Leisure Pattern Research Articles

Leisure Patterns and Values in Adolescents from Serbia born in 1990s: An Attempt at Building a Bridge between the Two Domains

This work is an attempt at empirically establishing a relation between leisure and values in adolescents. Being new, this topic could help a broader understanding of youth leisure and its association with inner psychological dispositions, but also with specific social context (prolonged economic crisis and post-war environment). Five typical leisure patterns were previously identified: academic, sports, going out, following celebrities in the media and music, and computers pattern. The main objective was to discover whether students with high and low scores on these patterns differ regarding their values. The sample consisted of 2426 Serbian secondary school students from 9 towns. A discriminant analysis was performed and showed that it was possible to identify a specific mix of personal and social values for every leisure pattern. This confirms the existence of a relation between students’ behaviour during free time and their values, expressed as a preference for specific personal and social goals. The resultss imply that connecting two domains is achievable and fruitful in both ways. The identified leisure patterns contribute to a more detailed and elaborate portrayal of adolescents’ values but those values also bring a new insight into specific features of adolescents’ behaviour during leisure time.

Hosting friends and family as a sojourner in a tourism destination

This study explores the characteristics in the hosting experiences of foreign sojourners in Macao. In-depth interviews with 20 sojourners reveal that different strategies in hosting visitors, including the way sojourners prepare for hosting, attract guests with selective destination information, and design itineraries, are used. Such strategies are related to the way they use the local tourism space, shaped by their personal interest, previous leisure pattern, and their unhurried exploration of the destination. The findings are discussed with regard to literature on both visiting friends and relatives (VFR) and sojourners in tourism. The study draws attention to understanding sojourners as important agents in tourism and the importance of their hosting experience in destination management.

Leisure Participation Pattern of Residents in a New Chinese City

The leisure sector in Chinese cities has flourished in recent years. Lacking leisure studies could compromise resource supply and management. We explored urban residents’ participation in twenty-five leisure activities in Zhuhai, a newly developed city in south China. Leisure activities were classified into four groups based on consumption venue (intrahome and extrahome) and physical activities (passive and active). A face-to-face questionnaire survey included 850 households in seventy residential precincts chosen by a clustered sampling scheme, generating 598 valid questionnaires. Responses were solicited on participation level on weekdays and holidays, leisure time, leisure companions, leisure barriers, use of urban green spaces, and respondents’ socioeconomic profile. Multiple and logistic regressions were computed. Intrahome activities have higher participation rates than extrahome activities, and passive notably higher than active. The weekday leisure pattern is similar to holiday patterns despite more leisure time. Watching television, chatting with families or friends, and leisure reading are premier intrahome activities. Walking for leisure and shopping are the main extrahome engagements. Intrahome activities are more prominent among urban-based, homebound, passive-oriented, sedentary, and individualistic noninteractive types, with health implications. Middle-aged residents have less leisure time vis-à-vis young adults. Shortage of leisure resources and poor recreation venue management have created critical participation barriers. Residents prefer conveniently located and semiprivate neighborhood gardens embedded within residential developments rather than public sites. Young residents prefer to use urban parks, whereas middle-age and older residents prefer local sites. Cleanliness and other quality attributes are rated as key determinants for visiting green spaces. The results could inform future policies on leisure development in new Chinese cities.

Eulsook-do's Change in Leisure Pattern by the Pre- and Post-Construction of Estuary Dike in the Coastal Area

The purpose of this study is the assessment of changes in the leisure patterns of users of the Eulsook-do before and after the estuary dike construction. The following survey research method was conducted to implement the study, sampling by age was carried out selectively and randomly alike. A total of 319 persons were chosen for final analysis, excluding questionnaires answered found to be inappropriate. To measure the image of the lower Nakdong River around the Eulsook-do, with advice sought from experts, researchers, through several pilot tests, developed a 24-item semantic differential scale(SDS) that has two bi-polar adjectives at each end Study of the pre- and post- construction images of the Eulsook-do located on the coast of Busan suggests the dike construction has brought about negative changes in the Eulsook-do's overall image. There can be two alternatives for improving the negative image: restoration and development.

중등학교 체육교사와 일반교사의 여가행태와 직무태도와의 관계

The present study examined the relationship between leisure pattern and job attitude of middle and high school physical education teachers and non-physical education teachers. In this study, a total of 195 middle and high school teachers were surveyed ; 75 physical education teachers, 120 non-physical education teachers. The data collected from the survey were analyzed using simple regression analysis and multiple regression analysis with SPSS to reveal how leisure pattern, leisure attitude, and abilities to use leisure effect leisure satisfaction and how leisure pattern effect job satisfaction. The results of the analyses are as follows ; 1) In the effect of the abilities to use leisure on leisure satisfaction, the analyses revealed that most of the teachers` abilities to use leisure have an effect on leisure satisfaction, regardless of gender and major. 2) In the effect of the leisure patterns (leisure attitude, abilities to use leisure, leisure satisfaction, leisure tiredness) on job satisfaction, the analyses revealed that abilities to use leisure have an effect on job satisfaction in non-physical education teachers and leisure tiredness have an effect on it in physical education teachers.

Leaving Home, Attending College, Partnership and Parenthood: The Role of Life Transition Events in Leisure Pattern Stability From Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Few researchers have examined the role that life transition events play in the maintenance of or change in leisure behaviors across the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. This study examines the role that leaving home, going to college, having a committed partner, and becoming a parent played in intraindividual change and stability in leisure patterns. The data were from the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions (MSALT), and were collected during the final year of high school and 3 years following high school. Results suggest that transition events are particularly useful in predicting female leisure pattern stability or change; going to college and leaving home were generally predictive of the maintenance of a stable leisure pattern, while becoming a partner and becoming a parent were predictive of change. For males, the most useful predictor of stability or change was leaving home. However, the nature of the relation of the transition events to pattern stability or change depended on the type of initial leisure pattern.

Leisure Behavior Pattern Stability During the Transition from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Leisure is an important context in which human development occurs. Changes in leisure behavior patterns may indicate changing developmental needs or reflect contextual changes that impact leisure behavior. The transition from adolescence to young adulthood provides an excellent opportunity for the study of the stability of leisure behavior as individuals' contexts are changed with the adoption of adult roles and the potential for disruption of leisure patterns exists. Previous studies investigating leisure and the transition from adolescence to young adulthood have tended to be cross-sectional and focus on specific leisure behaviors rather than identifying patterns of leisure behavior. The present study involved a longitudinal investigation of leisure behavior patterns over a three-year period during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood, and determined the nature of leisure pattern stability and instability during this period. In general, leisure pattern stability was the most common pathway into young adulthood. The patterns of leisure behavior and the nature of the changes that occurred with the transition from adolescence to young adulthood differed to some degree for males and females, although similarities in patterns and transitions were also found.

Women’s Physical Activity Patterns: Nursing Implications

To develop a method of categorizing patterns of physical activity by describing the frequency, intensity, and duration of women's activities. A 24-cell quota sample stratified by four occupations, two races, and three age groups. Ten employment sites. One hundred seventy-six women, ages 35-65 years, who worked 20 or more hours per week at their job, were not currently using hormone replacement therapy, not pregnant, and did not have a hysterectomy before the age of 53. An interviewer and self-administered, retrospective occupational, household, and leisure physical activity questionnaire covering the previous 12 months and lifelong activity. Five patterns of household and leisure physical activity were identified: vigorous, continuous, cumulative, occasional, and inactive. Participation in the vigorous pattern was low, but 34% followed a continuous pattern of leisure activity and 75% followed a continuous pattern of household activity. The number of weekly work hours did not affect the household or leisure pattern. Women may be able to obtain the recommended levels of physical activity from a combination of occupational, household, and leisure activities. Nursing recommendations should guide women to increase their regular leisure physical activity and/or accumulate sessions of moderate-intensity activity by aerobically enhancing daily activities in which they already participate.

The Benefits of Personality-Leisure Congruence: Evidence and Implications

It is widely recognized that leisure participation has a beneficial effect on satisfaction, psychological well-being and health (Coleman, 1993; Coleman & Iso-Ahola, 1993; Schreyer & Driver, 1989; Tinsley & Tinsley, 1986). Among the psychological aspects listed by many scholars as conducive to these positive outcomes are the opportunity for skills utilization, self expression and self actualization (Crandall, 1980; Kleiber & Rickards, 1985; Tinsley & Tinsley, 1986), need gratification (Iso-Ahola, 1984, 1989; Tinsley & Tinsley, 1986), freedom of choice (Iso-Ahola, 1984; Mannell, 1980), and an avenue to develop one's sense of competence, autonomy and self-determination (Coleman & Iso-Ahola, 1993; Iso-Ahola, 1980, 1989; Witt, Ellis & Niles, 1984).Yet, aside from the studies on need gratification (e.g., Lounsbury & Polik, 1992; Tinsley & Tinsley, 1986), insufficient attempts have been made to identify the optimal choice of leisure activities for a particular individual for meeting the above psychological aspects and producing positive outcomes. The tendency in recent years has moved from studying the beneficial effects of various leisure pursuits (such as tourism or mountaineering) towards identifying the forms of leisure participation that contribute more than others to well-being and health (Caldwell, Smith, & Weissinger, 1992; Ragheb, 1993). However, no systematic efforts have been made to further explore individual differences in benefit from different types of activities. As Van Langenhove (1992) correctly pointed out, the same leisure pattern could mean something completely different for different individuals. Thus, what is now needed is research that would elucidate what types of leisure activities cause or facilitate particular types of benefits, for what types of persons, and why (Schreyer & Driver, 1989). The present study is a step in this direction.This study was based on the assumption, common to several leisure research works (e.g., Blocher & Siegel, 1984), that leisure activity choices, like vocational choices, are an expression of the individual's personality. This assumption was tested in our earlier study (Melamed & Meir, 1981), which examined whether Holland's (1973) theory of vocational choice could be generalized to leisure activity choice. Central to Holland's theory was the assumption, similar to the theorized psychological aspects of leisure participation, that search for environments that will allow them to exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles (Holland, 1985a, p.4). We used Holland's typology to classify persons and their leisure activities into one of six occupational personality types [Realistic (R), Investigative (I), Artistic (A), Social (S), Enterprising (E), or Conventional (C)]. We found that Realistic persons tended to select realistic leisure activities, Investigative types tended to select investigative leisure activities, and so on. This supported the hypothesis that people tend to select leisure activities congruent with their personality type. This hypothesis was also confirmed in other studies (Cairo, 1979; Taylor, Kelso, Cox, Alloway, & Matthews, 1979; Varca & Shaffer, 1982). Varca and Shaffer (1982) demonstrated the stability of choice of leisure activity type over a nine-year period, which is in accord with the stability of leisure preferences found in other studies (e.g., Crawford, Godbey & Crouter, 1986).Our previous study (Melamed & Meir, 1981) included persons with congruent/incongruent occupations and congruent/incongruent leisure activities; this allowed testing some of the conceptually feasible functional relationships between work and leisure activities, namely, extension/spillover versus compensatory/complementary (Kabanoff, 1980; Parker, 1971; Staines, 1980; Wilensky, 1960). We found that persons in congruent occupations were vocationally satisfied and conceived their preferred leisure activities as an extension of the types of activities they do at work. …

Leisure Pattern in an Urban Middle Class in a Developing Society: A study of Guwahati city

Leisure Pattern in an Urban Middle Class in a Developing Society: A study of Guwahati city

SPORTS AND THE LEISURE LIVES OF CHINESE CITY DWELLERS

ABSTRACT Through the research on the assignment of leisure time of Chinese city dwellers in 1987, the following findings have been worked out: 1. The increase in the standard of living and in leisure time has resulted in new and varied patterns of leisure. 2. Watching TV, as a newly-born pattern of leisure, has entered most dwellers' leisure time. Like a catalyst, it has also promoted the establishment of another leisure pattern, i.e. the development of sports in China. 3. As time goes by, the position of sports will become more and more important in the city dwellers' leisure time. This tendency will probably speed up the development of more recreative and entertaining sports items in China.

Stress and the Leisure Needs and Activities of Different Occupations

This study examined the association between stress and the leisure needs and activities of four occupational groups: professional, managerial, clerical, and trades. It was found that stress was associated with passive/recuperative leisure needs and activities among managerial employees. Professionals also showed evidence of a correlation between stress and leisure needs and activities which revealed a partly recuperative, partly active-compensatory leisure pattern. Among clerical and trades employees there was little association between stress and leisure. Occupational differences in the sources and effects of stress, and differences in coping patterns need to be explained.

The Sports Scene and the Pop Scene: A Comparative Structural-Functional Analysis

This paper intends to explore parellels between two expressions of popular culture: spectator sport and popular music. Emphasis is put on the analysis of the socio-cultural functions of both popular phenomena. It is argued that the appeal of the sports scene and the pop scene for Western society is related to the fact that both manifestations have specific mythological, ideological, ritual, play and escape functions as well as aesthetical functions. Both the sports scene and the pop scene can be seen as important elements of the socialization process of young people. The exploration of the socio-cultural functions of the sports scene and the pop scene is preceded by a structural analysis of the two social subsystems. It was also revealed that both products of popular culture are consumed on a large scale and that they play a functional role in the leisure pattern, especially in the leisure hchavior of youth.

Validation of a task attributes description of leisure

A central problem in the area of leisure research is the measurement and description of this diverse sphere of activity. One solution to the problem is to profile people's leisure pattern in terms of a number of psychologically significant, task based attributes derived from an analysis of people's leisure activities. The present study sought to provide some evidence for the validity of this task based approach. The leisure patterns of 132 first year university students were described along five task dimensions - influence, variety, pressure, skill utilization and interaction. It was hypothesized that these leisure attributes would be significantly and differentially correlated with a number of personality measures including extroversion, affiliation, dominance, need for control, achievement, harm avoidance, endurance, locus of control, cognitive structure and change. These hypotheses were substantially supported. Both frequency and importance of participation information did not, in most cases, increase the size of the correlation between personality and leisure attributes. Personality and leisure attributes were slightly correlated also with leisure satisfaction. It was concluded that a task based description of leisure allows the identification of some significant variations in leisure patterns.

Interest in Education Among Adults With Short Previous Formal Schooling

The participation rate in adult education in Sweden by people with short previous formal education is not as high as desired. To better understand why this group of people does not par ticipate in adult studies one has to analyze their actual life situation, where the work role and the leisure role stand out as most important. The expectancy/valence theory was applied to the in terest in adult education by means of interviews with 1080 persons with nine or less years of for mal schooling. The results pointed to an integrated relationship between work and leisure. The interest in adult education for the present job was positively related to work satisfaction. The op posite relationship was found between interest in adult education for a new job and work satisfac tion. With respect to non-work-related adult education the educational interest exhibited a neutral relationship to work satisfaction. Educational interest was found to be a part of a leisure pattern already consisting of "cultural" activities and high organizational activity. The results in dicate that changes are necessary in working life in order to prepare people for a more enriching and stimulating leisure and that in order to reach new clients, programs must be based on values and attitudes of the potential participants.