Leguminous Cultures Research Articles

Paulownia as power culture

The interest for production of energy crops, which biomass may be used as renewable fuel have been grown in 70 years of last century after dramatically rising price of fossil fuels. The energy crops growing have been also stimulated by environmental factors and approval some International political initiatives, like White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan and The Kyoto protocol. After some decreasing, the area of energy crops in EU and North America countries are stabilized. In Ukraine in the last few years there is a gradual increase of part of energy consumption of biopropellant from 1.3 % in 2008 to 3.4 % in 2018 in the general energy consumption of country. As the most widespread energy cultures biomass of that is used as a biopropellant come forward willow, saccharine sorghum and miscanthus. However, the last years industrial plantations of power direction appeared the paulownias taken under growing. This arboreal culture is mainly presented by the artificially shown out hybrid of Paulownia Clone in of Vitro 112®. Paulownia it quickly grows tree that for today occupies the first places for speeds of increase bio the masses, the not demanding to the agrotechnics growing proof to illnesses and wreckers is suitable for recultivation of exhausted and useless for the conduct of traditional agriculture of soils. It is characterized a softwood that successfully can be used also in furniture industry, green mass has high maintenance of albumen confronted with leguminous cultures. Bio mass of paulownia is suitable for the production of bioethanol (it is possible to get a to 0.5 ton of ethanol from a 1 ton of dry wood) and fuel preforms and пелет (power value 4211.1 kkal/kg). Next to that, a paulownia is a melliferous culture from honey the productivity 700 kg/hectare of ecological honey, as during growing does not require chemical treatments. A paulownia can be useful to 20–50 years. After each the offcutss, that is conducted at any time year with an interval in 4–8, a tree grows. At the proper supervision in 7 it is possible to get a 240–350 m³ of quality wood from 1 hectare. Taking into account the features of growing and power descriptions bio the masses of paulownia her growing will be rational with the aim of receipt of high-energy bio mass and commercial timber, and also as a melliferous culture.

Inheritance of seed size by hybrid populations of pea (F1, F2)

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the ancient and valuable high-protein leguminous cultures in the world. Breeding of new high-yielding cultivars is the main reserve to increase production of pea seeds. At the present time, intraspecific hybridization has a great importance in selection of new cultivars of pea. However, consistent patterns of inheritance of a number of economically valuable traits by hybrids are still insufficiently investigated. The objective of this research work was to study inheritance of seed size (1000-kernel weight) by pea hybrids of the first and second filial generations (F1, F2). The crossing and back-crossing (reciprocal crossing) were conducted. In our experiments, the first filial generation hybrids (F1) had a lower 1000-kernel weight than the large-seeded parental cultivars. Herewith the large-seeded genotype of the female parental cultivar had more influence on displaying of this trait in hybrids than of the male parental cultivar. In the second filial generation hybrids (F2) showed intermediate inheritance of seed size. The results of our experiments attest high efficiency of seed size selection in segregating generations of hybrids, obtained from crosses between cultivars carrying genes of seed size.

ADAPTABILITI AND ECONOMIC BIOLOGICAL EVLUATION OF INTENSIVE VARIETIES OF GRAIN CROPS ON SOD _ PODZOLIC SOILS OF NON - BLACK EARTH REGION

The study of ecological adaptability of different economic and biological indicators of intensive varieties of grain and leguminous crops for use in feed grain-grass crop rotation is aimed at increasing the production of high-quality concentrated feed. Objects of research: intensive varieties of spring wheat, barley, lupine (yellow, narrow - leaved and white), peas (sowing and field-PELs) and soybeans. In 3 experiments 13 varieties of spring wheat, 7 varieties of spring barley and 16 varieties of 6 types of legumes were studied. It was found that the adaptability of spring wheat, barley and peas against the background of intensive technology on a set of indicators above other cultures. The main stressor wheat varieties in the experiments, the deficiency of moisture and heat in the initial period of the growing season, spring barley - diseases (rust, leaf spot) pea pests (pea moth), Lupin, weeds and diseases, soy - sensitivity, lack of heat, weeds and disease.. On intensive soil fertility varieties of spring wheat «Lyubava», «Kamenka», «Madam», «Zlata» and «Rook» shaped grain crop at 7.3-8.0 t/ha, spring barley «Reliable» - 7.0 t/ha and peas «Before-100”-3,4 t/ha. the results of the comparison of the chemical composition and nutritional value of grain of different crops varieties have confirmed a special feeding value of soybean (14.5 and 15.3 MJ of energy; of 37.8-42.8 % of crude protein; The 17.8 was 23.0 crude fat in 1 kg DM), high contents of certain nutrients in the grain, other kinds: crude protein in yellow lupine (41,0 %) and white (of 37.3 and 39.9 %, respectively), starch - in cereals and peas (38,5 vs. 50.6 %), crude fiber - blue lupine (14,5-22,1 %), especially in determinantal varieties (of 20.9-22.1 per cent). Leguminous cultures were allocated by the greatest maintenance in grain of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and grain cultures - carrying out them with a crop. The grain of all kinds of lupine calcium content of the highest (3.8-5.5 g/kg), the lowest - in peas and wheat (0.8-1.1 g/kg BW).

Зародження знань про елементи органічного землеробства в Україні

It has been set that the origin of knowledge ont elements of organic agriculture on the territory of modern Ukraine was founded in time of neolith and was extended by an old agricultural trypillia culture. It has been defined that Trypillia inhabitants had applied three-field crop rotations of grain-pairs systems of agriculture, where grain-growing cereals and leguminous cultures were diversified and brought in organic fertilizers. With the development of organic agriculture for the additional entering of organic substance into soil grin manure cultures on a green fertilizer were grown and the straw of wheat for ploughing was used.

Gall midges Cecidomyidae (Diptera) common in Ukraine, their trophic connections and harmfulness

Information is given on the common cecidomyiidae phytophagous cultures in agricultural crops. The morphological signs, biological features of development, trophic bundles of gallstones are indicated. Characterization of the most harmful species is Mayetiola destructor Say, Sitodiplosis mosselana Gehin, Stenodiplosis panici Plotn., Contarinia tritici Kirby, C. Medicagine Kieffer, C. pisi Winnertz, C. pyrivora Riley, Dasineura floralis Maric., Dasineura mali Kieffer, D. pyri Bouche D. Obtain Rubs., D. ribis Barnes, D.plicatrix Loew., Thomasiniana oculiperla Rubs., T. ribis Marik., Lasioptera rubi Schrank. Covered periods of their development and harmfulness. Described are characteristic signs of damages by cerebellum corn and leguminous cultures, perennial legumes and fruit and berry plantations.

DETERMINATION OF TOXICITY OF CHOPPED MEAT-BASED SEMI-PRODUCTS IN VIVO

At solving the problem of protein deficiency, the great role of the raw material for its production is played by leguminous cultures such as peas, haricot beans, lupine, forage beans, lentil, chick-peas, peavine and other. The chemical composition and food value of proteins of these cultures are most close to animal proteins – of meat, fish and also milk. Among the essential quantity of vegetable raw material that contains protein (33 - 50 %), the special place is occupied by lupine, characterized as an important reserve of high-quality protein substances at the World congress in 1991 in the USA [1]. There were elaborated certain recipes of meat chopped semi-products, based on beef that contains 5 %, 10 %, 15 % of lupine flour and 0,5 % of elecampane root powder. There were carried out the studies on the determination of toxicity of functional raw material and cutlets with 10 % content of lupine flour and 0,5 % of elecampane on white mice organisms. There were used methods, based on toxic substances extraction from forages and peeled gains under condition of the intra-stomach administration and cutlets feed during 10 days. Blood was taken for hematological studies in mice, fed by functional cutlets. It was proved, that these products have no toxic influence on organisms. At the pathoanatomical dissection, any macroscopic changes in tissues were not revealed, blood hematological results are within norm. The best sample № 2 with 10 % content of lupine flour and 0,5 % of elecampane was determined by the gustatory method. It was determined, that functional meat chopped semi-product may be included in the ration for the sound, treating-prophylactic nutrition.

Symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in legumes as a genetic and selection trait

The results of long-term studies on the symbiogenetics and selection of leguminous cultures on the example of the Pisum sativum L. pea were summarized. Using the method of chemical and radiation mutagenesis, a collection of symbiotic mutants was created and genetically studied on different pea varieties. Two types of superand hypernodulating mutants were isolated from a large group of symbiotic mutants for selection purposes. Supernodulating mutants are recessive, while hypernodulating mutants are dominant. Hypernodulating mutants were isolated among the studied pea varieties (mainly among ancient varieties). However, the varieties differed sharply from each other by the degree of hypernodulation. The forms marked by recessive supernodulation genes (nod4) and dominant hypernodulation genes (Nod5) were selected for the development of the methods of selection for increasing nitrogen fixation. The recurrent method of using symbiotic mutants in the pea selection for increasing nitrogen fixation was developed. The best results were obtained when combining two sym-genes (the Nod5 dominant hypernodulation genes and the nod4 recessive supernodulation gene) in the same pea genotype. A series of recurrent lines simultaneously marked by these two genes were created. At present, these lines are used in selection as donors for increasing the nitrogen fixation at a good productivity. In addition, these are good precursors for subsequent cultures. A large number of root and bacterial biomass with increased nitrogen content is accumulated in the soil after harvesting such forms. This nitrogen is prolonged for several years, while mineral nitrogen is rapidly washed out by rain and snow. The endemic pea forms originating from different regions can be successfully used as the initial material in the selection for increasing the nitrogen fixation. The best results were obtained in the experiments with forms from Egypt and Syria. Estimation by nodulation and the activity of nitrogen fixation was carried out for seven varieties of three promising pea lines selected at the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Growing and Selection.

Effect of pre-treatment of seeds and foliar fertilizing on yield and seed quality of modern soy-bean varieties

Introduction . Deficiency of vegetable protein was and still is a major problem of global agriculture. It is known that one of the most realistic and effective ways to overcome this problem is to increase the production of high-protein crops, including soybean stands out. Alongside with the increase in acreage, becomes important the scientific study and improvement of technologies of growing soybean varieties that are aimed at increasing yields and seed quality in specific soil and climatic conditions. The purpose of researches was to study the influence of pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar fertilizing on the level of productivity and quality of soybean seed. Methodology of researches . Studies were conducted in 2010-2012 in a field crop rotation of the laboratory of growing technology of soybean and leguminous cultures of the Institute of Feeds and Agriculture of Podillya NAAS on gray forest soils of medium clay loam. Accounting of seed yield was performed by continuous collection and weighing of each plot. Chemical composition of seed was determined by the of biochemical research of plants (Ermolov V.V 1987) in the laboratory of zootechnical assessment of forages of the Institute of Feeds and Agriculture of Podillya NAAS. Content of crude protein in soybean seed was determined by the Kjeldahl method (Babich A.O. 1994), fat content was determined by fat-free residue using Soxhlet apparatus (Marymov D.I. 1978). Mathematical treatment of data was performed by method of the dispersion and correlation and regression analysis according to the Methods of field experience (Dospekhov B., 1985). Results . In the conditions of the right-bank Forest Steppe, the highest yield of soybean varieties: KyVin and Hutoryanochka, 2.94 - 3.05 t/ha was obtained by pre-treatment of seed with the inoculant Optimayz (2.8 l/t), micronutrient fertilizers TENSO Cocktail (100g /t), protectant Vitavaks 200 FF (2.5 l/t) and holding of two foliar feedings with water soluble fertilizer, chelate based Kropmaks (0.5 l/ha) in the phases of budding and the formation of beans on the background of the main mineral fertilization N45P60K60. At the same variant is marked the maximum content of crude protein in seeds of soybean variety Hutoryanochka 40.5%, variety KyVin 40.3%. Conclusion . Pre-sowing seed treatment of soybean with the inoculant Optimayz, micronutrient fertilizer TENSO Cocktail and protectant Vitavaks 200FF and holding of two foliar feedings with water-soluble fertilizer on chelate base Kropmaks in phases of budding and formation of beans contribute not only to the formation of high-yield seed at the level of 3.05 t / ha in variety Hutoryanochka - 2.94 t / ha, in variety KyVin - 40.3%, but significant improvement in seed quality.

Биоэнергетическая оценка новых льняных короткоротационных севооборотов в агроландшафтах Новгородской области

Приведены результаты исследований по возделыванию льна-долгунца сорта Ленок на семена и волокно на дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой почве в короткоротационных севооборотах с занятыми и сидеральными парами, насыщенностью бобовыми культурами 20; 40 %. Наибольшая продуктивность сельскохозяйственных культур за ротацию и урожайность льнопродукции получена в севообороте с занятым клеверотимофеечным паром двух лет пользования.

Proteinase Inhibitors as Antistress Proteins in Higher Plants

Physicochemical and functional characteristics of plant protein proteinase inhibitors as antistress biopolymers were studied to determine the mechanisms for plant resistance to phytopathogens and to obtain disease-resistant cereal and leguminous cultures. The activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin inhibitors varied in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous cultures. Study varieties of leguminous and cereal cultures were shown to contain endogenous inhibitors specific to proteinases of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Helminthosporium, and Botrytis. These inhibitors were characterized by species specificity and variety specificity. Protease inhibitors from buckwheat seeds inhibited proteases of fungal pathogens and suppressed germination of spores and growth of the fungal mycelium. Our results suggest that proteinaceous inhibitors of proteinases are involved in the protective reaction of plants under stress conditions.

Notes on the current distribution and the ecology of wild golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

AbstractTwo expeditions were carried out during September 1997 and March 1999 to confirm the current existence of Mesocricetus auratus in northern Syria. Six females and seven males were caught at different sites near Aleppo. One female was pregnant and gave birth to six pups. Altogether, 30 burrows were mapped and the structures of 23 golden hamster burrows investigated. None of the inhabited burrows contained more than one adult. Burrow depths ranged from 36 to 106 cm (mean 65 cm). Their structure was simple, consisting of a single vertical entrance (gravity pipe) that proceeded to a nesting chamber and at least one additional food chamber. The mean length of the entire gallery system measured 200 cm and could extend up to 900 cm. Most burrows were found on agricultural fields preferentially on leguminous cultures. The distribution of golden hamsters is discussed in association with historical data, soil types, geography, climate and human activities. All 19 golden hamsters were transferred to Germany and, together with three wild individuals supplied by the University of Aleppo, form a new breeding stock.