Legislative Requirements Research Articles

PRIVATE-LAW APPROACH TO THE DEFINITION OF THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY

Within the framework of the presented work, the concept of the military-industrial complex is studied from the perspective of the theory of investment law, current investment legislation and special regulatory requirements related to this area. In the doctrine of Russian jurisprudence, there are opposing points of view regarding the definition of the military-industrial complex. Some authors reduce it exclusively to the fulfillment of the state defence order, which is neither a correct formulation, since the state defence order is an integral part of the military-industrial complex, nor its entire component. Other researchers, on the contrary, interpret the military-industrial complex too broadly and include the Russian Ministry of Defence and its institutions, military units, etc. The article concludes that the military-industrial complex has special distinctive (qualifying) features in certain aspects of its private law regulation.

Spatial predictors of landowners' engagement in the restoration of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Abstract Forest restoration can potentially contribute to multiple global sustainable development goals. Yet, little is known about the factors associated with local actors' choice to engage in restoration, limiting the development of effective scaling strategies. Our study examines the spatial socio‐ecological factors associated with landowners' engagement in forest restoration, documented by the Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact in Brazil. We draw on Diffusion of Innovations theory to model associations between forest restoration and explanatory variables among 222,000 private properties in the Atlantic Forest. Properties with the highest cattle densities were 163.9% more likely to be restored (95% CI: 131.1%–201.3%) than those with the lowest. Large properties had a 120.0% higher restoration probability (95% CI: 90.9%–153.5%) than medium ones. Compared to reference levels, associations between forest cover (in 2010) and restoration probability were ambiguous, but properties with greater forest loss (1990–2010) were 9.0% less likely to be restored (95% CI: −12.5% to −5.3%). Properties with water bodies were 22.2% more likely to be restored (95% CI: 8.9%–37.1%), while upland properties were 46.6% less likely (95% CI: 32.3%–57.8%), and those with the highest ruggedness 22.2% less likely (95% CI: 12.4%–30.9%). Longer travel times to urban areas reduced restoration likelihood by 48.3% (95% CI: 39.7%–55.8%). Properties in the highest road distance quantile were 11.1% more likely to be restored (95% CI: 0.1%–23.2%). High forest management levels reduced restoration likelihood by 52.6% (95% CI: 15.5%–73.6%), while densely populated areas increased it by 53.8% (95% CI: 35.6%–74.4%). Properties in wealthier municipalities were more likely to be restored (54.7%, 95% CI 10.8%–116.4%). Landowners' decision‐making appears responsive to legislative requirements (on minimum forest cover and afforestation around waterbodies), underscoring their value for promoting restoration. Commercial landowners might have greater incentives to restore or be selectively targeted by restoration organisations, risking the marginalisation of smallholders in poorer areas from restoration agendas. Engagement with forest restoration is highest where there are more people and lower travel times to cities, suggesting restoration can potentially deliver ecological benefits in some of Brazil's most degraded landscapes. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Legal regulation of scientific and technical cooperation of the Russian Federation and the member states of the CIS and EAEU in the fuel and energy sectors on problems of rational use of nature, ecology and environmental protection

Issues of legal regulation in order to ensure environmental safety, rational use of natural resources, and their protection are relevant for the Russian Federation and the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). FEC organizations carry out economic activities that have a direct impact on the environment. Legal regulation in the field of environmental management, the establishment of appropriate standards, environmental requirements for business activities, and the establishment of financial regulators contribute to the preservation of the environment. Issues of legal regulation in connection with the Paris Climate Agreement are of particular relevance in modern socio-economic conditions. The CIS states and the EAEU have historically established economic ties in the fuel and energy sector, and common energy markets are currently being formed. In this regard, there is a need to adopt new legislative decisions in the field of rational use of natural resources, ensuring safety and maintaining the environment in proper condition. In particular, joint solutions are needed on climate issues and economic decarbonization. In this study, the goal was to substantiate proposals for the development of certain areas of legal regulation in the area of public relations under consideration. In this regard, an analysis of national legislation was carried out, as well as interstate agreements, decisions, review documents, model laws of the CIS, international agreements and conventions were collected and analyzed. Based on the analysis, a proposal was formulated on the possibility (subject to the interest of all participants) of developing and adopting an inter-integration agreement (between the CIS and EAEU associations) in the field of activity of fuel and energy complex organizations in order to solve environmental problems, as well as climate ones. Such an agreement would allow the EAEU member states to use the existing legal potential of the CIS countries, in particular, model legislation, and would also help resolve issues of financing joint projects in the field of scientific and technical cooperation. The possibility of developing at the level of national legislation criteria for compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation and introducing compliance programs at the level of fuel and energy complex organizations (programs for compliance with the requirements of legislation on the rational use of natural resources and ensuring environmental safety) is also justified.

Environmental sustainability in stadiums: harnessing industry drivers and priorities for improved outcomes

PurposeThis paper aims to identify industry drivers and priorities that influence decision-making towards adopting environmentally sustainable (ES) features in stadiums. An “Environmentally Sustainable Stadium (ESS) Process Model” is proposed to track ES features throughout their life cycle, guiding planning, designing, construction, operation and management.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through 20 online semi-structured interviews with experts from sustainability, built environment, stadium management, mega-event planning and management and researchers. The experts’ project experiences spanned across Oceania, North America, South America, Asia and Europe. The data were recorded and transcribed through Teams and analysed using NVivo 11 application software.FindingsStadium’s ES features predominantly focus on energy, waste and materials management with some emphasis on carbon emission reductions and renewable energy sources. Emerging focus areas include flexible designs, audience (or fans) and community engagement, circular economy principles and integration with nature. Key drivers for adopting ES features include legislation and other sector-based requirements, competitive advantages and stakeholder pressures. ES feature success depends on owner support, budget, partnerships, expertise and opportunities. Major barriers include stakeholder diversity, infrastructure limitations and limited stadium-specific requirements.Practical implicationsThis paper proposes a six-step “ESS Process Model” to support the stadium industry to holistically integrate ES features, from the initial decision-making to the implementation, ongoing improvement and stakeholder engagement. The model helps stakeholders to identify opportunities, navigate challenges and achieve continual improvement.Originality/valueThe ESS process model is a novel approach to integrate ES features in stadiums, through enhancing collaboration among stakeholders and overcoming challenges in choosing, implementing and maintaining ES features.

Мікроелементний склад питної води при централізованому водопостачанні промислових міст Дніпропетровської області

The purpose. Ecological and hygienic assessment of the quality of drinking water at the centralized water supply of industrial cities of the Dnipropetrovsk region by the content of trace elements from the group of heavy metals. Object and research methods. The analysis of the content of trace elements from the group of heavy metals in the drinking water of industrial cities of the Dnipropetrovsk region - Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Kamianske over a 5-year period was carried out. The evaluation of the obtained data was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation on the safety and quality of drinking water in accordance with SSRN 2.2.4-171-10, international recommendations and data from the scientific literature. Results. It has been established that in the Dnipropetrovs'k region over the 5-year study period, the percentage of non-standard drinking water samples for sanitary and chemical parameters ranged from 24.4-30.6% from centralized water supply systems, and 14.5-18.4% from water supply networks. The average long-term concentrations of metals in the drinking water of the studied cities ranged from 0.0001 mg/l for mercury to 0.19 mg/l for aluminum, which meets the MAC requirements, but the maximum values of the content of individual metals in all industrial cities exceeded the hygienic regulations, most pronounced for iron, which reached 60%. At the same time, the proportion of samples exceeding the hygienic standard in some years of the study was 5-12%. In the dynamics of the study, a gradual decrease of 14.2-54.5% in the concentration of lead in drinking water in all industrial and control cities was noted (p<0.05; R2= 0.51-0.78). A similar trend is also characteristic of the aluminum content in drinking water in Kryvyi Rih - a 2.5-fold decrease (p<0.001; R2=0.79) during the study period. At the same time, a significant increase in the content of a number of trace elements from the group of biotic and abiotic heavy metals was found in Kamianske, in particular copper and zinc - by 2.0-2.4 times (p<0.01; R2= 0.72-0.77), mercury and arsenic - by 1.3-1.9 times (p<0.01; R2= 0.87-0.92). The dynamics of concentrations of other heavy metals in the drinking water of the studied cities was unreliable. The sum of the ratio of the concentrations of trace elements from the group of heavy metals belonging to hazard classes I and II according to the sanitary and toxicological limiting sign of harmfulness ranges from 1.1 to 1.9, i.e. the simultaneous presence of these metals in the drinking water of industrial cities exceeds the safe level regulated by SSRN 2.2.4-171-10. Conclusions. The results of the conducted research indicate the urgency of the problem of ensuring the quality and safety of drinking water intended for human consumption and the need for further improvement of water treatment and control methods at all levels. Keywords. Trace elements, heavy metals, drinking water, content, pollution, impact, public health.

Assessment the effectiveness of disinfection of household wastewater using a UV complex under experimental conditions

Introduction. One of the most effective and economically justified methods of inactivation water treatment is disinfection using UV irradiation. UV disinfection is characterized by the absence of an aftereffect, which is an undeniable advantage for wastewater treatment, since adverse environmental effects on the wastewater receiving water body are excluded. The main technological parameter that ensures proper disinfection is the UV dose. The purpose of the study is the confirmation of the effectiveness of using the technology of UV disinfection of water with a dose of at least 30 mJ/cm2 in relation to sanitary-indicative and pathogenic microorganisms that are present in the wastewater of the Moscow metropolis. Materials and methods. UV disinfection units DUV-1-87-N were used to conduct the experiment, providing a UV dose of at least 30 mJ/cm2 for water disinfection and an open UV irradiator SVETOLIT 50 for air disinfection manufactured by company LIT. Results. The use of a UV dose of at least 30 mJ/cm2 for disinfection of water with a high degree of contamination of microorganisms ensures the level of contamination of microorganisms to meet the requirements of sanitary legislation in force on the territory of the Russian Federation for disinfected wastewater allowed discharging into surface waters. Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the equipment used for applying UV irradiation, water turbidity, and the sensitivity of microorganisms of different taxonomic groups to UV irradiation. Conclusion. The results of the conducted experimental study can serve a justification for the UV radiation dose of 30 mJ/cm2 used for effective disinfection of viral and bacterial contamination of water with high levels of microbial contamination up to the standard permissible level of microbial contamination (in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3685-21) of treated wastewater suitable for discharge into surface waters.

Municipal secondary-treated effluent data seem to be a suitable source of information for human viral trends

Employing a long-time series of municipal wastewater samples collected in 2020, the present study aims to confirm whether the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 influences the environmental load and behaviour of both JC Virus and Norovirus, determine the ability of the selected wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to remove viral genomes, and assess if secondary-treated effluent data is somehow related to the incidence of the viral diseases reported by the local hospital. From the 11 raw influent and 52 secondary-treated effluent samples tested, JC Virus data present an occurrence frequency of 100 %, showing two different abundance patterns along the year, before and after the appearance of SARS-CoV-2. The constant detection of JC nucleic acids in wastewater reinforces the idea that urine is responsible for transmitting this virus. The Norovirus genogroup (G) II was detected more frequently than GI, both in influents and effluents, and their characteristic incidence peaks were not observed in late 2020. Regarding SARS-CoV-2 RNA, it appeared only in 5.8 % of the effluents, possibly due to the iron dosing used by the WWTP to reduce both phosphorus and organic matter concentrations in order to meet the requirements of European legislation, and/or the pre-filtration laboratory step which neglected the possibility of viral association with the solid fraction. The results suggest a poor performance of the WWTP, since Log removal values below 1.8 were determined. We were able to trace the development of local Norovirus outbreaks in the effluent samples to some extent, suggesting that secondary-treated effluents may be used to monitor human viruses by following viral nucleic acid levels.

Conceptual and terminological features and legal content of environmental quality standards for water bodies in Ukraine and EU

The article investigates the compliance of Ukrainian and European water legislation in the part of legal instruments, which are the standards for determining, for assessing the ecological status and for regulating the quality of surface waters. Such instruments are included in the main environmental and legal institutions of these legislations. The relevance of the study is determined by the transition of Ukrainian water legislation to the phase of practical support for the implementation of European river basin management. The use of these legal instruments should be envisaged in the first Ukrainian river basin management plans. The purpose of the article is to determine the terminological correctness and conceptual conformity for standards of environmental regulating to ensure that Ukrainian river basin management plans are provided with European equivalents (or analogues) of legislative means to combat environmental status degradation and for surface water pollution, in particular, as a result of the impacts of point sources. The study is based on a comparative analysis of the legal requirements of Ukrainian and European water legislation. Numerous inconsistencies have been identified that impede the harmonization of the both legislations. The most significant of these inconsistencies concerns the recently created Ukrainian ecosystem-based framework of environmental and chemical standards (and corresponding classifications) for surface water bodies. These standards have significant terminological inconsistencies and inconsistencies with the water legislation of Ukraine in terms of the concept of environmental water quality standards. It is determined that the European term and concept of environmental quality standards does not correspond to the Ukrainian concept of the environmental water quality standard and does not allow implement of European regulation of pollutant discharges without changes in legislation. In addition, find inconsistencies create significant obstacles to compliance with the requirements of Ukrainian legislation in the field of drinking water and drinking water supply. It is noted that the principle of building a Ukrainian analog of the European system of environmental quality regulations complicates the policy of nationwide unification of activities in the areas of environmental safety and economical use of aquatic ecosystems.

Approaches to understanding and ways of administrative and legal regulation of discretionary powers of local self-government bodies in the field of land relations

The article is dedicated to a detailed study of the discretionary powers of local self-government bodies in the field of land relations, taking into account the new approaches enshrined in the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure. The study examines the theoretical aspects of discretionary powers in both narrow and broad senses. Analyzing the definitions established in the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure», the author provides their understanding of discretionary powers “in the narrow sense” as the ability of an administrative body to choose one of several options for decisions that are lawful and meet the purpose for which such powers are granted. This creates space for making individual administrative acts within the framework of administrative procedures. Such powers are limited to the adoption of individual acts aimed at resolving specific land issues. Discretionary powers in the broad sense, on the other hand, should be understood as the authority granted to local self-government bodies based on a law or other regulatory legal act, allowing these bodies to independently regulate legal relations in the field of land relations. These powers include the ability to make decisions at their own discretion, particularly through the issuance of normative acts. This regulation must comply not only with the requirements of general legislation but also be aimed at achieving the goals set out in special legal acts, as well as in local regulatory legal acts adopted by the local self-government bodies themselves. The author also emphasizes the need for further development of doctrinal approaches to discretionary powers, which should contribute not only to improving the efficiency of law enforcement but also to creating legal mechanisms that ensure an adequate level of control over their implementation. The article highlights the importance of developing legal guarantees for the protection of citizens’ interests in the context of the exercise of discretionary powers by local authorities in the field of land relations. The author believes that this will contribute to increasing the transparency and accountability of local self-government bodies, as well as ensuring fairness and legality in decision-making.

Main characteristics of the Hungarian criminal records system

The aim of this study is to present the development of the Hungarian criminal records system, to examine the general principles of the existing Hungarian framework and criminal data management. Moreover, it aims to analyse how the present Hungarian legal system meets the requirements of applicable EU legislation.

The Alternative in the Norms of Criminal Law as a Problem of the Formation of Digital Justice

A study was conducted on the digitalization of justice as an actual and promising area, which involves the introduction of information technology in every single aspect of justice activities. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion about a possible variant of the development of digital justice in Russia – a “digital assistant judge”. Investigating this issue, the author identifies a problem that prevents the introduction of the concept of “digital assistant to a judge” – the problem of correlating alternative sanctions of criminal law norms with dispositions providing for alternative compositions of crimes. At the end of the study, the author concludes that in order to implement the concept of a “digital assistant to a judge”, criminal law must comply with the requirements of machine-readable legislation, and suggests specific measures.

CONDUCTING AN INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AUDIT AT OIL AND GAS FACILITIES

In modern conditions, it has become necessary to partially shift responsibilities for supervision and control of industrial safety without deterioration of quality from the state to business. Large-scale oil and gas companies have a great demand for an independent assessment of industrial safety at hazardous production facilities, due to a significant increase in financial costs for eliminating the consequences of accidents at hazardous production facilities of I and II hazard classes. The state is interested in controlling a new type of activity and expanding the regulatory framework for industrial safety. President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin signed Federal Law No. 637-FZ dated December 25, 2023, which amends the Federal Law «On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities» and some other legislative acts. One of the key innovations is the introduction of the Institute for Audit of Industrial Safety Management Systems. This article analyzes the best existing practices of conducting industrial safety audits in large-scale oil and gas companies of the Russian Federation. Particular emphasis was placed on identifying the advantages and positive aspects of implementing such activities in organizations like Rosneft, Gazprom and Lukoil. The issues of assessing the compliance of hazardous production facilities in the oil and gas complex with the requirements of legislation in the field of industrial safety by conducting an industrial safety audit were raised. The purpose of the work is to develop a step-by-step algorithm for conducting an industrial safety audit for oil and gas facilities. The industrial safety audit algorithm includes four steps: preparation for the audit, documentary analysis, full-scale audit, and registration of the results. The result of an industrial safety audit is an audit report drawn up at the final meeting of auditors and customers, based on documentary and in-kind inspections. This document is necessary for the management of the enterprise and the supervisory authorities of the Russian Federation. Industrial safety audit provides a number of significant advantages that help organizations to identify deviations from mandatory requirements established in the field of industrial safety. This makes it possible to detect violations in a timely manner and promptly take the necessary corrective measures to eliminate the identified problems. As a result, effective audit contributes to improving the overall safety level at enterprises, preventing possible risks and reducing the possibility of emergencies.

Corporate Technology for the Implementation of an Automated System: Functional, Technological and Methodological Aspects

The purpose of the study is to form a methodological justification for the pedagogical model of the individual trajectory of professional development of bachelors and masters for the implementation of the stages of creating an automated system based on the principles of continuity and experimental verification of its application in the educational process of the university in accordance with the requirements of IT departments, vendors and employers. It is shown that there is a gap between the socio-economic order for the training of IT specialists with high professional competence in the field of information systems and the insufficient level of targeted formation of their readiness to implement the stages of creating automated systems. In addition, the lack of methods and practical recommendations for the implementation of such systems in the context of maximum preservation of corporate standards and taking into account the requirements of Russian legislation, as well as specialists competent in these matters, determined the feasibility of conducting the study in two aspects - functional-technological and pedagogical.Methods and materials. The key methods are structural-functional and process modeling, interactive methods of organizing the educational process (project method, etc.). The research materials include a functional model for developing a corporate technology for implementing an automated system in the form of a function tree.Results. The results present a model of causes and factors determining the success of the projects for the implementation of the automatization systems. The role of the factor “qualification of the performing team” and the possibilities of the educational environment of the university to influence this factor are considered. The pedagogical aspect of the research problem is determined by the methodological justification for conducting students’ project work within a number of disciplines for training bachelors and masters in the field of “Applied Informatics”. The description of the structure and requirements for students’ projects gives an idea of the level of formed competencies, their consistency with the work functions of specialists in the field of information systems.Conclusion. At this stage of work on the research problem, its dual nature was determined. On the one hand, modern IT projects require their own technologies and management methodologies, which should change from project to project, so it is important to have practical recommendations for the development of corporate technology for the implementation of an automated system. On the other hand, one of the success factors of the project for the implementation of an automated system is the “Project Implementation Team”, its level of qualification. This factor is successfully determined and influenced by educational institutions responsible for training specialists in this field. In this direction, the project method plays a key role. It ensures the development of communication skills, the ability to independently pose a problem and develop a way to solve it together. Methodological aspects and practical results, generalizing the pedagogical model for training bachelors in the field of creating automated systems presented in the paper, as well as the development of corporate technology for the implementation of information systems, were reflected in three electronic multimedia educational publications: “Portfolio of Software Engineering Projects”, “Theory and Practice of IS Implementation”, “Theory and Practice of IS Maintenance”.

Food control strategies to support and enforce food business operators that repeatedly violate food safety legislation

Food business operators (FBOs) that repeatedly violate food safety legislation (repeat violators) represent a recurring health risk for consumers. Thus, special attention should be paid to the control of these FBOs. The aim of this study was to identify challenges in the control of repeat violators and understand the kind of control measures that are effective with these FBOs. Our hypothesis was that the risk management of repeat violators can be strengthened by various means. We received answers to our questionnaire from 95 food control inspectors from 30 of the 62 municipal food control units in Finland. Almost half the respondents reported having inspected more than five repeat violators during the last five years, and almost 80% of respondents considered them a fairly or extremely large problem for food safety. According to the inspectors we surveyed, the most commonly recurring non-compliances found during inspections of repeat violators were related to the performance of own-check, information provided on foods, and the cleanliness of facilities, surfaces, and equipment. The most frequent and difficult challenges experienced by inspectors in the food control of repeat violators were FBOs’ lack of knowledge of legislative requirements and food hygiene risks. Only one fifth of respondents stated that the current methods for the control of repeat violators were sufficient and less than half reported having sufficient time for inspections or the provision of guidance. Inspectors suggested improvements for motivating FBOs to correct non-compliances, for example increasing FBOs’ understanding of hygienic hazards and legislation, and financial incentives. In addition, coercive measures should be used early enough in the process and inspectors should be supported in the use of these measures.

Commentary: A Comparison of the Methods of the Pre-Slaughter Stunning of Cattle in Australia-Mechanical, Electrical, and Diathermic Syncope.

In adult cattle, there are various methods of pre-slaughter stunning, all requiring adequate restraint to ensure the accurate placement of a device to target the brain of the animal and create an unconscious state. For adult cattle, these methods include electrical stunning, mechanical stunning, and a novel system called diathermic syncope (DTS). Peer-reviewed publications, industry reports, government documents, and unpublished reports were considered for inclusion in this review of the attributes of the electrical, mechanical, and diathermic syncope methods of stunning. The parameters for comparison of the methods included Australian approval status, religious compliance, reliability, reversibility, time to effect, duration of effect, carcase damage, cardiovascular effects, logistics, and welfare implications. The pre-slaughter stunning of cattle with DTS is reliable, reversible, non-concussive, non-penetrating, does not cause carcase damage, and has a body of evidence extensive enough to inform appropriate practices in cattle processing facilities. These attributes optimise animal welfare in this context, align with Australian legislative requirements, and suggest that DTS might be a suitable stunning technique for consideration by religious authorities in terms of both halal and kosher slaughter criteria.

Assessment of the research potential of healthcare specialists in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the implementation of clinical research: results of online questionnaires and self-assessments. Global crisis of clinical researcher shortage

The study aimed to identify and analyze the potential of practical healthcare professionals in terms of skills and knowledge for conducting clinical research in Kazakhstan, as well as to identify obstacles that may arise and cause the low involvement of specialists in research activities.Materials and methods. A specially developed questionnaire was conducted online. Various healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, teachers of medical educational organizations) from all regions of Kazakhstan participated. By random sampling, 337 respondents answered the questions. Data was collected anonymously through Google Forms.Results and discussion. 29,7% respondents had participated in clinical research. Most respondents do not have sufficient knowledge in conducting clinical research; on average, 35% of respondents answered correctly. On average, respondents' self-assessment of knowledge and skills in choosing a study design, forming groups of study objects, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data obtained during clinical trials, and performing statistical processing of results was 3 points (max = 5 points). A majority expressed a need for further training in clinical research. The main barriers to conducting clinical research were identified as lack of working time (44%), insufficient knowledge in conducting clinical research (34%), inaccessibility of educational programs (28%), lack of personal interest (27%), non-compliance of clinical base infrastructure (23%), difficulties in patient recruitment (20%), and the risk of losing professional autonomy (13%).Conclusions: The survey results show an unsatisfactory level of existing research potential of healthcare professionals in the organization and conduct of clinical research. the findings reveal a significant gap in the research potential of healthcare professionals in Kazakhstan. There is a lack of understanding of clinical research concepts, international standards, and local legislative requirements. The main obstacles are inadequate time for research, insufficient knowledge and experience, limited access to training, and low interest among professionals.

Microbiological and physicochemical characterization of Minas artisanal cheese from the Campo das Vertentes region (Brazil) during ripening in rainy and dry seasons

Introduction: Minas artisanal cheese is produced from raw milk. Legislation establishes a minimum 22-day ripening period for the cheese from Campo das Vertentes region. However, the lack of studies does not allow to attest whether this period is adequate to comply with the parameters. Objective: Based on this, the aim of this survey was to evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical quality of these cheeses throughout the ripening period at rainy and dry seasons. Method: Cheese samples throughout ripening were collected at four cheesemaking facilities, and were submitted to microbiological and physicochemical analyses. Results: The quality of cheeses was influenced by the ripening period and counts of coliforms at 45°C and molds and yeasts were affected by the season. Conclusions: The results met the official legislation requirements for cheeses at 60 and 22 days of ripening at rainy and dry seasons, and demonstrate the need for improvements in the control of coliforms and Staphylococcus.

Evaluation of a weight‐based process for real‐time accurate confirmation of oral liquid controlled drug balances

AbstractTo meet legislative requirements in Australia, the balance of controlled drugs (CDs) must be confirmed after completion of each transaction. This is particularly challenging for liquid CD formulations, and over the years, health organisations have implemented various methods of performing this task, including the use of visual aids or conversion of bulk formulations to individual unit doses. These methods have a number of limitations. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of a weight‐based method for confirming oral liquid CD balances packed in multidose containers. This study was conducted in a palliative care ward of a metropolitan hospital over a 41‐day period. Morphine mixture 5 mg/1 mL transactions and balance checks were confirmed using weight calculations of the product bottle. The weights were then converted to volume using a locally developed electronic application, which was recorded in the relevant CD registers. The acceptable tolerance per transaction (±0.1 mL) was determined prior to commencement based on 80 test transactions. Throughout the trial period, 407 transactions were undertaken, among which there were no CD discrepancies. Nine nurses provided feedback via an anonymous online survey after the trial, mostly reporting that the new method was more accurate. However, participants also reported that it took on average 3 min longer to complete each transaction. In conclusion, utilising a weight‐based method of confirming liquid CD balances may present a feasible method of meeting legislative requirements related to the recording and accountability of CDs. This project was exempt due to the local policy requirements that constitute research by the Eastern Health Office of Research and Ethics (Reference no: QA24‐100‐111698). The justification for this ethics exemption was as follows: the study conformed with the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Ethical considerations in quality assurance and evaluation activities and did not directly affect patient care; written consent was not required from participants per local requirements, however staff were provided verbal and written project information and were informed their participation in the survey was voluntary and anonymous.

Legal mechanisms for imposition of administrative responsibility for violation of license and permit conditions

License and permit conditions violation leads to legal responsibility, expressed in different sanctions. The extent of liability depends on the country's legislation and the type of breached conditions. Adherence to the terms of the license and permit ensures the legality of the licensed activity, and legal problems will be avoided if there is no violation. Violation of license and permit conditions means non-fulfillment of the requirements and obligations imposed on the license or permit holder. Licensing conditions are established when a license or permit is issued and include various criteria and rules to be followed when performing licensed activities. Violation of license/permit conditions is subject to administrative or other liability, including a warning, fine, revocation, or suspension of license or permit. The extent of liability depends on the nature of the violation, the legal circumstances, and the requirements of specific legislation. The article will discuss cases of violation of license/permit conditions, legal bases, and mechanisms of imposing administrative responsibility.

Examining trade strategies in Europe and Ukraine: Navigating challenges and building economic strength

Today, the global community operates within an integrated global economic system. Against the backdrop of globalised integration of the socio-economic sphere, international trade is positioned as a significant factor in the intensification of economic development. In this context, trade strategies can create new opportunities or risks for the national economy. This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the trade strategies of the European Union (EU) and Ukraine in the context of potential advantages and related challenges for economic resilience. The study finds that international trade helps to mitigate the limitations of national resource potential and the narrowness of the domestic market, intensifies the potential for innovative industrialisation, and accelerates economic growth. The specifics of forming the modern concept of international trade development in the context of the European community and Ukraine are identified. The main principles of modern trade strategies are considered, their strengths and weaknesses are analysed, and directions for improvement are highlighted. The impact of trade strategies on the level of economic resilience is examined. It is substantiated that a high level of competition in the global market requires the adaptability of producers’ trade strategies and the formation of appropriate structures to coordinate the functioning of the external economic relations infrastructure complex. The main success factors of a trading strategy when entering new markets are highlighted, including preliminary research of local legislation requirements and market dynamics, the development of adaptive marketing strategies, and effective management of customs processes. Active participation in the international trade environment has proven to open additional opportunities for realising economic potential. At the same time, it is necessary to specify the development strategy to ensure long-term competitive advantages.