Legitimate Products Research Articles

“To Brew a Prefabricated Medley of the Wreckage of All Groups”: The Russian Association of Proletarian Writers in the Federation of Associations of Soviet Writers

The Federation of Soviet Writers’ Associations (FOSP) is examined for the first time from the perspective of the sociology of the literary process. The traditional historical and literary question of who created the FOSP and why is replaced here by a more significant problem from the point of view of the literary process: why did the FOSP emerge in the conditions of competition on the market of literary production, who needed the FOSP most in the conditions of the market economy, and, finally, whether there was any prospect of the FOSP continuing to function after 1932. It is shown that the FOSP and its institutions, first and foremost the Federation publishing house, were the legitimate product of the NEP era and served the strategic goals of the Proletarian Union of Soviet Writers. Since the “genetic code” of the FOSP, like that of the Proletarian Association, belonged to the NEP era, the Federation had no chance of taking root in the economic and political conditions of the 1930s.

Unravelling the threat of contamination in elite sports: Exploring diverse sources impacting adverse analytical findings and the risk of inadvertent exposure to prohibited substances

In recent years, increasing concerns have emerged regarding athletes being exposed to various sources of contamination that could result in an adverse analytical finding (AAF), which is considered a positive doping test and may lead to the athlete's sanction. This review aims to examine the potential sources of contamination. Firstly, exogenous sources such as food, water, supplements, and medications will be described, along with endogenous sources, primarily arising from the athlete’s physiological condition via the biotransformation of Medications. Finally, other hypothetical contaminations arising from sample collection procedures, poor transport or storage, and laboratory conditions will be discussed. Despite some legislative efforts to regulate the production of food and supplements, contamination remains a significant concern in the context of anti-doping, necessitating athletes to stay vigilant against the risks of inadvertent uptake of illicit products. Increased knowledge of the potential sources of contamination is essential for all parties involved in the fight against doping, including athletes, support personnel, legitimate supplement product manufacturers, and the anti-doping and scientific community. Such insights can contribute to developing the most effective strategy for preventing contamination and, most importantly, reducing the risk of inadvertent AAFs.

Semaglutide, Testosterone and Sildenafil advertising on social media: The Normalisation of lifestyle enhancement drugs

Recently, there has been a sharp increase in advertising for the ‘prescription-only’ medicines semaglutide and testosterone on social media platforms in the UK, along with the ‘pharmacy medicine’ sexual enhancer Sildenafil. These promoted adverts appear to come from both legitimate clinics in the case of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and Sildenafil, and illicitly operating suppliers with the attempted appearance of legitimacy in the case of semaglutide. This commentary explores the extent to which the prevalent advertising of these lifestyle medicines on social media is normalising their use, and the potential harms associated with each.For testosterone / TRT, we consider the over-medicalisation of men's general wellbeing concerns and potential harms relating to dependency if use is promoted and encouraged beyond medical need, paralleling prior observations for the sexual enhancer sildenafil. This is followed by an exploration of harms relating to black market semaglutide supply on social media to individuals who are often unaware they are not accessing legitimate pharmaceutical product, including the dangers of product contamination and substitution, as well as uninformed use linked to a lack of information on safe dosages provided by suppliers. Following these discussions, this commentary examines the potential harm reduction impacts that direct to consumer (DTC) supply of prescription medicines could have, and considers how policy could encourage these beneficial effects without further normalising or encouraging drug use in otherwise healthy individuals. However, we also note the importance of tackling prevailing cultural pressures towards lifestyle drug use and the need to address these through education and similar policies.

Synthetic cannabinoid identification in cases associated with blue lotus and valerian root vaping products.

Synthetic cannabinoids emerged in the early 21st century and have continued to evolve and flourish to present day. Like other novel psychoactive substances (NPS), synthetic cannabinoids have been sold under the guise of legitimate products. Some examples include "potpourri," "incense," and herbal material. Between May 2020 and December 2023, the United States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Drug Chemistry Division (USACIL) received 29 seized drug cases mentioning "blue lotus" or "valerian root." In 90% of these cases, at least one exhibit contained one or more synthetic cannabinoids. During the same timeframe, the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Division of Forensic Toxicology received 65 toxicology cases that contained synthetic cannabinoids and/or their corresponding metabolites where case history mentioned "blue lotus." The most frequently observed synthetic cannabinoids between laboratories were 5F-MDMB-PICA, ADB-BUTINACA, and MDMB-4en-PINACA. Innocuous branding and marketing may deceive law enforcement, investigators, and healthcare providers into believing that the adverse effects of erratic behavior, sedation, slurred speech, and hallucinations are a result of toxicity from botanical extracts (e.g. apomorphine and nuciferine in blue lotus). Due to the dangerous nature of these NPS, synthetic cannabinoid screening is recommended for all cases where there is suspected use of vaping products suggested to contain "blue lotus" or "valerian root" as vendors continue to conceal the presence of these compounds.

Minerva Research Initiative

In response to a number of military failures in a rapidly changing war environment, the Department of Defense put forth major efforts to incorporate social science research into the US national defense strategy. Three such efforts—Project Camelot, Human Terrain Systems, and the Minerva Research Initiative—represent iterative Department of Defense efforts to better understand and change their organizational environment through legitimate academic knowledge production. Our investigation of these efforts demonstrates that when the Department of Defense wants specific information and has a difficult time obtaining it, it eventually finds a way to produce it, in this case by employing tactics similar to those employed by economic elites when they want to develop knowledge that will help them achieve their goals.

The potential of electrochemical sensors to unveil counterfeits: Xanax as a case study

The illicit drug market has been constantly evolving in the last decades, with a significant rise in counterfeit medicines posing serious public health risks. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) such as alprazolam (generally sold under the brand name Xanax), have particularly become the target of counterfeiting efforts due to their addictive nature and upsurge of unregulated designer BZDs. These counterfeit versions frequently resemble legitimate products but contain harmful adulterants or other potent illicit substances. Few methods have been developed to tackle counterfeit pills, usually limited to accurate and sophisticated laboratory equipment. This study explores the feasibility of combining electrochemical fingerprinting with data analysis to overcome the limitations of traditional methods. First, the electrochemical behavior of selected BZDs is studied, and analytical parameters such as pH are optimized. Then, the electroanalysis of common adulterants and illicit drugs is addressed and integrated into a user-friendly app, including a flowchart system. The proposed electrochemical strategy enables the detection of counterfeit Xanax by identifying the presence or absence of alprazolam. It also allows determination of the alprazolam content within a pill while meeting the fundamental requirements of the end users. This study represents an on-site methodology to address the growing challenges posed by BZDs, easily transferable to counterfeit medicines from other drug groups.

ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЯ ПРИВЛАСНЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ЦИФРОВОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО ПРОДУКТУ

General and specific characteristics of evolution of institutionalization of appropriation of informativelydigital intellectual product were severed. General characteristics of institutionalization of appropriation of informativelydigital intellectual product was found via the localization of economic processes in the set of the special objects, operations and procedures. Causes of disparity of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product for innovative development of national economics of Ukraine were found out. The criterion of "elements of context of appropriation" for classification of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was offered. The institutes of belonging and acquisition of informatively-digital intellectual product with an availability for government regulation of scales of reproduction of actors of corresponding appropriation were found out. Institutionalization of informatively-digital intellectual product in part of its acquisition was outlined as a result of formalization of: patterns of novelty and originality of intellectual product (in the cluster of creators), legal norms of legitimation of intellectual product (in the cluster of producers), procedures of comparison and estimation of legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product (in the cluster of entrepreneurs). Institutionalization of acquisition of informatively-digital intellectual product was outlined as the result of formalization of: patterns of novelty and originality of intellectual product (in the cluster of creators), legal norms of legitimation of intellectual product (in the cluster of producers), procedures of comparison and estimation of legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product (in the cluster of entrepreneurs). Institutionalization of interaction of actors of belonging of informatively-digital intellectual product was opened as the result of formalization of: rules of competitive approach in relation to consumer characteristics of intellectual product (in the cluster of creators), norms of standard of legitimate intellectual product (in the cluster of producers), rules of the systematic financing of modernization of legitimate intellectual product (in the cluster of entrepreneurs). Practical importance of the paper was represented in an availability for government regulation of scales of reproduction of actors of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product.

ПРИВЛАСНЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ЦИФРОВОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО ПРОДУКТУ: ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ІМПЛЕМЕНТАЦІЇ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ДОСВІДУ

The article was sanctified to research of European experience of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product. A variant of integration method was used for achieving of aim of the research. On the achievements of European experience of realization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was accented. The prospects of implementation of partial conditions of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product in France to realities of national economics of Ukraine were circumscribe. The analysis of international level of interaction of actors of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product in the spectrum of its elements, attributes and conditions was conducted. To research of specific of exteriorization of appropriation of informativelydigital intellectual product in France was spared the special attention. On the exert of appropriation mainly not own the created legitimate of informatively-digital of intellectual product in the conditions of intensifying of action of tendency of associating of small private ownership and its transforming at the largest into the economy of France was accented. The functional of appropriation not own the created legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product in the socio-economic clusters of its actors was detected. This functional in the system of equalizations was formalized. The means of diminishing of barriers of reproduction of appropriation of not own the created legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product in the socio-economic clusters of its actors were severed in next parts: government financial stimulus of development of knowledge in part of improvement of competence, skills and creation of "breach" of technologies (in the cluster of creators); patenting and licensing how the facts of "exhausting of rights" with domination of large appropriator above relatively of small (in the cluster of producers); government budgetary programs of stimulation of investment-innovative activity of private sector (in the cluster of mediatorsentrepreneurs). At the maximization of actualized of the belonging of intellectual product and minimization of latent of the belonging of intellectual product was proposed the formalizing of functional of appropriation not own the created legitimate intellectual product in foreshortening of European experience. Practical importance of the paper was represented in an availability for government regulation of use of European experience of development of local types of industrial activity in Ukraine, and also them scientific accompaniment.

ПРИВЛАСНЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ЦИФРОВОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО ПРОДУКТУ: МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article was sanctified to research of international experience of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product. On the achievements of foreign experience of realization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was accented. The prospects of implementation of partial conditions of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product from the European countries to realities of national economics of Ukraine were circumscribe. Analysis of evolution of product's of attribute of appropriation of intellectual product and specific of its deployment in the conditions of the Ancient World and in the epoch of European middle Ages was conducted. Significant differences in the evolution of such attribute of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product in the European countries in New and Newest times were shown. To research of specific of exteriorization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product in Germany was spared the special attention. Were found out the stages of fixing and legitimating of intellectual product, namely: symbol (to V of century), privileged (from V to ХVІІІ of century), legal (from ХVІІІ to ХІХ of century), sign-symbol (from the end ХІХ of century). On the exert of appropriation mainly not own the created legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product in the conditions of strengthening of tendency of transformation of large ownership in the largest at the Germany was accented. The functional of appropriation not own the created legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product was detected and formalized in the system of equalizations. The stimulus of the extended reproduction of actors of appropriation not own the created legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product were severed in next parts: the state-private partnership for subsidies to tuitions of skilled specialists, research-and-developments (in the cluster of creators); protecting of national inventions from the "unwanted copy" (in the cluster of producers); government stimulation by the subsidies of research-and-developments, and also structuring of relations between a bank and industry (in the cluster of mediators-entrepreneurs). Further researches must be directed on the search of prospects of implementation of partial conditions of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product from the European countries to realities of national economics of Ukraine. Practical importance of the paper was represented in an availability for government regulation of use of international experience of development of local types of industrial activity in Ukraine, and also them scientific accompaniment.

ІНФРАСТРУКТУРА ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПРИВЛАСНЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ЦИФРОВОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО ПРОДУКТУ: РОЗПОВСЮДЖЕННЯ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ ПОСЛУГ

The paper discusses of elements of infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informativelydigital intellectual product. Evolution of scientific fundamental and empiric developments of the infrastructure was exposed. The economic relations concerning intellectual services how condition of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was grounded in represented its scientific determinations. Authorial determination of content of infrastructure of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was offered. The infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was outlined how a result of barriers out of reproduction of actors of its appropriation. Was circumscribe the elements of infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product, namely: organizational rules (for the funds of assistance to crediting, associative consulting firms, association of resources of private business and state), normatively-legal laws (in relation to businessincubators, technological and scientifically-research parks), traditions and patterns of economics (centers of transfer of technologies, its commercialization and National organ of intellectual property). Delivery of intellectual services, what aimed to decreasing of transaction costs into the infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product, was exposed. Was found out the varieties of intellectual services, what assistance of extended reproduction of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product in the socio-economic clusters of his actors, namely: financing of researches, consulting, tuition and retraining of specialists (in the cluster of creators), unification of creation of intellectual product, saving and commercialization of legitimate intellectual product (in the cluster of producers), the transfer of technologies, support of the foreign patenting and assistance to commercialization of inventions (in the cluster of mediators-entrepreneurs). Further researches must be goal-seeking to the modeling of measures of regulation of functions of elements of infrastructure of institutionalization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product. Practical importance of the paper was represented in an availability for government regulation of development of local types of industrial activity in Ukraine with the high degree of scientific accompaniment on the newest technological basis.

Regulation and control of the use of Cannabis and Cannabidiol in „novel foods”

Cannabis sativa L. is a medicinal plant from family Cannabaceae with many pharmacological activities. The recent appearance of a number of cannabis products in the pharmaceutical market has led to increased requirements for regulation and quality control. The control of Cannabis sativa L. is subject to the Psychotropic Substances Convention, which includes the addictive psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and to the Narcotic Drugs Convention, which includes the illicit products: herbal and liquid cannabis, resin, extracts and tinctures of flowering or fruiting tops containing THC. Approved by the FDA for use in chemotherapy are Marinol caps. (THC) and Cesamet caps., containing the synthetic THC-derivative Nabilon. There is no harmonized European Union legislation on the use of cannabis and Cannabidiol (CBD), which antagonizes the THC-psychotropic effect. Legitimate products include seeds, oil, extracts, and seed tinctures of the industrial cannabis chemotype, containing primarily Cannabidiol and less than 0.2% THC. Sativex oral spray (THC/CBD = 1:1) is approved for muscle spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Cannabidiol was not used as a food ingredient in the European Union before 15.05.1997 and is a „novel food” according to Regulation 2015/2283. Flour; protein powder and cannabis seed oil are not „novel foods”. Cannabidiol as Epidiolex is FDA approved for epilepsy forms Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet.

E-cigarette use-associated lung injury (EVALI).

The prevalence of vaping has overtaken conventional cigarettes as the most frequent form of nicotine consumption among 15-24-year olds. There are currently a large number of both legitimate and illegitimate products and suppliers offering more than 8000 different flavors of vape on the market, whose additives are not tested, studied or regulated and whose safety and toxicity profile remains unknown. In vitro studies have demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of normal human bronchial epithelial cells after exposure to vapor from electronic vape devices.Short- and medium-term studies to date indicate that vapor-induced pulmonary lesions are the most serious and commonly reported side effect; such lesions include bilateral ground glass opacities in lung bases with subpleural preservation, bilateral infiltrates, pleural effusion, pneumomediastinum and nodular opacities. Cases of EVALI have been described in patients with daily exposure, as well as in users who reported having been exposed to these substances at least once a month. The most frequently inhaled substances are THC, flavored liquids of unknown content, and nicotine.The clinical manifestations of dyspnea and cough are the most frequent respiratory symptomatology, in addition to constitutional manifestations such as fever and chills, and gastrointestinal manifestations such as vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea. To these can be added the presence of tachypnea, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, hypoxia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and elevated ESR.

Forensic and Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Toxicological Analysis of Medical Drugs and Substances in Illegal Circulation in Ukraine

Recent years have witnessed a surge in the illegal circulation of medical drugs and substances in Ukraine, necessitating a comprehensive approach to their identification and analysis. This study delves into the forensic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and toxicological analyses of these substances, elucidating their origin, composition, and potential harm. Utilizing advanced chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, the research provides an in-depth profile of commonly abused drugs and substances, many of which are cleverly disguised under seemingly benign nomenclatures. Forensic examinations highlighted the sophistication of counterfeit techniques that mimic legitimate pharmaceutical products, posing significant health risks to unsuspecting consumers. The toxicological assessments underscored the severe health implications associated with consumption, from acute poisoning to long-term physiological complications. This paper sheds light on the intricate nexus of illegal drug trafficking in Ukraine, emphasizing the urgency for robust pharmaceutical regulation, advanced forensic capabilities, and public awareness campaigns. Through its interdisciplinary approach, this research underscores the critical need for collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals, law enforcement agencies, and policymakers to combat the escalating menace of illicit drugs and safeguard public health. Fatal cases due to poisoning by psychoactive substances of various classification and legal groups were systematized. Features of forensic and pharmaceutical, chemical and toxicological analysis were indicated. Attention was focused on the classification of means and substances according to the current legislation of Ukraine. The experience of the Department of Pharmacy of the Luhansk State Medical University in Rivne for the development of forensic and pharmaceutical, chemical and toxicological analysis in Ukraine was presented.

Opening the "Black Box" Underlying Barriers to the Use of Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Narrative Review.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are produced by resetting the epigenetic and transcriptional landscapes of somatic cells to express the endogenous pluripotency network and revert them back to an undifferentiated state. The reduced ethical concerns associated with iPSCs and their capacity for extensive self-renewal and differentiation make them an unparalleled resource for drug discovery, disease modeling, and novel therapies. Canines (c) share many human diseases and environmental exposures, making them a superior translational model for drug screening and investigating human pathologies compared to other mammals. However, well-defined protocols for legitimate ciPSC production are lacking. Problems during canine somatic cell reprogramming (SCR) yield putative ciPSCs with incomplete pluripotency, at very low efficiencies. Despite the value of ciPSCs, the molecular mechanisms underlying their unsuccessful production and how these may be addressed have not been fully elucidated. Factors, including cost, safety, and feasibility, may also limit the widespread clinical adoption of ciPSCs for treating canine disease. The purpose of this narrative review is to identify barriers to canine SCR on molecular and cellular levels, using comparative research to inform potential solutions to their use in both research and clinical contexts. Current research is opening new doors for the application of ciPSCs in regenerative medicine for the mutual benefit of veterinary and human medicine.

Which Enemy to Dance with? A New Role of Software Piracy in Influencing Antipiracy Strategies

This paper studies how software firms should determine their antipiracy efforts and product prices. There are two unique aspects of our model. First, antipiracy efforts have both a direct effect and a cross effect on software piracy. Second, we capture two types of competitions when piracy exists: one between a legitimate product and its pirated counterpart, and the other between two pirated products. We show that due to pirated products’ buffer effect not studied before, eliminating piracy does not necessarily mean higher profit for firms. This reveals an unexplored advantage of desktop software comparing with Software as a Service that can eliminate piracy. Direct and cross effects have different impacts on firms’ decisions and profits. Opposite to what one might expect, when a firm’s antipiracy effort becomes more effective in increasing the cost of pirating its own product but not its competitor’s product, the firm becomes worse off under certain conditions. By contrast, if the effort’s cross effect is higher, therefore increasing the cost of pirating its competitor’s product, a firm will always be better off. The managerial implication is that if a firm ignores the cross effect, it could under-invest in anti-piracy effort, causing its profit to suffer.

Words of Weather: A Glossary

Words of Weather: A Glossary

Developing an anti-counterfeit system using blockchain technology

Blockchain is an up-and-coming technology designed to ease the process of verifying legitimate products without the need of a centralized system. An example of a well-known technology using Blockchain is Bitcoin and Ethereum cryptocurrency. Blockchain technology will ensure that data residing within each block cannot be tampered with by anyone other than the owner. This paper uses Blockchain technology to develop a system where customers can validate a product legitimacy without the need of a corresponding merchant. This system will be able to be used by manufacturers and companies to ensure that their products will be harder to counterfeit, therefore they will gain more trust from customers. The Ethereum blockchain is used to build the proposed model that is capable of tracing every item's creation and transactions, ensuring the credibility of an item's genuineness. Our simulation results in an effective model and a cost analysis that shows that the model uses an average gas amount of 715,046.3 gwei.

Prevention of Fake Comments using web3

The volume of information on the internet is currently rising dramatically. Social media platforms/e-commerce market place is producing a lot of data, including reviews, comments, and opinions, every day. As there are a number of fake reviews should incorporate Spam detection to produce a genuine opinion. Fake reviews are growing problem in online shopping, and they have a significant impact on consumer’s decision-making. Many people today base their decisions when choosing a product or service on social media opinions. Because so many false or phoney evaluations have been written by businesses or individuals for a variety of reasons, detecting opinion spam is a difficult and time-consuming task. They produce fictitious reviews to deceive users or automated detection systems by elevating or degrading the reputations of their target products in order to elevate or lower them. In this article, we’ll regulate it by leveraging blockchain technology to make the review system more authentic by allowing only legitimate product purchasers to submit evaluations using their account credentials. We use the Ethereum blockchain to authenticate user credentials, and we only permit verified users to purchase things. Also, we only permit customers to leave reviews or comments on products, ensuring that the reviews are accurate.

Embracing equity and excellence while constructing science teacher identities in urban schools: Voices of new Teachers of Color

AbstractWe explored how new Teachers of Color grappled with equity and excellence as they were constructing science teacher identities while learning to teach in a teacher education program committed to equity, justice, and excellence, and eventually teaching in urban schools where inequities and injustices persist. The theoretical framing, compiled from various bodies of literature, weaved together what we consider as essential parts of teacher identity construction and provided a lens with which to examine how conceptions of equity and excellence that the study participants were constructing meshed with their multiple identities, considerations on legitimate knowledge production, and dialectical relationships with which they grappled. Using transcendental phenomenology, we learned from and with three Black and Latinx teachers and their narratives. The teachers intertwined similarly and differently their evolving conceptions of equity and excellence into their evolving science teacher identities as they engaged in forms of contentious local practice and reflected on their experiences as science Teachers of Color teaching predominately Students of Color. Their multiple identities were meshed with histories of larger institutions—science, schooling, and society—and together these were shaping their conceptions of equity and excellence. The intermingling of equity and excellence, which was guiding the curricular and instructional decisions they were making in their classrooms, was also linked to what they considered as legitimate knowledge production in science classes and what counted as knowledge that their students needed to know at different times. The various dilemmas defined by opposing poles with which they were grappling also functioned as scales on which their coordinated equity‐excellence unit of meaning was forming. Based on the study, we offer insights into practices that science teacher educators may consider as they prepare new teachers, and work with practicing teachers, to embrace and coordinate equity and excellence in their ever‐developing science teacher identities.

Co-producing the science\u2013policy interface: towards common but differentiated responsibilities

Formulating adequate responses to pressing socio-ecological challenges requires effective and legitimate knowledge production and use. The academic debate has gradually shifted from a linear model of science–policy relations towards co-productive alternatives. Yet, in practice, the linear model remains lingering. This paper uses a case study of a collaboration between a Dutch research institute and a ministerial department to examine how and why this linear model is so persistent. Our analysis shows the dominance of the linear model in this collaboration, while openings for a more co-productive relationship remain largely unexplored. Our findings illustrate that an important reason for this persistence of the linear model is the lack of a convincing and attractive alternative imaginary of science–policy practices, which defines clear roles and competencies for researchers as well as policy actors involved. We argue this is symptomatic of a wider tendency among both researchers and policy actors to construct science as an obligatory passage point towards policy. However, this tendency not only enables policy actors to offload their responsibility but also fails to capitalise on the opportunities offered by these practices to explicate the politics embedded in and foregrounded by knowledge production. Such an engagement with the politics of knowledge by experts as well as policymakers can encourage more effective and legitimate knowledge production and use.