Legislative Style Research Articles

Studying the Association between Thinking Styles and Creativity among Students

Background: Developing thinking skills has been receiving considerable attention in educational systems. Students are taught how to use the power of thinking to live a better life. Understanding and utilizing ways of thinking as a preferred approach of reasoning, assessment, and judgment in different aspects of life seem to be influential. This paper aims to study the relationship between viewpoints and creativity in students of Torbat Heidariyeh University of Medical Sciences in 2015.Methods: Sternberg Wagner Thinking Styles Inventory and Abedi Creativity Questionnaire were used to collect the data among students. 13 styles of thinking were studied. Data was analyzed by SPSS20. P<0.05 considered significant.Findings: The mean score of students’ creativity was 97.88±19.17. The highest (24.96±2.43) and lowest (14.11±1.16) mean score belonged to anarchic and legislative styles of thinking respectively. Our findings indicate that local (r=-0.176) and conservative (r=-0.701) forms of thinking are negatively related to creativity. In addition, legislative (r=0.512), global (r=0.634), liberal(r=0.653), hierarchical (r=0.181), anarchic (r=0.356), internal (r=0.198), and external (r=0.189) styles of thinking were positively related to creativity. With respect to legislative (r=0.045), judicial (r=0.23), conservative (r=0.009), and external (r=0.001) styles, no significant difference was observed between male and female students.Conclusion: It is imperative to pay considerable attention to thinking styles and their influence on students’ creativity. As thinking styles are teachable, the hope is that those styles of thinking that create active learning and facilitate creativity in students be taught to learners and teachers.Keywords: creativity, thinking styles, students

The Relationship between Thinking Style and Philosophical Thinking with Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Staff of Isfahan Province’s Youth and Sport Offices

The purpose of present study was to investigate relationship between thinking style and philosophical thinking with organizational citizenship behavior in staff of Isfahan province’s youth and sport offices. The survey statistical sample was all staff of Isfahan province’s youth and sport offices (N=395) from which 196 were selected based on Kedges and Morgan table by random classification method. To evaluate organizational citizenship behavior variable Padsakov and colleagues questionnaire (1990) including 25 questions in 5 groups was used, to evaluate thinking style variable Sternberg and Wegner questionnaire (1992) including 15 questions in three groups and to evaluate philosophical thinking Standard Philosophical Mind Questionnaire (PMQ) including 60 questions in three groups was used. Results of study showed that there is a meaningful relationship between two dimensions of executive style, judgment style and total scores of thinking style variable and organizational citizenship behavior variable. Though, this relation was not meaningful for legislative style group. There was also a significant relationship between all dimensions of philosophical mind and organizational citizenship behavior variable.

초등 수학영재와 일반학생의 사고양식 및 수학적 능력 구성 요소

본 연구의 목적은 영재의 사고양식 및 수학적 능력의 특성을 밝혀 영재의 특성을 고려한 프로그램 개발에 이바지하고자 하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 초등학교 수학영재교육 대상자와 일반학생을 대상으로 사고양식과 수학적 능력의 구성 요소를 분석하고, 두 변인간의 상호관련성을 탐색하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 수학영재교육대상자가 일반학생에 비해 입법형, 사법형, 위계형, 전체형, 부분형 내부지향형, 자유형의 사고양식이 높을 뿐만 아니라 계산력, 추론 능력, 가역성, 일반화, 공간, 기억력의 수학적 능력 또한 수학영재교육대상자가 일반학생보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 회기분석 결과, 사고양식과 수학적 능력 간에는 어느 정도 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between thinking styles and the components of mathematical ability of elementary math gifted children. The results of this study were as follows: First, there were differences in thinking styles: The gifted students prefer legislative, judical, hierarchic, global, internal and liberal thinking styles. General students prefer oligarchic and conservative thinking styles. Second, there were differences in components of mathematical ability: The gifted students scored high in all sections. And if when they scored high in one section, then they most likely scored high in the other sections as well. But the spacial related lowly to the generalization and memorization. There is no significant relationship between memorization and calculation Third, there was a correlation between thinking styles and components of mathematical ability: Some thinking styles were related to components of mathematical ability. In functions of thinking styles, legislative style have higher effect on calculation. And executive, judical styles related negatively to the inference ability. In forms of thinking styles monarchic style had higher effect on space ability, hierarchic style had higher effect on calculation. Monarchic, hierarchic styles related negatively to inference ability. In level of thinking styles global, local styles have higher effect on calculation. Local styles related negatively to the inference ability. In the scope of thinking styles, internal style had a higher effect on generalization, and external style had a higher effect on calculation. And there is no significant relationship leaning of thinking styles.

Thinking Styles and Creativity Preferences in Nursing

This article describes a study using a descriptive approach of cross-sectional correlation to explore the association between thinking styles and creativity in a group of nursing professionals and students. A thinking style is a characteristic way of thinking. The hypothesis was that the most creative subjects would present thinking styles that enhance and express their creativity. De la Torre and Violant (2006) argue that creativity is not only a personal value, insofar as it recognizes and stimulates the transforming potential of the individual, but is also an educational value because it generates abilities and attitudes toward improvement. The study results show that a legislative thinking style encourages innovation and creativity and should be encouraged both during education and training and in the professional domain.

When Are Women More Effective Lawmakers Than Men?

Previous scholarship has demonstrated that female lawmakers differ from their male counterparts by engaging more fully in consensus‐building activities. We argue that this behavioral difference does not serve women equally well in all institutional settings. Contentious and partisan activities of male lawmakers may help them outperform women when in a polarized majority party. However, in the minority party, while men may choose to obstruct and delay, women continue to strive to build coalitions and bring about new policies. We find strong evidence that minority party women in the U.S. House of Representatives are better able to keep their sponsored bills alive through later stages of the legislative process than are minority party men, across the 93rd–110thCongresses (1973–2008). The opposite is true for majority party women, however, who counterbalance this lack of later success by introducing more legislation. Moreover, while the legislative style of minority party women has served them well consistently across the past four decades, majority party women have become less effective as Congress has become more polarized.

Legislative style and judicial discretion: The case of guardianship law

The criteria for appointment of a guardian, and the powers that the guardian will be given depend upon how a particular political entity balances respect for the individual's right to autonomy on the one hand, against society's desire to protect those who cannot manage their own affairs, on the other. In recent decades, the balance has tipped from concern about protection to concern about autonomy. This shift, in turn, has resulted in an evolution in the linguistic style of the laws enacted. This article examines many different guardianship statutes from around the United States, demonstrating that subtle linguistic maneuvers in the style of drafting affects the degree of discretion given to decision makers. Using advances in the psychology of concepts and categories, the article demonstrates the descriptive inadequacy of the classical distinction of rules versus standards in legislative drafting, and adds prototype-based laws and laws dependent upon enriched mental models to types of laws that legislators employ. The goal of the article is to build a self-conscious awareness of the tools available to policy-makers in their efforts to hone legislation in this important area of mental health law.

The Relationship Between Teachers’ Thinking Styles And Girl Students’ Spiritual Intelligence (SI) In Tehran’s High Schools

The main goal of this study is to examine the relationship between teachers’ thinking styles and girl students’ Spiritual Intelligence (SI) in Tehran’s high schools. The population included all 155859 students and 12571 teachers in Tehran’s girl high schools. According to “Morgan table” 384 students and 375 teachers were selected using cluster random sampling method. Research tools were two standardized questionnaires: Emren & Demir’s (2007) Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire and Sternberg’s thinking style inventory. Their validity indexes were evaluated by Mehrjou (2009). The reliability of the instruments was also calculated using Alpha Cronbach as 0.89 and 0.81 respectively. The research results revealed that teachers used a high level of executive and legislative thinking styles and a medium use of judicial style. There was also a negative relationship between executive style and problem solving. There was no meaningful relationship between executive thinking style and self-awareness consciousness, being holistic and grace. A negative relationship between legislative style and grace was also observed. However, there wasn’t a meaningful relation between this thinking style and problem solving. However, no positive relationship between this thinking style and grace was observed. Keywords - thinking styles, executive, legislative, judicial thinking, spiritual intelligence

An experimental comparison of the flexibility in the use of thinking styles in traditional and hypermedia learning environments

The objective of the instructional experiment was to examine if the use of thinking styles is flexible in traditional and hypermedia learning environments, and if a hypermedia learning environment possesses obvious advantages than a traditional environment in adapting to students with different thinking styles. The participant university students from Shanghai, P.R. China took the General Psychology course taught by one psychology teacher. One hundred and seven science students and one hundred and thirty-one social science students were assigned into traditional and hypermedia instructional groups, respectively. The results indicated that the use of the hierarchical, executive, conservative, and monarchic styles was increased, while the use of the local style was decreased due to the traditional instructional environment. The use of the judicial and liberal styles was increased, while the use of the legislative style was weakened due to the hypermedia environment. Moreover, significant effects of discipline differences in the use of particular thinking styles were found in the traditional instructional environment. Specifically, within the context of traditional learning environments, the use of the hierarchical style increased among the science students, while the use of the local style decreased among the social science students. The study did not support the view that a hypermedia learning environment is clearly better than a traditional environment in accommodating students with different thinking styles. Implications for learning and teaching are discussed.

Gelotophobia and Thinking Styles in Sternberg's Theory

A hypothesis was examined, that gelotophobia (the fear of being laughed at) was negatively related to Type I thinking styles and positively related to Type II thinking styles as defined in Sternberg's theory of mental self-government. 431 university students (250 women, 181 men; M age = 20.4 yr., SD = 1.2) completed self-report measures of gelotophobia (GELOPH <15>) and thinking styles (Thinking Styles Inventory-Revised). Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. The results indicated that gelotophobia was negatively and significantly related to four Type I thinking styles (legislative, judicial, liberal, and hierarchical thinking styles) and a Type III thinking style (external), while it was positively and significantly related to a Type II thinking style (conservative). Thinking styles uniquely explained 18% of the total variance in gelotophobia scores. Possible interventions from the perspective of thinking styles in the treatment of gelotophobia were discussed.

과학영재들의 사고양식과 자기조절학습능력 및 과학탐구능력간의 관계 분석

This study examined the thinking styles of scientifically gifted students on the basis of Sternberg`s theory of mental self-government, and the relationship between thinking styles and self-regulated learning ability of the students and their scientific inquiry ability by the different types of thinking styles. 110 middle school students who belonging to the university science-gifted education center participated in this study. 13 thinking styles were postulated that fall along 5 dimensions which are functions, forms, levels, scopes and leanings of the mental self-government. Scientifically gifted students responded to the Thinking Style Inventory (TSI) that standardized Korean version, Self-regulated Ability Inventory and Test of Science Inquiry Skills Inventory (TSIS). The results indicated that scientifically gifted students prefer legislative, liberal, external, hierarchical and judical thinking styles, rather than conservative style. This result also showed that subscales of thinking styles were significantly correlated with self-regulated learning ability and scientific inquiry ability. The legislative style, hierarchical style, local style and liberal style were significant predictors of self-regulation learning ability. The legislative style was significant predictor, whereas oligarchic style was negative predictor of scientific inquiry ability. The results of k-means clustering analysis and MANOVA showed that the self-regulated learning ability and scientific inquiry ability were significantly correlated with the pattern and level of thinking style.

Multilingual Legislation in the European Union. EU and National Legislative-Language Styles and Terminology

EU law is multilingual and multi-cultural. It is initially drafted in one language, now frequently English, often by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages. Amendments may be proposed that are drafted in a different language. The result is a single multilingual text created in 23 language versions that are authentic within the context of the EU legal order. These circumstances have led EU legal language to develop its own terminology and legislative style as a separate genre.&#x0D; One question is to identify different national cultural drafting styles and traditions that lie behind the creation of EU legislative texts and terminology. The Member State traditions vary, yet they merge in the EU legislative texts. In order to assist in the understanding of EU legislative texts, it is useful to reflect on how they are constructed and the features and requirements lying behind their creation, interpretation and transposition.&#x0D; One approach is to consider a specific piece of EU text in a range of languages and consider how the text is reproduced in each language in terms of structure and terminology. Since the original draft is frequently made by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages, which are bound by the structure of the base version, we obtain little information from it about divergent national linguistic and legislative methods. However, if the EU text is a directive which is transposed into national law, we should be able also to look at the national implementing legislation intended to implement the directive. The implementing texts are produced within the national legal context and, one assumes, aim at similar results, as laid down by the directive. Thus it could be expected that they should provide vehicles for study between the national systems and between each national system and the EU legal order. The paper explores these ideas to see where they lead.

Styles of Legislation and Their Effects

This paper discusses legislative styles, a hitherto understudied aspect of legislation. Style is defined as at the way legislation is composed. Three components are indicative for style of legislation and these are the wording and phraseology (general use of language, definitions, terminology, etc.), the structure (physical structure of the parts and elements, ways of referencing, relation and hierarchy between legislative documents, etc.) and the legal-cultural identity (constitutional context, legal system, legal family – e.g. common law or civil law – tradition, pedigree) of legislative texts. On the basis of a survey different styles of legislation from countries within and outside the EU are compared and assessed. The paper argues that style of legislation does matter as regards the overall accessibility, compliance, implementability and interpretation of legislation as well as the correspondence between domestic and EU or international legislation, especially when it comes down to the implementation or transposition thereof. Style – so it is argued – also determines the chances of transferability of legislative solutions.

Descriptive Representation and Latino Interest Bill Sponsorship in Congress*

Objective. This article examines dynamics related to the sponsorship of Latino interest bills in Congress. I focus particularly on the influence of Latino representatives. Methods. I employ an original data set that includes all bills sponsored during the 109th Congress (2005–2006) and use negative binomial and standard OLS regression techniques to test hypotheses that Latino representatives are more active sponsors of Latino interest bills than non-Latino representatives. Results. Findings demonstrate that both the size of Latino constituencies in congressional districts and descriptive representation significantly and positively predict Latino interest bill sponsorship. Descriptive representation appears particularly influential regarding sponsorship of bills that deal with Latino concerns explicitly. Conclusion. The analysis establishes that descriptive representation enhances the substantive representation of Latinos in bill sponsorship. An important aspect of this phenomenon is a legislative style on the part of Latino representatives that more openly, actively, and specifically embraces the interests of Latino constituencies in policy proposals.

Shifts in the language of law: reading the registers of official-language statutes

This article examines a striking shift in the style and register of recent official-languages legislation in three Anglophone jurisdictions: Canada, Ireland, and South Africa. The discourse of certain key Canadian and South African statutes is shown to be very different from the traditional language of the law, whereas the recent Irish legislation reveals no such stylistic shift, nor is the “new discourse” maintained in subsequent and related Canadian or South African statutes. It is argued that the motivation for the stylistic shift in the Canadian Charter and South African Constitution, away from traditional legal register toward greater transparency, while undoubtedly consistent with a broader movement toward “Plain English” in legal language, also specifically reflects the impact of the Human Rights Revolution (here described as the “Great Values Shift”).

Statuti e cartae libertatum di emanazione signorile nella Toscana dei secoli XIII e XIV

- The historiography on rural statutes in medieval Italy has so far paid scant attention to stautory texts of seigneurial origin; these sources, however, contain important information on the residual authority of local landlords and on village communities between the 13th and 14th centuries. This contribution dwells on the style of local legislation in the Tuscan area and points out differences between documents issued by lay and ecclesiastical landlords. Whenever possible, these are compared to urban statutes.Parole chiave: Medioevo; Toscana; Signoria; statuti; comunitÀ rurali.Key words: Middle Ages; Tuscany, Seigneuries; Statutes; Rural Communities.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THINKING STYLES AND LEVEL OF EXTERNALITY: A STUDY Of TURKISH FEMALE PRESCHOOL STUDENT TEACHERS

The relationship between thinking styles and level of externality is examined in this study in which 108 female preschool student teachers at Marmara University participated. The participants responded to the Thinking Style Inventory (TSI; Sternberg &amp; Wagner, 1992) based on Sternberg's theory of mental self-government and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (RIELS; Rotter, 1966). The results revealed a close correspondence between thinking styles and level of externality. The findings showed that level of externality is negatively associated with legislative, judicial, hierarchic, global, and liberal thinking styles. The implications are discussed in detail.

The Scots Statute Style and Substance

New or renewed legislatures afford opportunities for reassessing old legislatures, and introducing new and improved forms of legislative composition. Thus the North American experience, derived from the breakaway Colonies, came down heavily against referential legislation, the Australian and New Zealand experience implemented many Benthamite reforms ahead of the Old Country, and the tabula rasa afforded generally by Colonial and Commonwealth legislation at first enabled, and eventually enforced on its parent legislature, an explicit and consistently adhered to system of textual amendment. In view of the opportunities afforded by Scottish Devolution, what innovations may we expect of the new Scottish statute? Thanks to the earlier work of Coode, to the continuing surveillance of the Statute Law Society, to the committed enthusiasm of parliamentary counsel such as Driedger, Dale, and Bennion, and especially to the seminal work of linguistic analysts such as Plowden, Mellinkoff, Frye, and Bowers, new theories, practices, forms, and precedents abound as never before for statute law. Nevertheless, there are also questions of tradition, culture, and national identity at issue-especially for a restored or reborn legislature such as the present Scottish Parliament. This paper examines some of the issues, both in terms of legislative style and legislative substance, which pertain to the new Scottish statute.

On Legislative Style and Structure

On Legislative Style and Structure

Black faces in the mirror: African Americans and their representatives in the U.S. Congress

List of Figures and Tables vii Preface and Acknowledgments ix I. Introduction 1 Chapter 1. The Puzzle of Representation 3 II. Black Members of Congress 23 Chapter 2. Black Members of Congress 25 Chapter 3. The Elections of Blacks to Congress 51 III. Representing Black Interests 71 Chapter 4. Legislative Styles and Voting Records 73 Chapter 5. Symbols and Substance 96 IV. The View from Black Constituents 111 Chapter 6. Blacks' Evaluations of House Members: Does Race Matter? 113 Chapter 7. Descriptive Representation and Black Political Empowerment 132 Chapter 8. Descriptive Representation and Trust in Government 143 V. Conclusion 153 Chapter 9. The Future of Black Faces in the U.S. Congress 155 Appendix A. The 1996 National Black Election Study 171 Appendix B. List of Black Members of the U.S. Congress 183 Notes 197 References 199 Index 207

The Problem of Quality in EU Legislation: What on Earth is Really Wrong?

Despite the recent qualms about the obviously bad quality of EU legislative texts, in the past the quality and style of legislation at the EU level was treated as an irrelevance by EU legislators and legal commentators alike. This was mainly due to the fact that, especially with reference to Directives, the main aim of EU drafters has been to achieve the actual passing of new legislation agreed by all or most of the fifteen Member States whose difference in interests and legal systems rendered the procedure of passing legislation at the EU level a rather lengthy and painful sequence of sensitive compromises. After all, EU law has often been considered a droit diplomatique. In this already difficult process concerns on the quality or style of the text produced was viewed, and possibly not without basis, a mere luxury. However, a combination of two events changed this attitude. First, the introduction of detailed legislation on an increasing number of fields of law created extensive rights and obligations addressed and enjoyed by individuals. EU natural and legal persons are increasingly being called to comply with complex EU legislation affecting a huge chunk of their lives and ranging from equal employment rights to sex equality and from the determination of technical standards for products sold within the EU to the accountancy obligations of EU companies. Second, the introduction and further development of the direct effects principle signified that most EU legislative texts -even Directivesare applicable within Member States even if they are not transposed into national law. This, by definition, demanded EU legislative texts which can be easily interpreted and smoothly applied by national courts even when the EU text is the only source of relevant law available to national judges. Moreover, while this was taking place at the individual level, Member States were finding the task of transposing the large number of Single Market measures into their national laws rather difficult to cope with. At the same time, as Jean-Claude Piris, the Director-General of the Council Legal Service, the institutions themselves found the task of passing accessible