Legislation Guidelines Research Articles

트리아지(Triage)와 형사책임

In this article, we reexamine the theory of emergency evacuation and conflict of duty under criminal law, taking into account the so-called ‘triage’ situation, with issues related to the distribution of medical resources in mind. Accordingly, the purpose is to reduce the burden of criminal liability on medical personnel when they encounter an emergency situation and to provide a foundation for rapid emergency rescue. The contents are briefly summarized as follows. In the case of ‘Ex ante-Triage’, since the equivalent duty-the doctor's duty to provide life-saving treatment-​​conflicts with each other according to the legal theory of justifiable conflict of duties, the illegality is eliminated regardless of which duty is chosen. However, in such situations, medical professionals who are faced with decisions may feel a tremendous mental burden, such as anxiety about whether they are treating the disabled at a disadvantage, so it is desirable to establish specific implementation standards and procedures to resolve this. In this case, there is a problem in that it changes the theory of conflict from theory of obligation to utilitarianism based on the likelihood of success in theory of conflict of obligation, which allows for qualitative and quantitative comparisons between life and life. Therefore, from the perspective of equality, the latter contingency principle is still valid. In the case of ‘Ex post-Triage’, the prevailing view is that the problem of conflict between the duty to inaction and the duty to act should be resolved through the application of emergency evacuation regulations rather than the legal doctrine of conflict of justifiable duties. However, even in this case, the Coca-Vila theory is superior in its theoretical composition, which acknowledges that it is a case of conflict of duties, examines the equivalent value of conflict of duties, and then denies justification by conflict of duties. Since our country has adopted a similar legal system and legal theory to Germany, discussions on triage in Germany will be of great value to our country in many ways. However, there is a need to develop an independent triage theory that is suitable for our country's medical, cultural, and legal systems. In addition, among the multiple life protection obligations, failure to fulfill one of the obligations will inevitably result in a breach of duty. In such extreme situations, it is desirable to legislatively present certain clear criteria to serve as selection guidelines in order to avoid placing excessive legal and mental burdens on doctors. Even so, there is a need to develop an independent triage theory that is suitable for our country's medical, cultural, and legal systems. In addition, in extreme situations where one party's performance of multiple life protection obligations can immediately lead to a breach of duty, excessive legal and mental burdens should not be placed on doctors. For this purpose, it would be desirable to establish clear criteria that can serve as legislative selection guidelines.

Geochemical distribution of elements in the environmental media from the surroundings of open pit areas

The results of geochemical investigations - carried out within the framework of the European project LIFE IP RESTART - in the degraded areas of the Kopriva (deposit of natural stone-limestone) and Lipovški vrh (deposit of limestone for industrial purposes) open pits are presented. There test sites of the installation of secondary raw materials (a mixture of recycled materials and mineral raw materials) with the aim of revitalizing degraded surfaces are planned. The main goal of this study is to define the baseline geochemical distribution of elements in environmental materials (rocks, soil, stream sediment and surface water) for the purpose of monitoring the potential environmental impacts of installed secondary raw materials. In rocks Ca content predominates due to the geological setting (predominantly limestone) of the studied areas. According to the legislative guidelines for soil, exceedances have been found for Pb in one sample (origin can be natural or anthropogenic) and Ni in two samples (presumably natural origin) from the area of Kopriva. In the area of Lipovški vrh in the stream Suhi Potok, higher contents of Mg, Na, Sr, Ca, Mn and S occur in the downstream sediment compared to upstream sediment. It is assumed higher contents occur due to anthropogenic contribution of carbonate material along the stream (washing of materials from nearby open pit and road). In the surface water of Suhi Potok, higher concentrations of S, Sr, B, U and Zn were determined. However, the concentrations did not exceed the legislative guidelines.

Emerging Use of Social Media in Clinical Urology Practice in the 21st Century: Survey Study.

Social media (So-Me) platforms are valuable resources for health care professionals and academics to discover, discuss, and distribute current advances in research and clinical practices, including technology trends. This study aims to assess the role of So-Me in urological practice in Saudi Arabia. It explores the influence of digital platforms on patient interaction, professional communication, decision-making, and education. The survey was conducted among 145 urologists from July 2021 to July 2022 following institutional review board approval. A questionnaire designed using the SurveyMonkey platform examined urologists' knowledge of So-Me. The survey was conducted using the CHERRIES (Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys) guidelines and was open for 17 weeks. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0. Of the 145 participants, 70% (n=102) were Saudi Arabians. The most common age groups were 30-40 (n=68, 46.8%) and 41-50 (n=61, 42.2%) years, with a gender distribution of 44.8% (n=65) women and 55.2% (n=80) men. A total of 61.5% (n=89) of urologists reported using So-Me accounts for professional purposes, with 54.9% (n=80) sharing health-related information. Social media enhanced patient connections beyond clinic visits for 55.8% (n=81) of respondents, while 57.2% (n=83) used it to provide educational resources. Additionally, 56.5% (n=82) believed So-Me facilitated patient feedback and improved their practice. In terms of professional communication, 60.6% (n=88) of urologists agreed that So-Me facilitated collaboration with colleagues, while 63.3% (n=92) used it to stay updated on the latest advances in urology. Furthermore, 62% (n=90) followed professional societies or journals on So-Me, and 63.3% (n=92) used it for continuing medical education. A majority (n=94, 64.7%) reported that So-Me influenced treatment decisions based on new research findings, and 85.3% (n=124) learned about novel technologies and treatment options through these platforms. Regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between gender and social media usage patterns (R=0.653, R2=0.426), indicating that approximately 42.6% of the differences in usage patterns can be attributed to gender. However, the Pearson χ2 analysis showed that gender did not significantly affect most aspects of social media use, except information sharing and participating in online discussions (both P<.05). This study highlights the widespread use of So-Me among urologists in Saudi Arabia, underscoring its role in enhancing patient interaction, professional development, and clinical decision-making. Strategically designed health care programs using social media could improve and modernize professional and patient-centered care in Saudi Arabia through legislative assistance and guidelines.

Ethical Considerations in Substance Use Treatment for Youth: Assessing Clinical Practices and Policy Frameworks for Potential Harm.

The current conceptual review highlights considerations surrounding the potential for non-beneficence and undue coercion within the practices of psychologists and other clinicians providing substance use treatment for youth. The potential for nonbeneficence and undue coercion is assessed at three key stages of treatment for youth with substance use disorders (SUDs): the informed consent process, maintaining confidentiality, and treatment planning. We explore these concerns as they relate to the ethical principles of psychologists as outlined by the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association [APA], 2017), as well as pertinent state and national legislative guidelines. The paper culminates in actionable recommendations to resolve these inconsistencies in practice and emphasizes opportunities for professionals at all career stages to engage in ethical policy initiatives. These endeavors aim to reduce potential for undue coercion and nonbeneficence from psychologists treating youth with substance use disorders and to elucidate beneficial treatment pathways for youth navigating substance use challenges.

Developing a culturally-responsive training program: Workplace violence against physicians in Türkiye

Workplace violence against physicians is a critical issue in Türkiye, requiring comprehensive strategies for prevention and management. This paper outlines the development of a culturally-responsive training program aimed at equipping Turkish physicians with the skills and knowledge needed to effectively address workplace violence. The program is built on the findings from semi-structured interviews with Turkish physicians, a national survey of 136 healthcare workers, historical analysis of workplace violence against physicians in Turkish online newspaper archives, and a workshop with practicing physicians, medical professors, communication experts, and patients. The training program integrates cultural sensitivity and empirical evidence to create a robust framework for mitigating violence in healthcare settings. The training consists of 16 interactive units, each focusing on different aspects of workplace violence and its management specific to Turkish hospital settings. They incorporate real-life scenarios, practical suggestions, and legislative guidelines on effectively managing and mitigating violence. By simulating actual situations, the modules provide hands-on experience and practical knowledge. A crucial aspect of the training is its culturally-responsive approach, which addresses the unique cultural dynamics and sensitivities within Turkish healthcare environments. This program ensures that Turkish physicians can perform their duties without fear of violence while respecting and understanding the cultural values and dynamics of Turkish society. This culturally-responsive dimension is key to creating an effective and impactful training program that enhances the safety and well-being of healthcare professionals in Türkiye.

Case Management Organization and Implementation in Probation Services in Romania

Since there is little prior knowledge on the effects of case management on offenders behavioral patterns, this paper aims to identify how the activities carried out by probation officers has impacted supervised persons, but also to draw useful conclusions regarding ethical standards in case management. The topic of this paper is of real interest to probation practitioners, as conducting the supervision process, preparing pre- and post-sentence reports in the course of assistance and counseling activities, and the specific nature of interactions with beneficiaries of Probation Services inherently lead to the emergence of ethically challenging situations. The foundation of this topic lies in the need to explore and analyze the nature of these dilemmas, their frequency, the ways counselors respond when faced with ethical ambiguity, identifying optimal responses and reactions from a deontological and ethical perspective, and ultimately outlining best practices. Although this topic is extremely broad, in this paper the focus is on the counselor-beneficiary relationship, being mindful of the numerous aspects that can be addressed, as highlighted in discussions with colleagues from various services and in the final question of the questionnaire used in this study. As a result of the research undertaken, I aimed to present how we, as probation counselors, analyze and manage various dilemmas encountered in daily practice, relevant legislative guidelines, and optimized response strategies. In the end, the conclusions provide an opportunity for reflection and learning, which can offer a greater degree of confidence, security, and control over these situations.

Citizen-Based Water Quality Monitoring: Field Testing a User-Friendly Sensor for Phosphate Detection in Global Surface Waters.

Widespread concern over surface water pollution has led to interest in developing easy-to-use accurate tools for citizen-based measurements that provide high spatial and temporal resolution while maintaining accuracy. Excessive anthropogenic phosphate significantly contributes to global eutrophication and necessitates regular on-site phosphate monitoring in surface waters. Traditional instrumentation for quantifying phosphate is labor-intensive, expensive, and performed in laboratories. Existing on-site testing methods relying on phosphomolybdenum blue (PMB) have limited sensitivity and stability under ambient conditions. To overcome these limitations, a novel low-cost, rapid, and user-friendly sensor for citizen-led phosphate monitoring in surface water is introduced and demonstrated with a global sampling campaign. The fast-flow microfluidic device provides user-friendly operation, achieving an environmentally relevant limit of detection (LoD) of 190 ppb, which is near the EPA-recommended maximum for phosphate. The dip-and-read operation reduces procedural steps while delivering accurate sample volume, making it well-suited for citizen-led science initiatives. This sensor exhibits high selectivity and prolonged stability for two months under ambient conditions. The sensor's performance was validated using the industry-standard UV-Vis method with 90% correlation. More than 1000 sensors were deployed in different continents, facilitating phosphate mapping in diverse water sources across multiple continents. The initiative covered much of the globe, including Thailand, Nepal, Brazil, Chile, the USA, and Germany. In some cases, phosphate levels exceeded legislative guidelines by 100-fold. Through the collaboration of citizen scientists, we analyzed regional topography and socioeconomic practices near water sources, identifying potential sources that could contribute to eutrophication in these areas.

Healthcare professionals and students’ knowledge on termination of pregnancy: A systematic review

Abstract Background Providing safe termination of pregnancy (TOP) according to each country’s legalisation is an important public health matter internationally. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) and healthcare students have key roles and need to be aware of legislation and clinical practice guidelines on TOP in their country to facilitate safe and effective care. The main aim of this systematic review was to investigate the level of knowledge on TOP legislation among HCPs and healthcare students. The second objective was to assess the knowledge of TOP methods, procedures and/or potential associated complications. Methods This is a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative peer-reviewed studies published in English or Portuguese until July 2020. Databases included in the search were EBSCO, PubMed, Embase and Scopus. The quality appraisal was done using the CASP Critical Appraisal tools. Results A total of 31 studies were included, published between 2002 and 2020 and from several regions around the globe. No studies were carried out in Europe or the United Kingdom. A total of 22 studies included healthcare professionals and nine studies included students. Overall, all the studies showed poor knowledge of TOP legislation and TOP methods, procedures and complications. Knowledge of special circumstances established in the law where TOP might be legal was also very limited. In studies focussing on medical (MA) and surgical (SA) TOP, knowledge of MA was lower than of SA. Studies reported that practitioners and students have limited training in TOP. Overall, education/training and experience with TOP seem to be the main factors associated with increased levels of knowledge. Similar results were found for student’s knowledge. Conclusions This study highlighted the importance of involving and promoting the participation of HCPs and students in the provision of TOP services. A clear need and desire for staff education and training on TOP was shown. Key messages • TOP training is limited and broadly excluded from medical and healthcare education globally. Students and staff have recognised this issue and the critical impact it has on TOP care provided. • Adequate knowledge and training in TOP ensures service sustainability and preparation of current and future healthcare practitioners to provide high-quality, respectful and compassionate care.

Priority threats to the economic security system of Ukraine in wartime conditions: conceptual views on their nature and typology

The presented scientific study is devoted to the issues of seeing priority threats to the system of economic security of Ukraine in wartime conditions. It is emphasized and proven that the existing spectrum of threats to the economic security component, in practice, has undergone significant changes in terms of complexity and realism, as well as quantity, as a result of radical transformations in the middle of the country and the action of a number of external factors. Attention was drawn and the essence of the original term «threat», which forms the basis of the definitions in official circulation, was revealed. The conditions that should be considered threatening from the point of view of a typical worldview of security are defined and meaningfully characterized. Attention is focused on the concept of «threats to the economic security system of Ukraine», which is a legislative guideline for other aspects in this area. Its indisputable importance and value for law-making and law-enforcement activities is emphasized. It was found that such threats represent a large cohort of phenomena, processes, trends and factors of various origins, to which the state and society must respond effectively. It has been proven that the lack of a proper reaction, including in the case of inefficient use of personnel potential and other resource provision, is accompanied by the appearance of significant risks for Ukraine’s defense capability. It has been established that the national economic interests of Ukraine play a significant role in the identification and typology of priority threats to the analyzed security component. Taking into account the views of famous scientists and current legislation, the category of the same name was analyzed in detail. On the basis of the above, a typology of urgent main current threats to the system of economic security of Ukraine is proposed. Attention was drawn to the fact that the successful solution of tasks in these aspects will form a favorable basis for effective prevention and countermeasures against other factors of economic destruction. It was noted that there is an absolute need for systematic work in all the represented directions, based on considerations of the specifics of the named factors, including their destructive impact on all components of Ukraine’s national security.

The role of toilets in public spaces: An interview study with individuals experiencing gastrointestinal issues

This study, conducted in Norway, addresses the issue of inadequate access to toilets in public spaces and transportation systems, particularly concerning individuals with disabilities who have heightened needs of toilets. The study employed in-depth interviews with individuals experiencing various gastrointestinal issues, including bladder-related problems. Utilizing a qualitative approach, interviews were conducted via telephone to accommodate potential travel difficulties. This approach also leveraged previous successes with sensitive topics. A sample size of 10 interviews was chosen based on prior research indicating that key themes typically emerge within this range. Key findings indicate significant barriers to participation in societal activities due to insufficient toilet facilities. For transport in particular, boats and trains emerge as preferred modes over buses, trams and subways due to the presence of onboard toilets. Notably, urban areas and recreational spots like parks and beaches suffer from a lack of restroom facilities. In order to improve these facilities, informants highlighted measures such as provision of open, hygienic toilets with barrier-free access. These measures should be coupled with clear signage and awareness campaigns regarding toilet facilities tailored to individuals with diverse health needs. The study underscores the critical role of toilets in maintaining public health and acknowledges the right to access toilets as recognized by the United Nations. Testimonials from individuals with disabilities underscore the profound impact of toilet accessibility on their daily lives, revealing instances of social isolation and restricted activities due to inadequate facilities. Proposed interventions encompass improved hygiene standards, increased toilet availability, and enhanced staff training to cater to the diverse needs of users. The study advocates for legislative reforms and policy guidelines to address the pressing issue of toilet accessibility, aiming to foster inclusivity and equal participation in public life for individuals with disabilities.

Challenges and opportunities in managing biodegradable plastic waste: A review.

Biodegradable plastics have certain challenges in a waste management perspective. The existing literature reviews fail to provide a consolidated overview of different process steps of biodegradable plastic waste management and to discuss the support provided by the existing legislation for the same. The present review provides a holistic overview of these process steps and a comprehensive relative summary of 13 existing European Union (EU) laws related to waste management and circular economy, and national legislations plus source separation guidelines of 13 countries, to ensure the optimal use of resources in the future. Following were the major findings: (i) numerous types and low volumes of biodegradable plastics pose a challenge to developing cost-effective waste management infrastructure; (ii) biodegradable plastics are promoted as food-waste collection aids, but consumers are often confused about their proper disposal and are prone to greenwashing from manufacturers; (iii) industry-level studies demonstrating mechanical recycling on a full scale are unavailable; (iv) the existing EU legislation dealt with general topics related to biodegradable plastics; however, only the new proposal on plastic packaging waste and the EU policy framework for bioplastics clearly mentioned their disposal and (v) clear disparities were observed between disposal methods suggested by national legislation and available source separation guidelines. Thus, to appropriately manage biodegradable plastic waste, it is necessary to develop waste processing and material utilization infrastructure as well as create consumer awareness. In the end, recommendations were provided for improved biodegradable plastic waste management from the perspective of systemic challenges identified from the literature review.

A policy analysis of sleep-related legislation for Canadian licensed childcare facilities

BackgroundNational legislative guidelines for sleep and rest are lacking in the Canadian licensed childcare sector. No review of Canadian legislation for licensed childcare facilities has focused on sleep. This paper provides a review of the Canadian provincial and territorial legislative landscape, regarding sleep, rest, and naps in licensed childcare centers.MethodsChildcare statutes and regulations for each province and territory were identified and downloaded on a particular date. Statutes and regulations were reviewed focusing on sections articulating licensed childcare facility mandates governing sleep, rest, naps, and sleep equipment. An excel file was used to facilitate systematic data retrieval and comparisons across provinces and territories. Two authors developed and discussed themes that summarized data from the documents.ResultsNo statutes indicated recommendations for sleep, rest, or naps. Only one regulation defined rest (Alberta). Our analysis of regulations identified four themes representing sleep, rest, and naps: programming (general programming, daily programming); space (dedicated space, amount of space, age-specific space); equipment (developmental appropriateness, acceptable sleep equipment, age-specific equipment); and safety (staffing during sleep/rest, sleep position, sleep monitoring, sleep equipment safety, prohibited practices). In Canada, minimal regulatory consistency is evident in required sleep programming, space, acceptability of sleep equipment, and sleep safety considerations. Most jurisdictions’ regulations indicated necessity for developmentally appropriate rest or sleep areas and equipment, in particular for infants, but there was minimal consistency in defining infant age groups.ConclusionsAlthough we identified themes related to sleep across regulations, childcare regulations differ in their definitions of infants and specifications for children’s sleep and rest in licensed Canadian childcare facilities. Without adequate definitions in legislative components of appropriate sleep duration linked to children’s developmental stages, childcare facilities lack guidance to support healthy sleep for children in their care. Future research can examine translation of healthy sleep guidelines into government legislation and mandates for sleep, rest, and naps among young children in licensed childcare.

Семья в конституционно-правовом регулировании Кыргызской Республики и некоторых стран СНГ

The article is devoted to the comparative legal study of the consolidation of the institute of family and family values in the constitutional matter of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In the course of the study the author came to the conclusion that the basic laws of the majority of CIS member states contain norms and provisions on the priority protection of family interests. At the same time, the basic laws of some countries enshrine in detail the priorities of the state with regard to one of their fundamental constitutional values, while in others the national legislator limited himself to a few key provisions. Constitutional provisions define guidelines for current legislation and the main priorities of the state's family policy, which will undoubtedly have a positive impact on all law enforcement and enforcement practice. The author notes the peculiarities of the constitutions of some countries and offers recommendations for the improvement of national family legislation.

Legal Certainty Over Ownership Certificates of Building Buildings of Apartment Units Based on Law No. 20 of 2011 Concerning Apartment Houses. 20 of 2011 on Flats

Legal certainty in property ownership is crucial for protecting the rights and interests of property owners. This study examines the legal certainty provided by ownership certificates for flats under Indonesia's "Law No. 20 of 2011" (UURS). It also explores the legal implications of constructing flats on land with building use rights, a status that differs from full ownership rights. Using a normative research method, the study analyzes relevant laws, regulations, and academic literature to understand how legal frameworks govern flat ownership and ensure the legitimacy of ownership certificates. The findings reveal that ownership certificates for flats confer private ownership of specific units and related common areas, but legal challenges arise when flats are constructed on land with building use rights, especially concerning the renewal of these rights. The study underscores the importance of continuous legal oversight and clear legislative guidelines to maintain and strengthen legal certainty over ownership certificates. Additionally, it highlights the potential legal risks and uncertainties that flat owners may face if the underlying land rights are not properly managed or renewed. The study concludes that while ownership certificates offer significant legal protection, the dependence on building use rights for the underlying land introduces potential vulnerabilities. Future research should explore the legal and practical implications of the expiration and renewal of building use rights, the impact on flat ownership, and alternative legal frameworks that could provide greater security for property owners.

THE ROLE OF ESG BUSINESS REPORTING IN WATER MANAGEMENT

The rational use of water resources by business structures requires the development of appropriate strategies and their adherence to the chosen policy in terms of management of these objects: drawing up programs and plans, introducing environmental protection actions, displaying the economic effect and documenting all transactions, minimizing negative impacts on the environment and presentation of the positive and negative consequences of the use of natural resources in the format of ESG reporting, which discloses information about the activities of companies in the field of Environmental aspects, Social responsibility and Corporate Governance. This practice positions companies as an active participant in sustainable development and allows them to increase their own ratings, which makes it possible to have advantages in attracting investments and targeted financing, increasing one's own competitiveness due to improved trust in such companies, etc. Improving the quality of information in ESG reporting on water resources management and related processes allows stakeholders to receive complete and reliable information when making management decisions. On the basis of the study of ESG reporting of 8 corporations from Ukraine in terms of the use of water resources during the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development, positive and problematic practices of companies were identified when preparing the necessary data for reporting. During this analysis, the experience and legislative guidelines on the exploitation of water resources and the use of ecological and economic accounting of water in the countries were taken into account. In addition, approaches to applying the level of materiality in ESG reporting were analyzed when reporting in this format. The results of the study made it possible to rank the elements of water resources management of economic entities according to the rule of materiality of data in ESG reporting and to propose an algorithm for compiling ESG reporting in the part of water resources management, taking into account the level of materiality. The article substantiates the directions of providing companies with adequate information on water resources management measures and reflecting such practices in ESG reporting to meet the needs of internal and external users. The directions of further scientific research in the field of reporting on the use of water resources by various business entities are also outlined. A critical analysis of the peculiarities of ESG reporting in the area of water resources management can provide an opportunity for top managers of domestic companies to improve the quality of financial and non-financial information, which, in turn, will contribute to the improvement of the corporate governance system on the one hand, and on the other hand, improve the satisfaction of information users. requests of all stakeholders when making their own management decisions.

Choice of Law Clause in Foreign Investment Contracts for The Development of The Nusantara Capital City

This research analyses foreign investment within the context of the Nusantara Capital City (Ibu Kota Nusantara, IKN) development projects, focusing specifically on the application of choice of law clauses in resolving disputes arising from foreign investment contracts. Employing both statutory and conceptual approaches, the study explores how the IKN's green forest city concept aligns with national investment policies, making it conducive to foreign investment provided that projects adhere to legislative requirements and procedural guidelines. The findings underscore the critical importance of carefully crafted dispute resolution clauses, particularly those specifying the choice of applicable law, given the inherent complexity of contracts involving multiple parties subject to diverse legal systems. Effective dispute resolution mechanisms are essential for ensuring clarity and consistency in addressing potential legal conflicts that may arise in the course of international investment activities within the IKN development framework.

Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents in Dense Cities: Geotech Transport and ArcGIS

Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) provide a substantial risk to both public safety and infrastructure within severe earthquake zones. This research aims to provide a thorough analysis of the many elements that contribute to RTAs in the area. Although research on RTAs has been conducted in numerous settings, there is a lack of localized research specifically focused on developing countries. Therefore, this study is necessary to address this gap in literature. Our study focuses on examining the distinct issues and elements that are particular to this specific location. The objective is to provide customized solutions that effectively reduce the occurrence of accidents. The objective of this study is to examine the status of RTAs, ascertain the main factors contributing to RTAs, and provide viable approaches to improve road safety. A comprehensive study of data was undertaken, which included the examination of key highways, accident-prone areas, and causes contributing to accidents. Insights were derived by the use of statistical analysis, hotspot mapping, and the categorization of incidents. The results revealed a distressing roadway are afflicted by a significant frequency of accidents, even those occurring on prominent thoroughfares. Excessive speed has been revealed as the primary contributing factor, closely followed by negligence and recklessness. The common factor seen in these events was the insufficient enforcement of traffic regulations. The research highlights several practical consequences. Firstly, it is advised to implement urgent actions such as the upgrading of the traffic database, the adoption of contemporary traffic management software, and the enforcement of rigorous traffic laws. The establishment of a comprehensive centralized database system is crucial in order to enhance the documenting and management of accidents. Furthermore, the use of cost-benefit analysis provides justification for the adoption of traffic calming measures in locations with a high incidence of accidents. Furthermore, the implementation of continuous road safety awareness efforts and the establishment of clear legislative guidelines pertaining to fatal accidents are imperative measures in promoting enhanced road safety.

Дистанционное проведение отдельных следственных действий в России и некоторых странах ближнего зарубежья: сравнительный анализ

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has revolutionized various aspects of contemporary society, including the field of law enforcement and criminal justice. One significant development in this regard is the utilization of video conferencing systems (VCS) for conducting investigative actions remotely. This article seeks to explore the implementation of remote investigative actions in Russia and select neighboring countries, with a focus on the legal framework, practical implications, and potential challenges. Comparative analysis encompasses an examination of the legal provisions governing remote investigative actions in Russia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Tajikistan. Particular attention is paid to Article 189.1 of the criminal procedural legislation of the Russian Federation, which regulates the conduct of investigative actions via video conferencing. The analysis evaluates the efficacy, feasibility, and adherence to procedural safeguards in remote interrogations, face-to-face confrontations, and presentations for identification. In conclusion, the analysis underscores both the advantages and shortcomings of remote investigative actions facilitated by video conferencing systems (VCS). While such technological advancements offer opportunities for efficiency and cost-effectiveness, concerns regarding procedural fairness, privacy protection, and technological limitations persist. Accordingly, there is a pressing need for legislative refinement and procedural guidelines to ensure the effective implementation of remote investigative actions while safeguarding the rights of all parties involved. Collaboration between legal experts, law enforcement agencies, and technology developers is essential to address these challenges and optimize the utilization of digital technologies in the criminal justice system.

К вопросу о реализации принципов контрактной системы: современный взгляд

The modern development of the Russian Federation is characterized by the search for a balance between effective functioning and optimization of costs for the implementation of functions assigned to public legal entities. One of the tools of such a balance is the implementation of the principles of the contract system, ensuring the satisfaction of state and municipal needs, which is associated with problems caused by both imperfection of legal norms and the dynamics of socio-economic development. In order to improve the application of norms that enshrine the principles of the contract system, the article analyzes certain basic ideas of public procurement, which demonstrated the difficulties of implementing legislative guidelines. The study allowed us to formulate a conclusion about the need to amend certain provisions of Federal Law No. 44-FZ dated April 5, 2013 "On the Contract System in the field of Procurement of Goods, works, and Services for State and Municipal Needs", which enshrine the principles of the contract system.

Economic Analysis as Guidelines for Criminal Legislation

Economic Analysis as Guidelines for Criminal Legislation