation was assessed in three dimensions: the language preference at home (only Non-English language, both English and Non-English language, and only English), length of residency in the US (<10 years, 10-29 years, ≥30 years, US born), and birth locations (US-born, foreign-born). Using self-reported minutes/day and days/week moderate and vigorous leisure-time PA, we calculated moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) MET minutes/week. MVPA was analyzed as a continuous variable and a categorical variable (i.e., meeting WHO PA guidelines, ≥600 MET minutes/week) in multiple linear and logistic regression models after controlling for covariates, respectively. RESULTS: Among participants, 24.5% of Asian Americans spoke only English at home, while 47.8% spoke only non-English at home. 13.0% of participants were born in the US. The odds of meeting PA guidelines were higher among Asians speaking only English (adjusted OR [AOR]=1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4, 2.4) and those speaking both non-English and English at home (AOR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.0), compared to those who spoke only non-English at home. US-born Asians were more likely to meet PA guidelines than foreign-born Asians (AOR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.6) and on average they performed 137 more minutes of leisure-time MVPA each week than foreign-born Asians. Asians in the US since birth had higher odds to meet PA guidelines than Asians stayed in US for less than 10 years (AOR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.5, 3.3). CONCLUSIONS: More acculturated Asian Americans such as those who spoke more English at home and US-born Asians, perform more leisure-time MVPA than less acculturated Asian Americans. Interventions are needed to promote PA among non-English speaking Asian immigrants and those who stayed in the US for less than 10 years.

Physical Activity and Risk of Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Prediabetes among Males and Females in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2014

Aims The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of leisure and occupational physical activity on the risk of diagnosed and undiagnosed prediabetes among females and males. Methods A sample of 17,871 non-pregnant adults was drawn from the 2007-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multinomial logistic regression tested associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and risk of diagnosed prediabetes and undiagnosed prediabetes, compared to no prediabetes. Results Females and males who met guidelines for total MVPA (i.e., ≥10 MET-hrs/week) had a statistically significant lower risk of undiagnosed prediabetes (OR range: 0.50-0.65) as compared to those with no MVPA, however findings were no longer statistically significant after adjustment for diabetes risk factors. In terms of diagnosed prediabetes, females meeting guidelines had lower risk (OR range: 0.65-0.76), while only males engaging in the most MVPA had lower risk; findings were no longer significant after adjustment. Patterns were similar for leisure-time MVPA, but conflicting for occupational PA; females with 10-20 MET-hrs/week had a higher risk of diagnosed prediabetes (OR =1.71, 95% CI 1.11-2.61) and males with >20 MET-hrs/week had a higher risk for undiagnosed prediabetes (OR =1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.35) after adjustment. Conclusions This study adds to the sparse body of literature on physical activity and prediabetes, particularly with its inclusion of occupational MVPA.

Neighbourhood built environment and leisure-time physical activity: A cross-sectional study in southern China

This study conducted scientific evidence linking neighbourhood built environment to adults’ leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among adults in China. Data were obtained from a questionnaire survey conducted from April to July 2017 among 1002 adults aged 18-69 years old in Pingshan District, Shenzhen, China. Chinese Walkable Environment Scale for urban community residents and International Physical Activity Questionnaire were used to measure participants’ neighbourhood built environment and leisure-time physical activity, which was categorised into leisure-time walking (LTW) and leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (LTMVPA). A total of 986 participants (mean age = 40.7 years, 53.3% females) were included in this research. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-demographic variables, LTW and LTMVPA by sex. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between neighbourhood environment characteristics and the likelihood of engaging in active LTW and LTMVPA. Only 20.7% of participants engaged in active LTW and 17.8% active LTMVPA. Better road condition was associated with higher likelihood of active (at least 150 min/week) LTW and LTMVPA. High perceived esthetic was positively associated with LTW and LTMVPA. Active LTW was related to better perception of traffic condition as well. The improvement of the neighbourhood environment characteristics can promote active LTPA among adults living in Shenzhen, China. Our findings support the importance of considering population health effects in urban planning and development.

Leisure-time physical activity and milk intake synergistically reduce the risk of pathoglycemia: A cross-sectional study in adults in Beijing, China.

To evaluate the synergistic and individual associations of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) intensity and the frequency of milk intake in adulthood with newly diagnosed pathoglycemia. Pathoglycemia comprised impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This cross-sectional study of 3977 adults was conducted in Mentougou District, Beijing, China. After excluding ineligible individuals or those with missing data, 2977 participants were included in the final analysis. Data on LTPA, milk intake, and other demographic characteristics were obtained through previously designed questionnaires. Newly diagnosed pathoglycemia was determined based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration. Among all participants, 21.4% had newly diagnosed pathoglycemia, 9.9% engaged in moderate to vigorous leisure-time physical activity (MVLTPA), and 63.7% drank milk more than once weekly. Relative to those who engaged in low-intensity LTPA and drank milk less than once weekly, those who engaged in MVLTPA (OR: 0.584, 95%CI: 0.410-0.810) and drank milk more than once weekly (OR: 0.734, 95% CI: 0.614-0.878) had a lower risk of pathoglycemia; this association was greater when both variables interacted (OR: 0.446, 95% CI: 0.287-0.669). MVLTPA and enough frequency of milk intake synergistically decreased the risk of pathoglycemia. A future interventional study including both factors should be performed.