Legitimacy Of Political System Research Articles

East Asian Civilization and the Problem of Region Making

The paper examines East Asia as regional civilization whose enduring characteristics emerged from long-term relations towards the Chinese model of a centralized state. The civilizational approach helps to understand the interrelation between different aspects of the region, such as politics, economy or culture. Chinese statehood relied on the principle of total power unrestricted by any norms of morality or laws and its neutralization by non-state institutions and informal networks. These two aspects helped to maintain a dynamic equilibrium of the political system and adapt it towards internal and external changes. The adoption of Chinese statehood came into contradiction with Korean and Japanese natural and social characteristics. This produced risks for the internal political legitimacy of political systems constructed according to the Chinese model in both countries. Necessity to preserve internal legitimacy encouraged external expansion of Imperial China and forced Korea and Japan to resist Sinocentric order but continue to adapt Chinese influence to local conditions. This contradiction defined reality of East Asian region during the traditional period, influenced its transition to modernity and remains relevant today.

The Role of Mass Media in Establishment of Political Endeavor

Realization of Political Endeavor requires playing the appropriate and optimal role by mass media in the field of communication and raising people’s political information level. As an independent variable, mass media have direct and undeniable impact on establishment of political endeavor (Institutionalism) as dependent variable. Direct and indirect role of mass media in institutionalism of political endeavor leads to national political correlation and spreading participative political culture. As messengers and interpreters of various dimensions and perspectives of political endeavor, mass media are considered as effective factor toward political convergence and integration within System of Islamic Republic of Iran. The culture- making effects of mass media may cause to reduce political dichotomy, discord, and gaps and to convert approach of political endeavor into a platform for political integration and correlation in the community. Mass media may convey concepts and idea of political endeavor to political and social body of the society. Software capability of mass media causes effectiveness, potential, and legitimacy of political system. The present research is mainly intended to study on role of mass media in establishment of political endeavor. Creation and development of political stability, prevention from inter-systemic crises and conflicts, improvement of political participation culture are some of cultural and political potentials of mass media. The main question of this investigation is: What impact do mass media exert on political endeavor? Research hypothesis denotes that mass media may play an effective role in political endeavor. The major objective of this study is the interpretation and description of the relationship between variables of mass media and political endeavor.

The Right to Political Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa

The effective realisation of the right to political participation is essential for the legitimacy of political systems and for enabling the people to shape, and assume responsibility for, their lives. Although the right to political participation is recognised in article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as in other international treaties, its realisation in practice is often partial, it depends on the extent to which numerous interrelated rights, such as those to freedom of expression, access to information and peaceful protest, have been secured. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa, this article examines the right to political participation as set out in national constitutions and in the instruments of the United Nations, the African Union and sub-regional bodies. It also considers the role of social media in this context. The article concludes by suggesting how this crucial right could be implemented more effectively in Africa.

Studying the Administrative Corruption Based on 3-Ramifications Analytical Model in the Pathology Theory and Suggesting Several Strategies for Controlling It (A Case Study: Administrations of Tehran Province)

Administrative corruption is largely influenced by economic, political, social, cultural, and judicial systems and also, it has negative impacts on the legitimacy of political systems and the performance of administrative systems. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to identify the causes of the emergence and the prevalence of administrative corruption and to provide appropriate strategies for controlling and restricting the scope of administrative corruption. Hence, this research is of descriptive-analytical type and it is based on data collected by field methods. It should be noted that consistency and validity of the questionnaire has been examined with Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis, respectively. Then, non-parametric tests including binomial test and Friedman test have been used for testing the hypothesis. Ultimately, the results of this study showed that there are several factors such as lack of professional conscience, lack of adherence to ethics in the society, the sense of economic inequality in government employees in comparison with those in the other sectors, complexity of laws, etc., have significant influence on the emergence of administrative corruption. Also, some other factors such as existence of an efficient financial control system, effective administrative control, establishing some independent agencies for resolving the administrative corruption, intensification of the penalties, depoliticizing the administrative system, and applying efficient regulations can be effective in controlling and preventing the administrative corruption.Keywords: Administrative Corruption, Controlling the Administrative Corruption, Pathology Theory, 3-Ramifications Analytical Model, Administrations of Tehran Province.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE “COLOR REVOLUTIONS” PHENOMENON

The article is devoted to theoretical questions of sociological analysis of problems connected with dismantling political regimes and change of ruling elites in contemporary states (both authoritative, and democratic type) by means of social and humanitarian technologies under the name “color revolutions”. Though the phenomenon of “color revolutions” has been in the center of attention of both domestic and foreign sociologists and political scientists for more than ten years, the uniform synthetic theory in this area has not been developed yet. “Velvet revolutions” in the socialist camp, “color revolutions” in the post Soviet Union area, events of “the Arab spring” and many other phenomena of the last three decades had more than once forced the academic community to reinterpret the subject of revolutions. The analysis shows that “color revolutions” represent social and humanitarian technologies which provide formation and regulation from the outside of protest the potential of the population in combination with political, economic and other non-military measures to influence interstate stability. Similar technologies are widely applied by the USA and their allies to those states in which they have strategic interests. Thus ultimate goals of “color revolutions” are to establish control over resource base of development of a certain society and to resolve own geopolitical tasks of weakening rival states. The author’s approach of the sociological analysis of the considered phenomenon is developed taking into account the features of modern technologies of delegitimization of power their accurate orientation against well before known weak points of a specific state. Therefore the article formulates a sociological concept of assessment of modern revolutionary potential in five spheres of functioning of society: economic, political, social, spiritual and military safety. In each of the listed spheres it is necessary to investigate the variables characterizing stability of functioning of basic social institutes of society. Proceeding from it, the level of vulnerability of society can be defined by the development of national economy, socio-political stability of society, features of valuable and standard system of national culture which determine the level and way of life of the population, the degree of legitimacy of political system in the view of wide social groups of population. In this context the modern sociological science has theoretical and sciencebased practical tools to gain objective knowledge of social reasons, dynamics, consequences and technologies of implementation of “color revolutions” in modern society to estimate their social risks for Russia.

Determining the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Iranian Legal System's Selection Policy in Response to Violent Crimes

In addition to being a social need, fighting against crime, has a political function and provides the acceptance and legitimacy of political systems. For this reason, the government’s policy of suppression, reduction and prevention of crime, concerns the public opinion. It is necessary that, the best and the most efficient way is selected to fight crime with the help of scientific technology. In the present article entitled “Determining the advantages and disadvantages of the legal system's selection policy in response to violent crime” we have been trying to serve the purpose of determining the advantages and disadvantages of the legal system's selection policy in response to violent crimes and explain the best way to fight against violent crimes, taking into account social needs, the analytical methods and the use of all library resources to answer the questions; what processes has the criminal policy of Iran regarded to prevent violent crimes? How has the Populist criminal policy been expressed in legislation of Iran? Finally, what are the results of the populist criminal policy? The results of the study show that the Populist criminal policy has always existed in the Iranian legal system, the example of which is seen in the law of intensification of punishments for the perpetrators of embezzlement, bribery and fraud.

Political teaching and socialization of youths in globalization age

Mainly, every governments and political systems for survivorship and self-preservation need political teaching and socialization of their people and specially youth. Indeed, transferring political thoughts, values and cultures from generation to generation retrenchments legitimacy of political system. Political socialization process is enormously depended to political culture of society and it is also under strongly influence of globalization phenomenon. In this research I will try, by theory and systematic attitude, to answer the question that; “phenomenon of globalization how can changed the process of political teaching and socialization of people and specially youth”. The results are that, globalization, in fact, by removing limitation of time and place, connecting subjective and objective world society with together, and creation new political actors, identity and culture in internal and external scopes has more role and influence on facilitate and change and reform of process and factors of political socialization and fixation or evolution of political system.

The democratic legitimacy of codecision

This contribution develops a framework for evaluating the legitimacy of codecision. It uses democratic theory to clarify the role of legislative procedures in securing the legitimacy of political systems. It shows how that role requires public control with political equality and public justification. It uses that standard to show how legislative agenda-setting, Council voting weights, European Parliament elections and seat apportionments, national parliamentary scrutiny, justificatory practices, and control of judicial and administrative rule-making all affect the legitimacy of codecision. Overall the contribution concludes that the legitimacy of codecision is part of a predicament that can only be managed, not solved.

Laboring in ''borderless'' world: The threat of globalization

This essay explores the meaning of ''globalization'' and places the current setting of the Mexico-U.S. border in historical context with reference to the process of ''globalization.'' It argues that if the current phase of capitalism merits the new label of ''globalization,'' it does so for reasons related to the new magnitude of corporate power. Transnational corporations have the power to undermine national sovereignty and the legitimacy of political systems even in the democratic republics of the West. The essay highlights aspects of the maquiladora industry in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, and the economy of El Paso, Texas, and suggests that the experience of this border region heralds changes in store for other regions of the United States and Western Europe: ''globalization'' is bringing about a convergence between the ''First'' and ''Third'' worlds.

Audacious reforms: institutional invention and democracy in Latin America

Audacious Reforms examines the creation of new political institutions in three Latin American countries: direct elections for governors and mayors in Venezuela, radical municipalization in Bolivia, and direct election of the mayor of Buenos Aires in Argentina. Diverging from the usual incremental processes of political change, these cases marked a significant departure from traditional centralized governments. Such audacious explains Merilee S. Grindle, reinvent the ways in which public problems are manifested and resolved, the ways in which political actors calculate the costs and benefits of their activities, and the ways in which social groups relate to the political process. Grindle considers three central questions: Why would rational politicians choose to give up power? What accounts for the selection of some institutions rather than others? And how does the introduction of new institutions alter the nature of political actions? The case studies of Venezuela, Bolivia, and Argentina demonstrate that institutional invention must be understood from theoretical perspectives that stretch beyond immediate concerns about electoral gains and political support building. Broader theoretical perspectives on the definition of nation and state, the nature of political contests, the legitimacy of political systems, and the role of elites all must be considered. While past conflicts are not erased by reforms, in the new order there is often greater potential for more responsible, accountable, and democratic government.