The agricultural sector of the Russian Federation is one of the priority and strategic areas of development, which receives special attention from the state, since it is not only the guarantor of our country’s food independence, but also a very significant export resource that replenishes the country’s budget. The article analyzes the dynamics of the efficiency of crop production in the Russian Federation, in particular the group of grain and leguminous crops, both in the country as a whole and in the context of federal districts. The dynamics of indicators of sown areas, yields, gross harvest, as well as production efficiency of agricultural enterprises operating in the crop production industry, not only on the scale of the Russian Federation, but also at the level of territorial-administrative entities of Russia - federal districts, have been studied.