Legume Samples Research Articles

Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 as Strong Cation-Exchange Sorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction of Atropine and Scopolamine in Gluten-Free Grains and Flours.

A novel method was developed and applied to the determination of the most representative tropane alkaloids (TAs), atropine and scopolamine, in gluten-free (GF) grains and flours by HPLC-MS/MS. Accordingly a suitable sample treatment procedure based on solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and followed by strong cation-exchange solid-phase extraction (SCX-SPE) was optimized. SBA-15 mesostructured silica functionalized with sulfonic acids was evaluated as sorbent. The proposed method was fully validated in sorghum flour showing good accuracy with recoveries in the range of 93–105%, good linearity (R2 > 0.999) and adequate precision (RSD < 20%). Low method quantification limits (MQL) were obtained (1.5 and 2.4 µg/kg for atropine and scopolamine, respectively) and no matrix effect was observed thanks to the extraction and clean-up protocol applied. The method was applied to 15 types of GF samples of pseudocereals (buckwheat, quinoa and amaranth), cereals (teff, corn and blue corn, sorghum and millet) and legumes (red and green lentil, chickpea and pea). Atropine was found above the MQL in eight of them, with values between 7 and 78 µg/kg, while scopolamine was only found in teff flour, its concentration being 28 µg/kg. The method developed is an interesting tool for determining TAs in a variety of samples of GF grains and flours.

Chemical and nutritional composition of some selected lesser known legumes indigenous to Nigeria

This study evaluated the nutritional composition of Nigeria's lesser known legumes namely African breadfruit (Treculia africana), African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) seed, bambaranut (Vigna subterranean L.), red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.), African oil bean (Pentaclethra mycrophylla Benth.) seed, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). The proximate composition, mineral content, fibre profile, fatty acid profile and amino acid compositions were evaluated using standard methods. The results showed that legume samples vary significantly (p < 0.05) in the chemical parameters evaluated. Groundnut, African oil bean seed and African breadfruit had significantly higher protein, carbohydrate, fat and ash contents than other legumes. Equally, groundnut, African oil bean and African breadfruit showed superiority in mineral and fibre abundance, while bambaranut had the lowest mineral and fibre contents. Linolenic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in all the legumes with values ranging from 38.78 – 84.57%. The percentage polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) for all the samples ranged from 40.15 – 48.97%. The total essential amino acids ranged from 24.11 – 66.67 mg/100 g. The range is considered adequate for ideal protein food. Therefore, lesser legumes evaluated can serve as alternative protein sources with good minerals, fibre, essential fatty and amino acids contents.

Investigation of aflatoxins level in some packaged and bulk legumes collected from Tehran market of Iran

ABSTRACT Aflatoxins are types of mycotoxins that can cause acute and chronic toxicity in human. In general, there are four types of aflatoxinsB1, B2, G1 and G2, which among them aflatoxin B1 is the most potent carcinogen in animal species and causes liver cancer. The goal of this study was to evaluate of aflatoxin concentration in legumes samples marketed in Tehranbya high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fifty samples of legumes including peas, red beans, lentils, mung bean and cotyledons (n = 10 of pea, n = 10 of red bean, n = 10 of lentils, n = 10 of mung bean and n = 10 of cotyledons) were obtained from different regions (bulk legumes) of Tehran city in Iran and different packaging brands that had the highest supply in Tehran stores and were transported to the laboratory under appropriate conditions to measure aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2 and total). Considering the limit of detection (LOD) of the current study, the aflatoxin level of all samples of peas, red beans, lentils, mung bean and cotyledons samples was lower than LOD. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the consumption of legumes in Tehran city by consumers can be safe, but more research is needed to avoid potential risks, and also routine and periodic monitoring of aflatoxin levels in legumes is recommended.

An Investigation on Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity of Under-utilized Food Legumes Consumed in China.

China is a major producer of various kinds of food legumes. Some of the under-utilized food legumes are consumed by the local society from different areas in China. The antioxidant capacity and phytochemical profile of these under-utilized food legumes haven’t been investigated until now. In this study, colorimetric and high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to explore the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical profile of 21 under-utilized food legumes. Different legumes under investigation exhibit a wide range of variations in their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and condensed tannins content (CTC). Among all the legume samples, the velvet bean from Hechi, Guangxi exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity while the white flat bean from Shangrao, Shanxi presented the least antioxidant capacity. Gallic acid was observed to be a major phenolic acid and its content in the velvet bean was significantly higher compared to the other legume samples explored in this study. The composition of flavonoids was different among all the legumes. Kaempferol was observed to be the most predominant flavonoid. The findings of this study will be beneficial for plant breeders, food scientists and consumers for the better selection of germplasm with a high level of phytochemicals that in turn possess maximum health benefits.

Determination of antioxidant migration levels from polyethylene films into legumes

Polyethylene packaging is a widely used packaging material in a wide range of foods such as bread, pulses, and meat products. These materials, which are produced in the form of small granules, are produced with different techniques depending on their usage area. Methods such as extrusion, blow molding and molding are the most frequently used of these production forms. As a result of some studies, it has been determined that some additives used during the production and called as masterbatch have a contact with food and they pass through food and beverages in this way. In this study, polyethylene samples containing 1000 ppm and 3000 ppm of Irganox 1010 (pentaerythritoltetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) and Irganox 1076 (octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) were prepared. Then, five different legume samples (rice, cracked wheat, corn, white beans, and chickpea) were sandwiched between two circular pieces of polyethylene films, with the contact layer facing the sample. Samples were stored at two different temperatures (4 ºC and 25 ºC) for 30 days. Migration quantities were determined using GC-MS and comparative evaluations were made. Migration amounts from polyethylene samples containing 1000 ppm Irganox 1010 at 4 °C are between 364-642 ppb, while migration amounts from polyethylene samples containing 1000 ppm Irganox 1010 are between 407 and 682 ppb. In these conditions, the highest migration was 682 ppb from 3000 ppm polyethylene to cracked wheat in 30 days, while the lowest migration was 364 ppb from 1000 ppm polyethylene to white beans in 10 days. Transitions from polyethylene samples containing 1000 ppm Irganox 1010 at 25 °C are in the range of 423 - 827 ppb, and the migration amounts from polyethylene samples of 3000 ppm are in the range of 512 - 848 ppb. In these conditions, the highest migration was 848 ppb from 3000 ppm polyethylene to cracked wheat in 30 days, while the lowest migration was 423 ppb from 1000 ppm polyethylene to white beans in 10 days.

Medicago truncatula root developmental changes by growth-promoting microbes isolated from Fabaceae, growing on organic farms, involve cell cycle changes and WOX5 gene expression.

Both root nodules and the rhizosphere of Fabaceae plants grown on organic farms are a rich source of bacteria, mainly from the families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. The enhanced root system growth in M. truncatula after inoculation with selected bacteria includes an increase of nuclei in the cell cycle S phase and a reduction in phase G2 as well as an enhanced expression of the WOX5 gene. Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are commonly used to improve plant quality and health. However, it is necessary to look for other efficient and also environmentally safe methods. One such method involves the use of bacteria known as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Seventy-two bacterial isolates from the rhizospheric soil and root nodule samples of legumes, including bean, alfalfa, lupine and barrel medic, grown on an organic farm in Western Pomerania (Poland) were screened for their growth-promoting capacities and 38 selected isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The analysis showed the isolates to represent 17 strains assigned to 6 families: Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Bacillaceae and Alcaligenaceae. Pot experiments showed that 13 strains, capable of producing indole compounds from tryptophan in vitro, could significantly enhance the root and shoot weight of 10-week-old Medicago truncatula seedlings. Compared to non-inoculated seedlings, the root system of inoculated ones was more branched; in addition, the root length, surface area and, especially, the root volume were higher. The 24-h root inoculation with the three selected strains increased the nuclei population in the G1 and S phases, decreased it in the G2 phase and enhanced the WUSCHEL-related Homeobox5 (WOX5) gene expression in root tips and lateral zones. The "arrest" of nuclei in the S phase and the enhancement of the WOX5 gene expression were observed to gradually disappear once the bacterial suspension was rinsed off the seedling roots and the roots were transferred to water for further growth. This study shows that the nodules and rhizosphere of legumes grown on organic farms are a rich source of different PGPB species and provides new data on the ability of these bacteria to interfere with cell cycle and gene expression during the root development.

Development of a rapid multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS stable isotope dilution analysis for grain legumes and its application on 66 market samples

Mycotoxin contamination is a well-known problem in grains, nuts, and oilseeds. Similarly, grain legumes (pulses) are affected by fungal infections and, consequently, the formation of mycotoxins as well. However, only little data on mycotoxin occurrence exists for this commodity and only few validated quantification methods for multi-mycotoxin analysis have been reported. In order to effectively assess contamination levels for grain legumes, a high performance liquid chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed, validated for the matrix soybean and tested with further grain legumes. The method implements a QuEChERS-like extraction and a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) to facilitate the quantification of nine different mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin). In a non-representative market sample screening, 66 samples of dry grain legumes from the Dutch and the German market were measured. Incidentally, high levels of ochratoxin A were detected in white beans and green peas with 157 μg/kg and 49.4 μg/kg, respectively. In addition, T-2 toxin was detected in one black lentil sample. A multi-mycotoxin method as a tool for rapid collection of data on mycotoxin levels in grain legumes may proof valuable for evaluating exposure and fate of mycotoxins during the whole value-added (feed and food) chain.

Determination of niacin profiles in some animal and plant based foods by high performance liquid chromatography: association with healthy nutrition.

Vitamin B3 (niacin) is essential for all living cells and plays a central role in energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Vitamin B3, a water-soluble vitamin, is present in the form of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, a monocarboxylic acid derivative of pyridine. While nicotinic acid is commonly effective in lowering cholesterol levels, unlike nicotinic acid, nicotinamide is ineffective on lipids. Presence rates of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, which are the available forms of vitamin B3, are different for each food. However, the studies in the literature are generally based on the analysis of total amount of vitamin B3 in foods and the studies determining the profile of vitamin B3 in foods are limited. The aim of the study was to determine the vitamin B3 profiles of 10 kinds of animal based food and 10 different plant based food samples. In this study, 10 kinds of animal based food samples consisting of veal (veal steak fillet), chicken (breast), turkey meat (thigh), goat meat (leg, belly), lamb (leg, back, arm), mutton (belly), bovine meat (loin) and 10 different plant based food samples namely; barley, rye, wheat (bread), wheat (durum), oat, rice, dried pea, green lentil, red lentil and chickpea were studied by high performance liquid chromatography using post-column derivatization system. The presence rates of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide were determined in the meat samples as 30% and 70% and as 87% and 13% in the cereal and legume samples, respectively. Nicotinic acid levels were found in low amounts in the meat samples. The amounts of nicotinic acid in the cereal and legume samples were significantly higher than the meat samples. Consequently, the plant based foods such as cereals and legumes, with a ratio of 87% nicotinic acid presence, standout as the best source of nicotinic acid and encouraging regular intake of those cereals and legumes containing rich nicotinic acid would remove nicotinic acid deficiency in human.

Characterization of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in cereals and legumes from 19 Chinese provinces

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were added to the Stockholm Convention Annex A in May 2017. China is the largest producer of chlorinated paraffins (CPs). CPs in the environment can be transferred to foodstuffs directly and through bioaccumulation and then ingested by humans. Cereals and legumes are important components of Chinese diets, so the risks posed by CPs in cereals and legumes should be of concern. 1710 cereal samples and 1710 legume samples from 19 Chinese provinces were pooled by type and province (giving 19 pooled cereal and 19 pooled legume samples). The SCCP and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (MCCP) concentrations in the samples were determined by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). The mean SCCP concentrations in the cereal and legume samples were 343 and 328 ng g−1 wet weight (ww), respectively, and the mean MCCP concentrations were 213 and 184 ng g−1 ww, respectively. The dominant SCCP congener groups were C10Cl6–7 in cereals and C10Cl5–6 in legumes. The MCCP congener groups C14Cl6–7 were dominant in both cereals and legumes. The CP concentrations were higher in samples from eastern China than in samples from other regions. Risk assessments indicated that SCCPs and MCCPs in cereals and legumes do not pose strong risks to Chinese residents.

Arsenic and cadmium concentrations in legumes and cereals grown in the North Central Province, Sri Lanka and assessment of their health risk

BackgroundA total of 181 samples of cereals and legumes, including mustard, maize, finger millet, sesame, cowpea/black-eyed pea, Urad dal /split bean, foxtail millet, long bean and green gram from the North Central Province of Sri Lanka were analysed for arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) levels using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS).FindingsThe As and Cd level in each sample was not significantly different. The mean level was found to be 48.90 ± 34.63 μg/kg for As and 19.39 ± 9.508 μg/kg for Cd on weight basis.ConclusionNone of the foodstuffs studied contained As and Cd in levels exceeding the maximum permissible levels currently in force. Human health risk assessment of As and Cd in the foodstuffs was conducted and computed values indicated that there is no health risk due to consumption of the varieties studied. Nevertheless, the values, especially Total Hazard Quotient (THQ) emphasize the requirement of a comprehensive total diet study.

Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods.

In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 commonly consumed foods were purchased, prepared as consumed and pooled into 194 composite samples of cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, dairy, oils, beverages and miscellaneous. Those core foods were tested for mycotoxins and other fungal, bacterial and plant secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The highest aflatoxin concentrations were quantified in peanuts, peanut oil and maize. The mean concentration of the sum of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 (AFtot) in peanut samples (56.4 µg/kg) exceeded EU (4 µg/kg) and Codex (15 µg/kg) standards. The AFtot concentration (max: 246.0 µg/kg) was associated with seasonal and geographic patterns and comprised, on average, 80% AFB1, the most potent aflatoxin. Although ochratoxin A concentrations rarely exceeded existing Codex standards, it was detected in unregulated foods. One palm oil composite sample contained 98 different metabolites, including 35.4 µg/kg of ochratoxin A. In total, 164 different metabolites were detected, with unspecific metabolites like asperglaucide, cyclo(L-pro-L-val), cyclo (L-pro-L-tyr), flavoglaucin, emodin and tryptophol occurring in more than 50% of composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), sterigmatocystin (STC), ochratoxin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT) and many other secondary fungal metabolites are frequent co-contaminants in staple foods, such as maize and sorghum. Populations from North Cameroon and from Benin may, therefore, suffer chronic and simultaneous exposure to AFB1, FB1, STC, OTA and CIT, which are prevalent in their diet.

First Report of Cowpea Polero Virus 1 (CPPV1) Infecting Cowpea in Kenya

Cowpea is an important legume crop for nutritional security, livestock feed and source of income in Kenya. Cowpea yield in Kenya is very low and declining further due to high incidences of pests and diseases among other factors. Like other pathogens, viruses have continued to cause yield losses of up to 100% depending on the prevailing epidemiological factors. This study had sought to determine the distribution, prevalence and genetic diversity of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus (CPMMV) in western Kenya. Two surveys were conducted in the main legume growing areas of western Kenya. A total of 139 legume leafy samples were collected from 5 Counties; Bungoma, Nandi, Vihiga, Kakamega and Busia in June and October 2016. Collected samples were analyzed by Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS–ELISA) for detection CPMMV. ELISA was not carried out to test for CPPV1. Total RNA was extracted from the symptomatic leaf samples using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturers’ protocol. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) protocol proceeded. Assembled contigs were then subjected to a BLASTn search against the Genbank database. Phylogenetic analyses and comparisons were performed using MEGA X. Symptoms observed on legumes in the fields were mosaic, severe yellowing, chlorotic blotches and downward leaf curling. Some of the groundnut, cowpea and common bean samples collected in June and October tested CPMMV positive by DAS-ELISA. Legume samples of soybean, lablab, green grams, bambara nuts and legume weed collected tested negative for CPMMV. Results from Next Generation Sequencing technique revealed the presence of Cowpea Polero Virus 1 (CPPV1), the first full-length CPPV1 report and sequence to be reported in Eastern Africa. Phylogenetic analysis of VCP1 Kenyan isolate sequence revealed 98.27% similarity with that of Burkina faso isolate BE 167 (KY364846.1) (Palanga et al., 2017) and they clustered together. Kenyan isolate VCP1 and the Burkina faso BE 167 isolate are closely related. It is not clear if the spread of CPPV1 is through international trade from either country. Revelation of CPPV1 show that there could be more viruses affecting legume crops in the region whose identities are still unknown. There is need to conduct more diagnosis using NGS technique to detect more unknown but occurring viruses in the region. CPPV1 has been found infecting cowpea in Burkina faso, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of CPPV1 in Kenya.

Evaluation of radioactivity of cereals and legumes using a nuclear impact detector CN-85

The research aims to evaluate the radioactivity in elected samples of cereals and legume which are wide human consumption in Iraq using Nuclear Track Detectors (NTDs) model CN-85.The samples were prepared scientifically according to references in this field. After 150 days of exposure, the detector were collected and chemically treated according to scientific sources (etching chemical), nuclear effects have been calculated using the optical microscope.Radon (222Rn) concentration and uranium (238U) were calculated in unit Bq/m3 and (ppm), the results indicate that the highest concentration of radon and uranium was in yellow corn where the concentration of radon was 137.17×102 Bq/m3 and uranium concentration 2.63 (ppm). The lowest concentration of radon and uranium was in Oats, where the concentration of radon was 24.27×102 Bq/m3, and uranium concentration 0.466 (ppm), concentrations of other cereals and legumes varied between these two values. These different in radon and uranium concentrations due to different in geological nature of the different agricultural soils, and the different absorption of plant roots for certain elements present in the soil solution. These values for the concentration of radon and uranium for cereals and legumes are within the permitted globally and as issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Presence of mycotoxins in ready-to-eat food and subsequent risk assessment

A study on a set of ready-to-eat meals (n = 328) based on cereals, legumes, vegetables, fish and meat was carried out to determine the natural presence of twenty-seven mycotoxins by both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry in tandem (MS/MS) after QuEChERS extraction. The occurrence of mycotoxins was headed by cereal samples with 35% of samples contaminated by at least one mycotoxin followed by vegetables (32%), legumes (15%) and lastly, 9% of fish and meat samples were contaminated. DON was the most detected mycotoxin in vegetables, meat, fish and cereals with an incidence of 13% 18% 19% and 60%, respectively, and the highest mean levels were found in fish (1.19 μg/kg) and vegetable (1.53 μg/kg), respectively. The highest levels means were for HT-2 toxin ranging from 4.03 to 7.79 μg/kg, in cereal and legume samples respectively. In this last, HT-2 toxin was also the most prevalent (54%). In meat samples, OTA resulted with highest value with 8.09 μg/kg. Likewise, PCA analysis revealed a high correlation between the mycotoxins and the food groups analyzed. The findings indicate that there is no toxicological concern associated with exposure to mycotoxins for consumers as all levels were in accordance with the legislation.

Mineral and trace element content in legumes (lentils, chickpeas and beans): Bioaccesibility and probabilistic assessment of the dietary intake

Three samples of legumes widely consumed in Spain (lentils, beans and chickpeas) were selected in order to assess the total and bioaccessible content of trace elements. The influence of dietary components and the effect of processing on elements bioaccessibility were also evaluated. Raw lentils presented medium contents of 84, 34, 13, 9.1, 450 and 922 μg g−1 for Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca and Mg respectively. Raw chickpeas and beans presented the following contents, 45, 37, 26, 8.3, 828, 1176 μg g−1 and 45, 24, 12, 6.9, 977, 1166 μg g−1. Results showed that element total content decreased in cooked samples with respect to soaked ones, due to a solubilization of the inorganic elements into the water during cooking treatments at different rates. Thus, trace element concentrations differed, resulting in the following: lentils (10, 5.2, 1.8, 1.8, 219, 155 μg g-1); chickpeas (9.1, 7.2, 4.3, 2.9, 297, 273 μg g−1) and beans (11, 5, 2.1, 1.8, 312, 268 μg g−1). However, elements initially present are considerably more bioaccessible probably due to a destruction of some antinutritional components as a consequence of processing. Finally, according to a probabilistic assessment used to determine the contributions to Dietary References Intakes (DRI), legumes were proper sources of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn.

The Flexitarian Flip™ in university dining venues: Student and adult consumer acceptance of mixed dishes in which animal protein has been partially replaced with plant protein

There is a growing interest in the shift from meat-centric diets towards plant-based diets due to the negative impacts of meat production and consumption on public health and the environment. This research tested the Flexitarian Flip™ in a university dining venue context, by partially replacing meat with legumes in current Dining Services recipes. A two-part Central Location Test was conducted with a college student population sample (n = 118) in a University of California, Davis campus dining venue. This study was repeated at a later date with n = 110 adults ages 18–88 years. Acceptability measures were collected for two recipes (an Indian dish and a Latin American dish), two meat levels (high meat/low legume (HM) and low meat/high legume (LM)), and two spiciness levels (Regular and Spicy). The student and adult consumer populations had similar results, and preference segments were found for both. Overall, in the Latin American recipe, the HM samples had higher acceptability than the LM samples, and in the Indian recipe, the HM and LM had similar acceptability. The LM Spicy sample had the same acceptability as both the Regular and Spicy HM samples or higher, depending on the preference segment. Additionally, the higher level of trigeminal heat increased perceived flavor complexity. To achieve the highest consumer acceptability of plant-forward mixed dishes, a mixture of legumes and vegetables, rather than vegetables or legumes alone, is recommended as a partial replacement for meat, along with a trigeminal boost in the recipe to maintain perceived flavor complexity.

Lupine allergen detecting capability and cross-reactivity of related legumes by ELISA

Lupine belongs to the genus Lupinus and includes three species commonly consumed by humans. The Lupinus genus is closely related to other legumes, such as peanuts, soya, chickpeas, peas, lentils and beans. However, the consumption of lupine (and related legumes) can cause severe allergenic reactions. Therefore, reliable analytical detection methods are required for the analysis of food samples. In this study three commercially available ELISA test kits were analyzed for the detection capability of three common lupine species, as well as cross-reactivity to related legumes. All three ELISA test kits could detect the lupine species, though with different sensitivities. Cross-reactivity varied for the ELISA test kits and all showed some cross-reactivity to related legume samples analyzed.

Analysis of contamination of annual and perennial Leguminosae grasses with fungi using quantitative PCR

Significant components of feed are Leguminosae plants, which are often infected with phytopathogenic fungi. The method of quantitative PCR was used for analysis of the content of DNA of Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium fungi in 77 samples of 13 legume species harvested in 2015 in 5 regions of the European part of Russia. It has been established that the species of the legumes, the structure of their stems, the place and month of collection of samples effected on the quantity of fungal DNA in plants significantly. The samples Melilotus spp. accumulated the highest amounts of Alternaria DNA in comparison with other legumes. The samples of Lathyrus spp. and Trifolium spp. were the most contaminated with Cladosporium DNA. The highest amounts of Tri-Fusarium DNA were found in plants of Lathyrus spp. The prolongation of vegetation time of plants led to the increasing of contamination of the plants with Tri-Fusarium and Cladosporium fungi. The content of Alternaria DNA did not depend on the month of collection. The plants with the creeping stems contained on average 3 times more Cladosporium DNA than the plants with the erect stems. Perennial legumes contained an average of 11 times more Tri-Fusarium DNA, in compare with annual plants. The amount of Tri-Fusarium DNA in non-melliferous plants was 12 times higher than in melliferous grasses. The strong relationship between the contents of Alternaria DNA and Cladosporium DNA was revealed in all samples of legumes (r= +0.31, p &lt;0.05).

FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY CHARACTERIZATION AND CHEMOMETRIC EVALUATION OF LEGUMES EXTRACTED WITH DIFFERENT SOLVENTS

In this study, FT-IR spectroscopy was applied for rapid characterization and discrimination of commonly consumed legumes extracted by different solvents in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time. Dried soy bean, white bean, chickpea, red lentil, and pinto bean were extracted by water (W), ethanol (E), acetone/water (AW) and acetone/water/acetic acid (AA). The effect of each solvent on different legume extracts was demonstrated by identifying the functional groups using FT-IR spectroscopy at mid-infrared (mid-IR) range (4000-650 cm -1 ) and associated with the amount of total phenolics and other oxidation substrates in the extracts determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. PCA models with 2 principal components were constructed to discriminate the different legume extracts based on FT-IR spectra and total phenolic content (TPC). FT-IR spectra of each legume were quite different for different solvents but almost the same for the same solvent. Each legume extracts had significantly different TPC from each other extracted with the same or different solvents. The highest TPC was obtained by soybeans and pinto beans extracted with W or E and AW or AA, respectively. PCA analysis of FT-IR spectra and TPC provided clear discrimination between the legume samples extracted with different solvents.

Dietary element assessment of legumes originated from Tunceli province using different dissolving techniques

The objective of this study was to compare mineral contents of chickpeas and haricot bean using two different analytical digestion method including dry ashing and microwave digestion method. The levels of micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) and macronutrient minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K) in two different legumes, as chickpea ( Cicer arientinum L) and haricot bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) samples that are widely growing and consumed in Tunceli Province-Turkey were evaluated. The mineral composition of chickpea and haricot bean were determined by using FAAS after dissolving dry ashing and microwave digestion methods. In this way both the mineral composition of legume samples and the dissolving methods were compared. Results obtained from each group and each method was analyzed statistically using the SPSS statistic program. It was observed that in chickpea and haricot bean samples Ca, Cu and Zn concentrations using microwave digestion method were higher than dry ashing method (p<0.01).