Legitimate Power Research Articles

Andrey Zvyagintsev’s Leviathan: The Unbearable State of Nature

Leviathan by Andrey Zvyagintsev is a movie that depicts the world in a state of nature, with no prospects for creating a Hobbesian social contract. Set in the Russian peripheries, the film depicts a respected and caring family man who is gradually deprived of everything because of lack of political order with enforceable law and justice. The movie is a depiction of a contemporary “failed state”, equalized with the state of nature, where there is no legitimate power and violence remains the only tool to achieve goals both in private and public spheres. Religion consists of empty rituals that serve corrupt officials to maintain power. This world cannot last without innocent victims, scapegoats of the society, one of whom is the protagonist of the movie. This paper offers a legal and philosophical inquiry into the film, as it draws especially on the theory of the social contract proposed by Hobbes. It depicts a Russian town as a symbol of the state of nature as envisioned by Hobbes and describes the reasons why the social contract has not been made. According to Hobbes’s theory, in the state of nature concepts like justice and injustice do not convey any meaning; therefore, this paper investigates other: theological and anthropological concepts, to explore the meaning of Zvyagintsev’s Leviathan.

허먼 멜빌의 「베니토 세리노」의 유럽중심주의 담론과 서사적 해체

This paper examines how Amasa Delano’s limited thought-process is represented in Herman Melville"s novella, “Benito Cereno,” and how the novella ultimately deconstructs Delano’s misleading insight on the San Dominick by focusing on the narrativity and textuality of the novel. In “Benito Cereno,” Delano’s process of unearthing the mysterious past of the San Dominick and its elusive captain, Benito Cereno, entails a constant reading of signs and stories. However, by the end of the first section, we as readers realize that Delano’s speculations and suspicions were miscalculated, if not entirely wrong. By representing Delano’s thought process and its limitations, I argue that the novella serves as Melville’s reflexive criticism on Eurocentric discourse and its racist implications. While the first half of the novel tracks Delano’s (mis)reading, informed by Eurocentric discourses of history and race, the second half of the novel subversively deconstructs the legitimization of Eurocentric power by inviting the reader to participate in refiguring the plot. Here, I take cue from Paul Ricoeur’s theory of narrativity that puts emphasis on the reader in relation to fictional narratives. As the plot departs from Delano’s point of view and ventures into the deposition of the mutiny trial, the reader can reread, undermine, and question Delano’s reading. This experience, in turn, subverts the progression of narrativity, and creates the possibility of a multilayered, non-linear temporality that can further question the progress of Eurocentric modernity.

STUDY OF AUTONOMY OF WOMENS DECISION MAKING AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Women decision making is giving legitimate power or authority to perform the tasks. If women were free to take their own decisions, they would be able to participate in the planning and decision making task and contribute to the development programmes and activities individually. The process of freedom of decision making should start from our own home. Womens position in the household determines womens autonomy in the family. It is worth to examine whether she can decide about household matters like buying household assets and jewelleries, having access to money, having mobility to go to relatives house or getting health care facilities. Present study evaluates the perception of females with respect to their freedom of decision making at household front. This paper also explains how the freedom of decision making of females at household level is influenced by various other factors and their contribution in decision making freedom to the women. The present study was undertaken in the city of Ahmedabad city and it reflect various dimensions of women decision making at household level.

Constructing Solidarity in Belarusian Press during the Soviet Period

The results of a study of the discourse of solidarity in the Soviet Russian-language press of Belarus of the post-war period on the basis of the publications of the newspaper “Sovetskaya Belorussia” is presented in the article. The directions of solidarity in media discourse are determined depending on the inclusion of an object in the group of “friends” or “aliens”. Attention is paid to the construction of solidarity both in publications about the internal life of the country and in articles about the “Western” states and countries of the socialist camp. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the means of solidarity of the media audience in different historical periods, including during crises. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the objects for analysis are newspaper texts with a pragmatic goal-setting of constructing solidarity. The key words of the media discourse of solidarity of the Soviet period are revealed: lexemes with the meaning of compatibility; words labeling “friends” according to the class principle; units emphasizing the responsibility of a person for a joint business; vocabulary of the semantic groups “Struggle” and “Labour”. It has been proved that the solidarity constructed by the mass media was aimed at the awareness of the citizens of the country of their involvement in the common cause and common values, at the legitimization of political power and the formation of mutual understanding between members of society.

The Role of Top Management as a Moderator on Project Success during Project Life Cycle

The paper identifies the role of top management as a moderator during planning, monitoring, controlling, and evaluation phases for the success of a project. This study also discusses the novelties of the coordination between role of top management and legitimate power of project manager as significant impact on project performance and success during project life cycle phases. The instrument is adapted to measure planning, monitoring, controlling, evaluation, the role of project manager, project performance, project success, and the role of top management. Managers are targeted for data collection from the construction sector, education sector, and IT sector for the analysis. The findings show that coordination between variables as well as the role of a project manager is like a bridge between top management and other team members in four phases of project life cycle (planning, monitoring, controlling, and evaluation) for ultimate success. This study has a significant advantage for the organization and industries before implementing any project as it will be helpful for the top management to give authority and responsibility to the project managers while considering the scope of the project. For academia, this study helps to enhance the knowledge area of project management by introducing coordination management while discussing the other knowledge areas of project management. 
 Keywords: project planning, project monitoring, project controlling, project evaluation, role of project manager, project performance, project success.
 Jell Classification: H43; O22

PENGARUH KEWENANGAN SUPERVISOR TERHADAP RESPON AUDITOR DI LINGKUNGAN PERWAKILAN BADAN PENGAWASAN KEUANGAN DAN PEMBANGUNANPROVINSI PAPUA (Studi Pada Instalasi Farmasi Kabupaten Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Pegunungan Bintang)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of referent power variables, expert power,legitimate power, reward power, and coercive power as independent variables to performanceimprovement and impression management as dependent variables. This research has the purpose to answer the characteristic of exploratory, descriptive, explanation,and prediction research, using the survey method like questionnaire containing the question list thatwill be given to the respondent to be filled as purpose to get the information from the respondent.data processing using WarpPLS 5.0. The results of the study show that reference power, appreciation power, and coercive powerinfluence the improvement of performance and impression management, while expert power andlegitimate power have no effect on performance improvement and impression management.

Instruments and spaces of waste governance in Lebanon

This article examines local authorities’ capacity to stabilise waste governance and the political effects of this change in local public action. The analytical framework used belongs to the sociology of public-policy instruments and follows the policies that municipal authorities have put in place to deal with an urgent problem. The study focuses on Lebanon because of its ongoing and still-unresolved waste crisis, which has led to widespread protests. More specifically, it focuses on three municipalities outside or at the margins of the capital region – Saida, Zahle and Bikfaya – where different types of (technologically and/or politically) innovative solutions have been implemented. We document the development of municipal policies for managing solid waste by looking at contracts, financing, communication, urban planning, operating areas, and the environment. We examine the political effects of the stabilisation of these assemblages of governance instruments from the point of view of the legitimation of local power, the construction of a local or regional cooperation area, and the relations between local and central power. Our research draws on press analysis and interview surveys conducted in the relevant localities and with the authorities making these policies. Results show that policy choices depend very strongly on the type of local political networks and on the degree of urgency of decision-making temporalities.

Perspective of Imam Madzhab on Bughat Elements

The research objective in this article is to discuss the elements of the bughat radius according to Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal. The results showed that the elements of Jarimah Bughat were three actions which could show the act as an act of Jarimah Bughat. The three elements are acts of rebellion and not obeying the provisions of the Caliph, acts of rebellion carried out by prioritizing power, and having the goal of taking legitimate power.

Geographies of authority

We propose a geography that pluralizes the sites, practices and politics of authority. We defend an approach that tracks less perceptible forms of authority emerging through everyday micropolitics and experimental practices. In contrast to dominant definitions of authority as institutionalized legitimate power, we define authority as a relation of guidance emerging from recognition of inequalities in access to truth, experience or objectivity. Analysing four intersecting areas of authority (algorithmic, experiential, expert and participatory authority), we propose analyses grounded in political aesthetics that trace authority’s affective force, and its role in disclosing and contesting the common.

Schiller’s Demetrius Project: Questions of Legitimacy for the Twentieth Century

This essay explores the way in which Schiller problematizes power legitimation in his dramatic fragment Demetrius, and demonstrates how relevant this unfinished text was to early twentieth-century political thinking on legitimacy in Germany. This is not a matter of mere speculation: there is evidence, both direct and indirect, of the influence of Schiller, and in particular of his Demetrius, on three important intellectuals: Ferdinand Tönnies, Max Weber, and Carl Schmitt. Rather than discuss the reception of Schiller’s text by legal philosophers, this essay shows, via a close reading of the play, how Schiller’s theater around 1800 reveals the problematic nature of various aspects of power legitimation and how these emerged with particular force during the early twentieth century, when they intersected with the legal and political reflections of the time.

The Importance of Pancasila as a System and Source of Political Ethics in Indonesia

Ethics is the study of what is good and what is bad. Ethics consists of moral values that guide the life of a person or a group. Politics is an event, activity, or process that involves the government and society in a country in making policies, decisions, or distributing value (in the form of goods and services) to realize the welfare and survival of the community, nation and state. Pancasila is the basis of the state and the ideology of the nation. Value is an unreal quality because it does not exist for itself, value requires a bearer to exist. The values contained in Pancasila are the basis of a system of political ethics. Political ethics based on Pancasila is political ethics in accordance with the values contained in Pancasila. Pancasila as the basis of the political ethics system means that Pancasila is the unity of the precepts, where the Pancasila precepts are a source of political ethics that must always be colored and practiced in the political life of the Indonesian nation. Pancasila is a source of moral ethics, especially in relation to the legitimacy of power, law, and various policies in the implementation and administration of the State.

Психологическая теория государства Л.И. Петражицкого

According to L.I. Petrazhitsky, the doctrine of the state should be based on the method of introspection (self-observation), as only it allows us to study the emotional and intellectual processes of the human psyche that determine individual and mass behavior of people, including their association in unrelated independent social unions, that include the state. The author considers that the main feature of the state is the presence of power, which interpreted as an emotional projection of legal emotional and intellectual experiences of individuals. According to L.I. Petrazhitsky, the means of legitimation of state power is the unity of emotional experiences of subordinate subjects that form the peoples’ legal psyche. Under the state, L.I. Petrazhitsky means the power-political organization of an unrelated social group, which is an emotional projection of solidary imperative-attributive (legal) experiences of subordinate subjects in order to serve the Law. The significance of this concept lies in the formulation of the problem of the legitimacy of state power, the interpretation of everyday consciousness as a source of external authorities that often prevent the realization and the demonstration of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, the idea of the official nature of state power in relation to the Law.

ON THE AUTHORITY OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW

This research aims to evaluate the contours of the Authority of Transnational Law and its consequences from the globalization of law. At the time when the norm is a source for constitution and legitimacy of power, power is a source for the production and application of the norm. To this end, this text presents the interfaces of the classic precepts of categories such as legitimacy, territory, power and authority related to state normative production, in contrast to national and transnational demands. It was concluded that the Authority that presents itself to Transnational Law influences national Law from the outside, so that the basis of the authority’s support is not based on economic precepts, but on institutional and normative responsiveness to the emerging demands and pretensions. For the development of this research, the inductive method was used, operationalized by the techniques of operational concepts and bibliographic research.

FAILED STATES AND TILLY’S THEORY: A HISTORICAL REVISION OF FUNCTIONAL FAILURE IN THE AFGHAN CASE

Con il declinare delle necessitàdi sicurezza internazionale, il concetto di‘Stato Fallito’ è lentamente uscito dall’interessegenerale della politica internazionale e della ricercaaccademica. Ciònonostante, questa nozionepuò essere ancora rilevante se intesa comeespressione delle difficoltà nell’applicare la categoriadello stato occidentale in contesti non-Europei. A tal proposito, l’approccio storico hagiocato un ruolo chiave nel integrare un’analisilocale ad un’ idea generale quale è lo ‘Stato Fallito’.Questo articolo cerca di riunire in un’ analisistorica la dimensione generale e quellalocale di tale nozione ed in particolare della cosiddetta‘functional failure’- l’incapacità di unostato di soddisfare le funzioni di Sicurezza,Rappresentanza e Welfare. L’articolo romperàil termine functional failure nelle sue tre componentiprincipali e si concentrerà sulla funzionedi Welfare la quale verra integrata con lateoria del ‘warmaking-statemaking’ di Tilly.Quest’ultima verrà rielaborata in modo alternativoe successivamente paragonata con il processodi formazione dello stato afghano. Glielementi emersi verrano infine reintegrati nellateoria di Tilly per verificarne l’applicabilità generalein un contesto non Occidentale. Il lavorocercherà di dimostrare come e perchè in Afghanistanla funzione economica dello stato, al contrariodel percorso occidentale, si sia declinatain un realizzazione ibrida del modello di ‘rentierstate’. In secondo luogo, verrà consideratocome e perchè il modello economico europeosia concettualmente inadatto a diventare terminedi paragone generale per determinare ilfallimento o il successo di uno stato. Infine verrannoespresse alcune conclusioni sulla ricostruzionedell’economia afghana.

Power Bases and Power Tensions: A Critical Analysis of Education Inspection Policies and Practices in China

ABSTRACT This paper explores power bases and power tensions among education bureaux, inspection offices, and schools in China. The six bases of social power were applied as the analytical framework to scrutinize 13 policy documents and eight interviews with inspectors. The study uncovered three types of power tensions: education bureau’s informational power versus inspection office’s legitimate power, inspectors’ expert power versus referent power, and school’s expert power versus inspection office and education bureau’s legitimate power. China is developing a high-stakes accountability-based inspection system. Inspectors and schools are pressured to deliver prescribed educational goals. Education bureaux remains powerful in the power structure.

Introduction. Narratives from Xinjiang: social and political significance

ABSTRACT This special issue of ‘Voiced and Voiceless in Xinjiang’ explores the construction of historical and cultural narratives as a complex field of interaction between representatives of the state and minority elites in Chinese Central Asia, with a particular focus on the region known since 1955 as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). It shows how narratives, situated in their broader social, political and economic contexts, have been used in diverse ways by various actors to achieve diverse purposes, ranging from communal cohesion to the legitimation of power among different groups at different times. Having briefly introduced the main historical context (leading to ongoing crisis in Xinjiang) and the state of the field, this Introduction discusses some common themes of the issue, including the interdependence of grand/master narratives (grand récits) and small narratives (petits récits) and the mediating role of the local knowledge elite, before outlining the individual contributions.

Transcending Illegality in Kyrgyzstan: The Case of a Squatter Settlement in Bishkek

Governments are reluctant to acknowledge illegal settlements. Ak Jar is an illegal settlement on the outskirts of Bishkek. If the settlement were formally legalised, its residents would receive property documents as well as recognition and inclusion. They have thus developed strategies to achieve the legalisation of Ak Jar. Although the settlement is technically illegal, by behaving ‘legally’ (that is, following legal norms and practices), the residents and community leaders generate the appearance and even some of the effects of legality (such as, legitimate power supply, recognition by politicians). This creates a halfway space between ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ that moves the settlement away from ‘full’ illegality and closer to legalisation.

КАРНАВАЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ: МАСКИ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ВЛАСТИ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ

The purpose of the research is to present how the carnival element in the regional policy is associated with the legitimating of power. Also made of the current state of the regional political process in some constituent entities of the Russian Federation, characterized by a high degree of carnivalization. As a result, the importance of the practices of the regional elite, resorting to game forms of their own positioning. The legitimacy of the regional power to depend on festive discourse. A routine political process in the constituent entities of the Russia does not evoke public emotions that have a positive effect on the legitimation of power. The demand for the politics of spectacle is also present in municipal political practices in a very dangerous epoch of COVID-19. A social organism that needs emotions, as well as control, does not experience serious transformations. In society penchant for spectacle, as well as the political class in the production of carnival events, there are deep historical roots, as well as the cultural specificity of a particular region. The points out that in the regional political process one can increasingly see accents on festivals. So, the government solves two important problems: the first one is a public request for a show, it is resolved in conditions of a rather unpleasant and unpromising accumulation of negative for the authorities due to the deterioration of the socio-economic situation in general, the second one is the production of the play solves the issues of legitimation regional and municipal authorities.

The effect of supervisor's authority on auditor's response

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of referent power, expert power, legitimate power, reward power, and coercive power as independent variables on performance improvement and impression management as the dependent variable. This study aims to answer exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, and predictive research using a survey method in the form of a questionnaire containing a list of statements that will be given to respondents to be filled in to obtain information from respondents and data processing using the WarpPLS 5.0 application. The results showed that referent power, reward power, and coercive power affected performance improvement and impression management, while expert power and legitimate power did not affect performance improvement and impression management.

Легітимаційний потенціал сучасної політичної маніпуляції

The article examines the loss in modern realities of public opinion characteristics of integration, structural unity, ideological motivation. In the digital age, the concept of legitimacy acquires semantic dispersion, acquires connotations of curiosity, attractiveness, «media historicity», manufacturability, and so on. It is proved that in the conditions of a continuous environment of political manipulation no power team can deviate from such means in order not to lose competitive advantage. However, there is a question about measuring the effectiveness of political manipulation, its moral dimension and the social responsibility of manipulators. Reasonably, the democratic conditions of political competition determine the need for a certain style of image behavior, which comes from the ruling team and is aimed at maintaining a stable model of society. It is established that the political and technological means of implementing legitimation strategies involve the formation of a consistent image of power. In real conditions of political openness, this is subject to manipulation. The positive significance of normative-legal changes is revealed, which supports the image of the government as capable of controlled innovations. In such circumstances, political manipulation is a factor in giving positive meaning to the actions of existing centers of power. In the context of democratic transformation, the legitimation of power requires broad social reforms without cooperation with leading social groups in order to increase their welfare. It is noted that modern «manipulative ideology» is an eclecticism from different ideological traditions, aimed at convincing the broadest possible sections of citizens. It was found that each new regime in the conditions of political transformations forms a situation of a new start of democratic reforms (in particular, as it was in Ukraine in 2014 and 2019). It has been found that the means of misinformation, disorientation, the practice of silence, «post-truth» and «half-truth» are not just tools for persuading and creating a picture of the world. They embody the desire of the ruling group to gain control over society on a rational and technocratic basis. It is proved that the practices of persuasion, deception, use of individuals and groups as objects of influence are inferior to the means of displacing the most effective forms of media presentation of political opponents. Thus, the main means of manipulative legitimation of political power in the information-digital age and hyperbolization of political competition is to create an active context of positive and negative messages about power and regulate their balance.