Legible Research Articles

Duncan Macrae, <i>Legible Religion: Books, Gods, and Rituals in Roman Culture</i>

Duncan Macrae, <i>Legible Religion: Books, Gods, and Rituals in Roman Culture</i>

Knowledge and Attitude towards Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) among General Dental Practitioners of Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Purpose: Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) is a treatment technique that emphasizes maximum healthy tooth structure preservation and enamel remineralization. It has been a widely accepted technique worldwide in the management of dental caries. However, there is limited evidence data available on familiarity with ART technique amongst general dental practitioners (GDPs) of Riyadh, KSA. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude toward ART amongst GDPs of this region. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted between March 2020 to May 2020 among GDPs of Riyadh, KSA using a self-administered validated questionnaire. The structure of the questionnaire was based on literary research. Two-hundred and seventy-four GDPs were approached to participate in this study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. A Chi-square test was performed to analyze a correlation between the level of knowledge about ART and gender and time since graduation (years) with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 199 questionnaires were observed to be legible with an overall response rate of 72.6%. More than 90% of study participants were aware of ART and the majority of them (74.9%) claimed that their knowledge regarding ART was achieved during graduation. The variables ART reduces dental anxiety, ART is not used in teeth with exposed pulp, and ART is a definitive restorative treatment that was observed as statistically different (p ≤ 0.05) concerning working experience. Whereas, Composite resins or temporary fillings can be used in ART was also found statistically different among gender (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: GDPs have sufficient knowledge and a positive attitude towards ART. However, GDPs lack knowledge of ART related to practicing this treatment approach in a clinical setting.

Quality of hospital admission documentation: A study in an emergency paediatric unit of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria

Medical documentation, in addition to being a legal and research tool, is vital in providing quality patient care. In Nigeria, hand written documentation without proforma, is the norm. We assessed the quality of doctors’ documentation of children admitted into Emergency Paediatrics Unit (EPU), Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH). A 3-month cross-sectional study of admission records by different cadre of doctors for children admitted into the EPU between March and May 2016. A checklist was used to assess the quality of documentation. Data was analysed with SPSS version 22. Of the 191 patients’ clerking studied, 63 (33%) indicated the doctors’ cadre. The patients’ name written on the first page in 168 (88%), but only 31 (16.2%) indicated name on subsequent pages. Date and time of consultation were written in 183 (95.8%) and 61 (31.9%) respectively. Writing was legible in (174) 91.1%, with counter-signing of cancellations in 19 (9.9%). Examination findings documented included blood pressure in 18 (9.4%), pulse rate in 179 (93.7%), respiratory rate in 179 (93.7%) and temperature in 184 (96.3%). This study demonstrates the need for improvement in quality of paediatrics emergency documentation. Continuing medical education (CME) on this is essential. Key words: Quality, admission, documentation, emergency, paediatrics, Sokoto.

Johanna Függer-Vagts. Review of "Paul Klee: The Visible and the Legible" by Annie Bourneuf.

Johanna Függer-Vagts. Review of "Paul Klee: The Visible and the Legible" by Annie Bourneuf.

The Legible Face and the Illegible Body: Face-Work in Lichtenberg, Haywood, and Garrick

The Legible Face and the Illegible Body: Face-Work in Lichtenberg, Haywood, and Garrick

GIS-based landscape design research

Landscape design research is important for cultivating spatial intelligence in landscape architecture. This study explores GIS (geographic information systems) as a tool for landscape design research - investigating landscape designs to understand them as architectonic compositions (architectonic plan analysis). The concept ‘composition’ refers to a conceivable arrangement, an architectural expression of a mental construct that is legible and open to interpretation. Landscape architectonic compositions and their representations embody a great wealth of design knowledge as objects of our material culture and reflect the possible treatment of the ground, space, image and program as a characteristic coherence. By exploring landscape architectonic compositions with GIS, design researchers can acquire design knowledge that can be used in the creation and refinement of a design. The research aims to identify and illustrate the potential role of GIS as a tool in landscape design research, so as to provide insight into the possibilities and limitations of using GIS in this capacity. The critical, information-oriented case of Stourhead landscape garden (Wiltshire, UK), an example of a designed landscape that covers the scope and remit of landscape architecture design, forms the heart of the study. The exploration of Stourhead by means of GIS can be understood as a plausibility probe. Here the case study is considered a form of ‘quasi-experiment’, testing the hypothesis and generating a learning process that constitutes a prerequisite for advanced understanding, while using an adjusted version of the framework for landscape design analysis by Steenbergen and Reh (2003). This is a theoretically informed analytical method based on the formal interpretation of the landscape architectonic composition addressing four landscape architectonic categories: the basic, the spatial, the symbolic and the programmatic form. This study includes new aspects to be analysed, such as the visible form and the shape of the walk, and serves as the basis for the landscape architectonic analysis in which GIS is used as the primary analytical tool. GIS-based design research has the possibility to cultivate spatial intelligence in landscape architecture through three fields of operation: GIS-based modelling: description of existing and future landscape architectonic compositions in digital form; GIS-based analysis: exploration, analysis and synthesis of landscape architectonic compositions in order to reveal latent architectonic relationships and principles, while utilizing the processing capacities and possibilities of computers for ex-ante and ex-post simulation and evaluation; GIS-based visual representation: representation of (virtual) landscape architectonic compositions in space and time, in order to retrieve and communicate information and knowledge of the landscape design. Though there are limitations, this study exemplifies that GIS is a powerful instrument to acquire knowledge from landscape architectonic compositions. The study points out that the application of GIS in landscape design research can be seen as an extension of the fundamental cycle of observation, visual representation, analysis and interpretation in the process of knowledge acquisition, with alternative visualisations and digital landscape models as important means for this process. Using the calculating power of computers, combined with inventive modelling, analysis and visualisation concepts in an interactive process, opened up possibilities to reveal new information and knowledge about the basic, spatial, symbolic and programmatic form of Stourhead. GIS extended the design researchers’ perception via measurement, simulation and experimentation, and at the same time offered alternative ways of understanding the landscape architectonic composition. This gave rise to the possibility of exploring new elements in the framework of landscape design research, such as the visible form and kinaesthetic aspects, analysing the composition from eyelevel perspective. Moreover, the case study showcases that GIS has the potential to measure phenomena that are often subject to intuitive and experimental design, combining general scientific knowledge of, for instance, visual perception and way-finding, with the examination of site-specific design applications. GIS also enabled one to understand the landscape architectonic composition of Stourhead as a product of time, via the analysis of its development through reconstruction and evaluation of several crucial time-slice snapshots. The study illustrates that GIS can be regarded an external cognitive tool that facilitates and mediates in design knowledge acquisition. GIS facilitates in the sense that it can address the ‘same types of design-knowledge’ regarding the basic, spatial, symbolic and programmatic form, but in a more precise, systematic, transparent, and quantified manner. GIS mediates in the sense that it influences what and how aspects of the composition can be understood and therefore enables design researchers to generate ‘new types of design-knowledge’ by advanced spatial analysis and the possibility of linking or integrating other information layers, fields of science and data sources. The research contributes to the development and distribution of knowledge of GIS-applications in landscape architecture in two ways: (1) by ‘following’ the discipline and developing aspects of it, and (2) by setting in motion fundamental developments in the field, providing alternative readings of landscape architecture designs.

A Paper Trail: Missa Jouyssance vous donneray, Uncertain Identity, and the National Institutes of Health's "Bathtub Collection"

In a storeroom of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Library of Medicine's History of Medicine Division are seven gray boxes full of envelopes of yellowed paper scraps. These fragments constitute the little-known "Bathtub Collection." Dr. Dorothy Schullian, a curator at the National Library of Medicine (NLM), discovered the collection during the late 1940s and early 1950s while working on a restoration project for the NLM that was intended to make the library's wealth of medical books available to the public in modern, sturdy bindings. Found stuffed in the bindings of early medical treatises, these fragments were soaked free of centuries-old glue in a bathtub, thus earning their unique name. The hundreds of tiny pieces of paper span almost eight centuries, eight languages, and countless sources, both print and manuscript. Their contents include pages from the Vulgate Bible, personal letters, pamphlets, playing cards, announcements, and music. At present, the fragments are catalogued in file folders according to the bookbinding from which they came. (1) Little research has been done on the "Bathtub Collection." After examining the bindings, Schullian wrote a paper chronicling their contents that was read at the 1953 meeting of the Bibliographical Society of America and subsequently published. In 1997, Dr. Walton Schalick III submitted a similar article to the American Historical Association suggesting that more work be done on this remarkable collection, both in preservation and research. In response to Schalick's article, the NIH hired a preservation intern, Sandra Provenzano, for four months to re-package the fragments in more archive-friendly envelopes and boxes (Waring 2002). Carol Clausen, current curator at the NLM, then wrote a detailed report focusing on four manuscript pages of music taken from the binding of Giovanni Andrea della Croce's Chirurgiae Ioannis Andreae a Cruce, Veneti medici libri septem (henceforth Chirurgiae), published in Venice in 1573 (Clausen 2004). (2) The four leaves of manuscript staff paper contain Latin-texted music from Franco-Flemish Masses and motets. These liturgical compositions were usually written for four to six voices overall, but they often included duo or trio sections. The manuscript contains only these bicinia, or sections of music for two voices. Each sheet of manuscript paper is divided in half horizontally, with the music facing the top of the page on one half and the bottom on the other, indicating that the pages were intended to be cut and bound as a partbook. Over the centuries, the paper has been marked, cut, torn, and chewed. Most of the surviving notation is still legible, but large pieces are missing from the pages (see figure 1). A roughly two-inch square was neatly cut out of the center of the last sheet of staff paper, on which no music was copied. All of the selections are numbered, and the names of the composers are written in the margins. The pages include only the two-voice sections of the Credo, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei from Lupus's Missa Hercules dux Ferrariae; the Benedictus from Francesco de Layolle's Missa O salutaris hostia; the Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei from Johannes Sarton's Missa Jouyssance vous donneray; and four motets by Henricus Isaac, as identified by Clausen. (3) Only one of the two voices in each of these sections appears in the "Bathtub Collection" music manuscripts. None of the Masses or motets are present in their entirety or identified by title in the manuscript. In the case of Sarton's Missa Jouyssance vous donneray, the altus part of the Crucifixus and Agnus Dei II and the bassus part of the Et resurrexit and Pleni sunt are copied on one sheet of paper, or two partbook pages. (4) (See the left margin of figure 1 for an attribution to Sarton.) The numbering of the selections indicates that there were evidently fifty-eight musical selections copied in all, but numbers 1-10 and 31-43 are missing from the manuscripts. …

Competency 6. Maintain comprehensive, timely, and legible medical records, if applicable

Competency 6. Maintain comprehensive, timely, and legible medical records, if applicable

Records of a Minor Historian: Lu Xun on Zhang Taiyan

Lu Xun, nearing his death, wrote two essays commemorating Zhang Taiyan. Both are rather unconventional eulogies, which engage the style, themes, and conventions of traditional biographies. Keenly aware of the depictions of his teacher as a conservative Confucian scholar and a political reactionary, Lu Xun provides a counter image. By associating his teacher with prominent revolutionaries and framing his idiosyncratic behaviors and political choices in later life as the product of failed ambition, Lu Xun harks back to the figure of the “mad genius” lauded as exemplars in the classical literary tradition, an image that resonates as well with the gallery of “modern” misanthropes and madmen in his short stories. Cast within a lineage of awakened eccentrics often deemed insane in their own times, Zhang emerges in Lu Xun’s essays as a revolutionary par excellence: an outspoken rebel who, after the founding of the Republic, remained a fearless critic of the establishment; an uncompromising radical at heart, who remained committed to the ideals of a true social transformation long since forgotten by those around him. In making the “worthiness” and relevance of Zhang Taiyan as a historical figure legible to modern readers through his engagement with traditional biographical conventions, Lu Xun also affirms the value of a traditional literati culture which continued to structure his worldview as a modern intellectual and writer. For his portrait of the “master of classical studies” as a radical revolutionary, however partial, was an attempt to ensure that Zhang’s name would remain relevant to posterity, leaving open the possibility that his teacher’s “precious records” might also be transmitted and still find knowing readers in later ages.

More than Exception: Categories and the Problem of “Nature” in the Ruhr

This essay reflects on the conceptualisation of the Ruhr region as an urban and historical research object in English-language scholarship and the effects of this understanding on historical social analysis. It focuses particularly on how signs of “nature” – in the form of green space incorporated into industrial workers’ colony housing (Arbeitersiedlungen) around the turn of the last century – have been seen as “exceptions” in an industrial environment, and are subsequently interpreted as indicators of anti-modern values or pre-industrial ideals. I argue that this is the result of the production-centric frame that has dominated urban and historical analysis in the Ruhr, and suggest an alternative interpretation. These are new uses of green space that emerged through industrialisation and urbanisation, and that reflect a modern sensibility towards “nature”: one in which these material referents become legible as vehicles for social goods.

The Writing Tablets and Papyrus from Tomb II in Daphni

Abstract The author describes the fragmentary writing tablets and papyrus remnants discovered in one of the Daphni tombs in 1981, dating from 430/420 bce. He offers transcriptions of the legible portions and assesses their possible literary significance.

Feasibility of flexible ultrasonic cystoscopy in diagnosis and treatment for urinary tract diseases in vivo

Objective To innovate and improve the feasibility of flexible ultrasonic cystoscopy (FUCS) in the diagnosis and treatment for urinary tract diseases in vivo by using female pigs as animal model.Methods Endobronchial ultrasonography was took as a substitute for FUCS and the operating skills and experience of FUCS in vivo by using female pigs as animal model were summarized,in order to testify the efficacy and safety of needle biopsy guided by FUCS.Results FUCS could simultaneously display the endoscopic images and ultrasonic images.Ninety ml was suitable in pig bladder for FUCS when the layers of bladder wall were clear.The mucosa,submucosa,muscularis and serosa layers were legible,which contributed to the needle positioning biopsy.Doppler ultrasound mode could distinguish the vessels,which could guide the puncture and avoid accidental injury of blood vessels and surrounding organs.Pathological results of positioning biopsy were consistent with FUCS evaluation for the three major layers of bladder wall.Conclusion Studies in vivo show that application of FUCS in the diagnosis and treatment for bladder disease is feasible,and further improvement of the FUCS equipment and clinical practice should be made. Key words: Flexible ultrasonic cystoscopy; Urinary bladder; Swine; Models, animal

Nursing information system: a relevant substitute of the paper nursing record.

A teaching hospital in the Netherlands has developed a Nursing Information System (NIS). After the NIS was implemented in six wards in March 2009, the NIS was evaluated. Since micro-relevance is a key-factor in adoption of Information Systems, the objective of this study is to reveal which aspects of the NIS are micro-relevant to nurses. A paper questionnaire was distributed among all 195 nurses, who used the system. Included in the research were 93 (47.7%) respondents. Also six NIS-users were interviewed, using the USE IT-model. Nurses mainly used those functions of the NIS, which were essential for reporting or retrieving patient information. The NIS was appreciated for supplying unhampered access to complete, legible, structured patient data. For nurses the NIS is a good substitute for the paper record. The micro-relevance of other functionality than supplying information seems to be low.

Marx ante (y antes) de la literatura

Este ensayo trata la relación de Marx con la literatura. Busca tomar en cuenta a varios Marxs: 1) el Marx que está obsesionado con la literatura tal como la entendemos generalmente, que evoca en todas partes la literatura de la antigüedad clásica, la literatura de la Edad Media hasta la de Goethe y los escritos de Dante, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Defoe, Balzac, por mencionar sólo algunos de sus favoritos; 2) el Marx que empleó de manera tan frecuente la literatura para analizar la vida histórico-política —que empleó a Balzac para analizar y condenar las políticas reales, que empleó como móviles el Timón de Atenas de Shakespeare o el Robinson Crusoe de Defoe para hablar de procesos económicos que de otro modo hubiesen permanecido oscuros, y que empleó el Don Quijote de Cervantes para criticar a los jóvenes hegelianos—; 3) el Marx que, a pesar de su propio requerimiento de la literatura, nos cuenta aun que la literatura como tal no existe, ya que está inscrita al interior de un sistema inequitativamente determinado de prácticas socio-históricas y políticas, y relaciones de producción —el Marx, en otras palabras, cuyos análisis materialistas renuncian a la noción del trabajo literario (es decir, a la de un trabajo que sería únicamente literario), incluso al ayudarnos a comprender de qué manera surge, histórica, política e ideológicamente, algo como una institución de literatura—; y 4) el Marx que se lamenta de la literatura, incluso al escribirla —quien quizás regresa a la literatura sobre todo cuando nos dice que no puede existir por sí misma, cuando demuestra que es un elemento esencial de cada modo de representación, cada medio técnico y cada técnica del lenguaje—. Por esto me dispongo a argumentar que el interés de Marx en la literatura es quizás más legible no tanto cuando está hablando de lo que llamamos novelas, poesía, ficción y fábulas, sino cuando se refiere a las ilusiones, alucinaciones, fantasmas, virtualidades y simulacros que componen hoy, más que nunca, nuestra existencia cotidiana. Podríamos incluso decir que lo que hace literatura a la literatura es al mismo tiempo lo que le impide permanecer simplemente como literatura, aquello que la hace histórica y política.

Risk factors of partial response of primary liver cancer after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation

Objective To determine the risk factors of the partial response of primary liver cancer after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation(PRFA).Methods From December 1999 to April 2007,we treated 2331 tumors in 1142 eases of primary liver cancer with PRFA.The 192 of the 2331 tumors achieved a partial response(PR).We investigated the relationship between 10 pretreatment factors and the partial response of PRFA.Results The overall partial response rate was 8.2%within 2 months after PRFA.Tumor size,tumor location,growth pattern,TACE before PRFA,the elec-trode pattern and legible orientation of tumor under ultrasound were significantly associated with a higher partial response rate(P=0.000,P=0.004,P=0.014,P=0.001 and P=0.000,respectively).However,only the tumor size,tumor location,growth pattern and TACE before PRFA were found to be independent risk factors for the partial response of primary liver cancer after percutaneous radiofre-quencv ablation by Logistic regression model.Conclusion The tumor size,tumor location,growth pattern of tumor and TACE before PRFA treatment influence the local efficacy of PRFA fOr primary liver cancer. Key words: Carcinoma,hepatocellular; Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation; Partial response

Doctor, is your writing legible?

Doctor, is your writing legible?

Legible Bodies: Race, Criminality and Colonialism (review)

Legible Bodies: Race, Criminality and Colonialism (review)

Supporting and promoting osteopathic medicine through community-based family practice preceptorships: a survey-based study.

Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine (MSUCOM) has long maintained a preceptorship program involving community-based osteopathic physicians who voluntarily provide osteopathic medical students with early clinical experiences in family practice. To investigate the factors that influence osteopathic physicians to participate in the MSUCOM Family Medicine Preceptorship Program. A self-administered survey consisting of 28 questions in five categories was mailed to all 177 osteopathic physicians participating in the MSUCOM Family Medicine Preceptorship Program. A total of 168 surveys reached potential respondents. Eighty-nine completed, legible surveys were returned, for a response rate of 53%. The most common reasons given for program participation were the desire to contribute to the medical education of students (99%), to provide "real-life" clinical experiences to students (78%), to share knowledge (72%), and to "give back" to the osteopathic medical profession (71%). A majority of respondents agreed that the preceptorship program would influence students' specialty (96%) and internship choices (79%). Respondents also reported an expectation that their participation would lead to continuing medical education (CME) credit for clinical teaching (65%), opportunities for faculty development (28%) or research collaboration (17%), and professional recognition (12%). The primary motivations for osteopathic physicians to participate in the MSUCOM Family Medicine Preceptorship Program are related to a personal sense of "giving back" to the osteopathic medical profession by contributing to the education of future physicians. In addition, the integrated relationship between volunteer preceptors and MSUCOM enriches professional opportunities for CME credit, faculty development, and other academic-related benefits.

Evaluation of small town development and strategies in county level:Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province as an example

Development of small towns is the key to China’s urbanization and the increase of farmers’ income. During the past several years the developments of small towns have made great progress in China and lots of researches have quickened their pace of research on the development of small towns.But we should acknowledge that in the process of small town development lots of problems have appeared and needed to be solved successfully for sustainable development, such as how to get harmonious economic and environmental development, how to balance the disparity between rich and poor, etc. So the researchers should pay more attention to the development of small towns and put forward more feasible suggestions to facilitate the development. This paper tries to analyze the development of small towns by using theories and measures different from conventional by taking Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province as an example. Firstly it acknowledges the Huaiyuan County has made rapid progress in small town development in the past several years. Then it points out the problems related to the development, including the unreasonable planning and allocation, insufficiency of construction fund, the lag of basic infrastructure and lack of talented personnel and so on. In order to get more legible judgment the authors analyze the developing level of Huaiyuan County by using quantitative method. The author takes the density of roads in towns, the level of labor forces’ income and other factors as the evaluating index. The result indicates that Huaiyuan County is undergoing the transition period from the prophase to the metaphase of the small town development. Considering the situation and problems in Huaiyuan's development, the author identifies several strategies to ameliorate its development. Firstly, to pay more attention to the construction of epicenter towns. Taking the quantity of exporting commodities, the increase of investment from outside and other ten factors as index, the authors filtrate out Chenji, Zhutuan, Dongmiao, Xiaoyi, Boji and Gucheng towns as the centric towns. All the towns have great potential and influence to the surrounding towns. The local government should pay more attention and provide funds to these towns to make them develop more efficiently and speedy in the future. Furthermore, the authors put forward some suggestions to accelerate the development of Huaiyuan County. They are: to collect funds from multiple channels; to protect the environment and pay more attention to the sustainable development; and to consummate the market system.

Operating Issue Networks On The Web

(2002). Operating Issue Networks On The Web. Science as Culture: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 191-213.