Legal Sociology Research Articles

Can You Hear Me Now? Attorney Perceptions of Interpretation, Technology, and Power in Immigration Court

The Executive Office for Immigration Review houses America's trial-level immigration courts, which adjudicate hundreds of thousands of cases annually, many resulting in deportations. Most proceedings require interpretation and all rely heavily upon technology. Yet, we know little about communication and technology in these hearings, and even less about the views of attorneys who navigate this system daily. I examine the effects courtroom interpretation and technology have on immigrant voices as described in interviews with immigration attorneys representing clients facing deportation. Attorneys overwhelmingly characterize the court as procedurally unjust, pinpointing how flaws in interpretation, telephonic conferencing, and videoconferencing offer the illusion of due process. Drawing upon criminology, legal sociology, and linguistics, this study finds profound improvements are needed to ensure due process in the nation's immigration courts, including: Elimination of telephonic and videoconferencing in all but extreme circumstances. Modernization of telephonic and videoconference technology. Improvement of interpreter standards and working conditions. Education of attorneys, judges, and interpreters regarding challenges inherent to courtroom interpretation and technology. Although enhancing the quality of interpretation and technology protocols may improve immigrants’ access to justice in immigration court, meaningful immigration court reforms should reduce the need for an immigration court altogether.

THE FORCE OF LAW AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO JUSTICE

The study focuses on a fundamental issue of legal sociology and the philosophy of law, which is the the force of law, which means his effectiveness and applicability in the community of those addressed by it, as the study linked the law to its purpose, and made the common general goal of the abstract law to achieve justice. When the law adopts justice it ensures its effectivness and its continuity in fact which acheive legal security. The study raised the hypothesis of the opposite situation, when the law is against justice, and it presented the possibilities avaible to the original commissionners of the base from individuals in a given community, and from the sub-commissionners represented in the enforcement agencies and judges to get out of the impasse on injust law.

Tradisi Kawin Tangkap (Piti Rambang) Suku Sumba di Nusa Tenggara Timur

The tradition of capture marriage (Pitti Rambang) of the Sumbanese tribe in East Nusa Tenggara still exists and is carried out continuously with the forced marriage of Sumba women which causes the victim to experience physical, sexual, psychological and social violence. That a strong and inevitable tradition in the culture of the Sumbanese people, who still have a patriarchal culture, upholds customs and this culture facilitates the men. The purpose of this study was to examine the existence of the tradition of mating capture (Pitti Rampang) of the Sumbanese tribe in East Nusa Tenggara and to discuss the factors that influence interbreeding. The methods in this research are the statutory approach, the customary law approach, the concept approach, the legal sociology approach, and the case approach. The results showed that the occurrence of capture marriages (Pitti Rambang) was due to economic factors related to debt, social strata, trust and the level of understanding of the Sumbanese indigenous people towards positive law and the settlement process in this capture marriage was carried out through adat, namely from the stages of search, close the shame, knock on the door, traditional mats, religion (for those of other religions outside the Moruyu belief) until the final stage.

Penolakan Omnibus Law Menurut Paradigma Sosiologi Hukum dan Teori Konflik

The Omnibus Law, which has been valid and has become a regulation in the constitution in Indonesia, has experienced many new things in the process and has not opened up the flow of democracy from the people. There were several articles that were changed, especially regarding employment which eventually got rejected in society. Workers as subjects who are bound by the Omnibus Law are also involved in demonstrations and expect a change to the law. In terms of legal sociology, social revolution, as the answer desired by modern society today, will never occur because it is hampered by social mobility through the decomposition of the new labor force and middle class. Articles that have the potential to become a legality tool for suppressing human rights and discriminating against workers against employees must be further guarded by academics so that practices of abuse of the rules in the Omnibus Law will not occur.

Pertimbangan Hakim dalam Menangani Tuntutan Pengembalian Uang Belanja Pada Pengadilan Agama

One of the problems faced by a judge when deciding on a divorce case is the case of refunding spending money. Regarding spending money, it becomes a new problem and legal case when a wife files for divorce (khulu) to her husband in court (especially if the wife has not been interfered with), then her husband demands a refund of the spending money.This study uses a type of field research (field research), namely research in which data collection is carried out in the field, in this study is a legal sociology approach. The sociology of law approach is used to evaluate and examine the influence of law on social behavior, the beliefs held by people in the social world in relation to customary justice, social organizations, social developments and legal institutions, social conditions that give rise to law.The results of the study show that (1) the basis for the judge's consideration in deciding cases of demands for a refund of expenditures to settle cases of demands for a refund of expenditures there are 3 methods, namely: The method of juridical considerations bases its decision on the provisions of the legislation formally in the form of evidence. namely, documentary evidence (written), witness evidence, suspicion (allegations), confessions and oaths, the Sociological Method. And Philosophical Methods. (2) The judge in handling the demands for the refund of spending money is based on Islamic law, by conducting ijtihad or legal discovery by tying up or analogizing spending money with a dowry because of Qobla Dukhul. Because no legal basis is found in the Qur'an and al-Hadith.

PRAKTEK PERNIKAHAN DI BAWAH UMUR Di Kenagarian Bawan Kecamatan Ampek Nagari Kabupaten Agam Sumatera Barat

The title of this research is The Practice of Underage Marriage in Kenagarian Bawan, Ampek Nagari District, Agam Regency, West Sumatera. The background of this research problem is based on Article 7 paragraph 1 of Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage which states that "marriage is only permitted if the male party has reached the age of 19 years and the female has reached the age of 16 years, while in Nagari Bawas, Ampek Nagari Sub-district, Agam Regency, many people ignore this provision. The purpose of this study was to see the form of implementation and the factors causing the practice of underage marriage in Kenagarian Bawan, as well as the actions taken by religious leaders, traditional leaders and KUA officials. This type of research is empirical legal research or legal sociology. That is an approach by looking at a legal reality in society. The sociology of law approach is an approach used to look at legal aspects in social interactions in society. Data taken from interviews with the Head of the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) and parties involved in the practice of underage marriage. The results showed that the practice of underage marriage in Kenagarian Bawan was only carried out in front of the local Tuanku, not in front of the Marriage Registrar, in the sense that this marriage was an illegal/unofficial marriage according to the Positive Law of Indonesia. There are three contributing factors, namely: pregnancy factors, educational factors and economic factors. Actions taken by religious leaders, traditional leaders and KUA officials are in the form of socialization and counseling to the community.

TURKEY AS AN EU MEMBER STATE CANDIDATE IN A HYPERCITIZEN EUROPEAN UNION PERSPECTIVE

This is a legal and political sociology essay with the objective of a strategic geopolitical, legal and economic analysis of the pros and cons of Turkey's potential entry as a member state of the European Union. The essay is placed on the side of the policies, more in detail on the side of politics making, it starts with the analysis of the state of art, to move towards the need for structural coupling between Turkey and the European Union and then - lastly - there are some authors' thoughts on a potential eastward enlargement of the European Union with its pros and its cons.This is a legal and political sociology essay with the objective of a strategic geopolitical, legal and economic analysis of the pros and cons of Turkey's potential entry as a member state of the European Union. The essay is placed on the side of the policies, more in detail on the side of politics making, it starts with the analysis of the state of art, to move towards the need for structural coupling between Turkey and the European Union and then - lastly - there are some authors' thoughts on a potential eastward enlargement of the European Union with its pros and its cons.

JURIDICAL REVIEW OF SHARIA SUPERVISORY BOARD SUPERVISION ON SHARIA BANKING PRODUCTS

The purpose of this study is to analyze the Implementation of DPS Supervision on Sharia Products PT. Bank NTB Syariah Post-conversion and analyze the Legal Consequences of Supervision by DPS Against PT Products. Bank NTB Syariah, If Not In Accordance with Sharia Principles. Normative-empirical research methods. Research approaches are Legal Approach, Historical Approach and Legal Sociology Approach. Types and data sources are secondary data and primary data. Research location at PT. Bank NTB Syariah. Data collection techniques or legal materials are techniques for the collection of secondary materials and primary materials. Data processing is processed in a coherence and systematic. The data analysis in this study is qualitative, comprehensive, and complete. The results of the study, First, based on the results of supervision for two years post-conversion, DPS said that, in general, company operational activities. Bank NTB Syariah is in accordance with Sharia Principles, Fatwa DSN-MUI and DPS Sharia Opinion from the results of supervision of SHARIA products of PT. Bank NTB Syariah. Second, If the product developed and marketed is correct from the concept side, in practice there is a mistake / error that results in the product does not meet the pillars and conditions of the contract, then the profit obtained from the contract transaction is not valid as the Bank's income, but becomes TBDSP funds. Against existing products, there is a discrepancy with sharia principles and DSN-MUI fatwas, the consequences of which can be frozen or discontinued. Settlement continues the payment transaction until it is paid off or the customer must pay off immediately Keywords: Supervision, DPS, Sharia Banking Products. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/108-11 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Legal Compliance: Founding Elements of a Conception Based on Cultural Theory

AbstractThe state of research on legal compliance in socio-legal studies is limited and partially outdated. Like theories on coercion, recognition, or legitimacy, notions around compliance with the law appear plausible in themselves. However, each of them hold only part of the explanation and yet they cannot be reconciled due to theoretical incompatibilities. Legal sociologists therefore speak of a theory gap regarding legal compliance. The following article takes on this research desideratum and attempts to formulate an alternative concept of legal compliance based on an entirely new terminology without, however, completely renouncing the previous findings of legal sociology. Relying on the above-mentioned theory gap alongside the introduction of this new terminology, I argue that it is possible to analyze legal compliance while heuristically integrating all previous theoretical concepts of its. As a starting point, the article draws on Bourdieu’s fragmentary sociology of law and, by extending it, proposes a larger practice and field-theory-based interpretation of compliance.

THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW PERSPECTIVE ON CHILD PROTECTION AT THE SYAR’IYAH COURT IN ACEH

This study aims to examine child protection at the Syar'iyah Court in Aceh from the perspective of the sociology of law. This research uses the study of legal sociology, which is an approach that views law as a tool to create order and order in society. The approach used is a case study of child protection in court decisions in Banda Aceh, Bireuen, and Lhokseumawe regarding child guardianship. Meanwhile, data collection techniques are literature studies and court decisions. This study concluded that the Syar'iyah Court in Banda Aceh granted guardianship rights to adult male siblings and to become guardians and take care of parental inheritance. In Bireuen, guardianship rights are given to the mother for a child because her father who has a pension salary is left behind. Whereas in Lhokseumawe, guardianship rights are also given to the mother while the living father is obliged to give one million per month and education and health costs. In addition, judges also become al-Qur’an, Hadith, and the opinions of the ulama as arguments in their decisions that are in accordance with the sociological characteristics of religion in Aceh. This shows that the Syar'iyah Court as part of the social system and judges as social actors have functioned to provide child protection so as to create order and order in society.

Family Planning in The Social Fiqh Perspective of K.H. Sahal Mahfudh

This study entitled "Family Planning in the Perspective of Social Fiqh KH. MA. Sahal Mahfudh” is the result of literature research to answer the question how did family planning (KB) begin in Indonesia? How Family Planning in the perspective of KH social fiqh. MA. Sahal Mahfudh? How is the istinbath used by KH. MA. Sahal Mahfudh in the discourse of Family Planning (KB). In this study, the authors used a juridical normative approach and legal sociology. The results of this study indicate that Kiai Sahal views family planning as regulating child birth, not eliminating children. This is an effort / human effort to form a family full of maslahah. There are two kinds of social fiqh Kiai Sahal in the law of istinbath: Madzhab Qauli and Madzhab Manhaji. In the context of the KB discourse, namely through the Madzhab qauli and methodological thought (madzhab manhaji) at the same time. Qauli by referring to the hadith of Rasulullah SAW regarding 'azl and he also refers to the opinion of al-Ghazali, Ibn Hajar and Sayyid Sabiq which allow family planning. Then manhaji by considering the benefit. In addition, Kiai Sahal's opinion about family planning can also be termed the qiyas method, which is analogizing 'azl with family planning tools. According to Kiai Sahal, advances in medical science and technology, especially regarding the development of contraceptive service suggestions, from natural ones, following the calendar to the use of modern contraceptives, condoms, pills, IUDs, are essentially not much different from what is called 'azl. Because the development of social fiqh as exemplified by Kiai Sahal is always based on the principle of caring for the old but still good and relevant and taking the new which is better. In the perspective of Kiai Sahal's social fiqh, the family planning program is allowed because it aims among others to create quality families of Sakinah, Mawaddah, Wa rahmah and mashlahah families.
 
 Keywords: Family Planning; Social Fiqh.

Hermann Kantorowicz and Hans Kelsen: from debating legal sociology to constructing an international legal order

ABSTRACT In this article the development of the thought of two important twentieth-century legal theorists is compared. Although Hans Kelsen is primarily known for his Pure theory of law and Hermann Kantorowicz is one of the founders of the Free law movement, the article will revolve around their respective proposals for the post-War restoration of the international legal order. It is argued that these are based on their respective conceptions of ‘law’ and ‘the state’. By virtue of this comparison, it is possible to shed light on the basic thinking behind their complex ideas, as well as show how these were formulated and influenced by the political circumstances of their times. Lastly, the article shall concern the concrete post-War influence of Kantorowicz and Kelsen, as a result of the shared and different philosophical, methodological and scientific convictions of both scholars.

Judecătorul și fabulistul orheian Alecu Donici, precursor al etnologiei juridice românești

"Paul Valéry said about fables as follows: “Little by little those who loved or liked it, those who were able to understand it disappear. Those who demanded it, those who broke it, those who bantered it died too ... Soon, an instrument of pleasure and emotion will become a school accessory; what used to constitute the truth, what used to constitute the beauty turns into a means of constraint or into an object that arouses curiosity, but a curiosity which forces itself to be curious."" (""Oraison funèbre d´une fable"", in Variétés, apud Sanda Radian, Măștile fabulei. Etape de evoluție în literatura română (The Fable Masks. Stages of Evolution in Romanian Literature), Minerva Publishing House, Bucharest, 1983, p. 5) In a recent conference, held in Suceava[1], I expressed some regrets in relation to the absence of scientific concerns in the vast and important field of legal ethnography and ethnology in Romania, as follows: ""Legal ethnography and ethnology are not obviously, in particular, delimited in Simeon Florea Marian's grandiose work. General science was in the course of being established; it was not the time for particularistic developments. It was late when by means of another pioneering work, that of the Romanian scholar and anthropologist Romulus Vulcănescu, some issues of concern for our jurists, for law sociologists and anthropologists started to be reflected in the Romanian legal culture. Very few. Even the great ethnologist Petru Ursache acknowledged that the domain was deficient, in his very impressive creation of ethnosophy"". ⁂ As for the fable, apparently a minor literary genre, so much lamented, as we have seen above, by Paul Valéry, as an object of historical contemplation only, the intersection of the legal culture with the sapiential, moral and literary spirit of the people increases considerably; so much that it becomes a valuable scientific landmark in the emergent legal ethnology twinned with legal sociology, with legal anthropology and with legal folklore[2]. In the most serious way, even if, isn’t it true, with hilarious and caricaturizing weapons, with a playful and clever spirit, the fable decrypts a people's propensity for truth and justice or, conversely, for gregarious fatalism in relation to the vices that corrupt the nation psychologically and morally. Its role is didactic. The young jurists would become scientifically and culturally ennobled if they took over the case law, the ""cases"", from the fables ... Or if, their masters guided them towards associating the case law with the comic and fabulising spirit of the wise judge ... [1] Pagini de etnografie juridico-morală în opera fondatoare a bucovineanului polimat Simeon Florea Marian, cronicar al sufletelor românești în pragul Marii Uniri. Remarcabila lui contribuție la înfăptuirea milenarului ideal (Pages of legal-moral ethnography in the founding work of the polymath from Bucovina Simeon Florea Marian, chronicler of Romanian souls on the verge of the Great Union. His remarkable contribution to the achievement of the ideal millennial), conference held during the Scientific Session ""The contribution of the lawyers from Bucovina to the accomplishment of the Great Union"", November 28, 2018, ""Stefan cel Mare"" University from Suceava & Suceava Bar Association. The text of the conference was delivered for publication in ""Analale Muzeului Memorial Simion Florea Marian” from Suceava, under the guidance of Mrs. Aura Brădățan, 2019. [2] Romulus Vulcănescu, Etnologie juridică (Legal Ethnology), Editura Academiei, Bucharest, 1970, p. 9 : ""The following subjects deal with the study of the legal aspects of primitive and popular civilization and culture as constitutive parts of the conception about existence and the world and of the ways of normative organization of life, partially and with unequal theoretical resources: ""legal geography"", ""legal anthropology"", ""legal sociology"" and ""legal ethnology"". """

Tanggung Jawab Penyewa dalam Perjanjian Sewa-Menyewa Kendaraan Bermotor (Mobil) di Desa Tibubeneng Canggu

Business opportunities in Bali are vehicle rental services, using a rental agreement to provide the vehicle for rent. According to the agreement agreed upon, the lessee must return the leased item. But in its implementation many parties violated the agreement or late returned (overtime). Problem formulation 1) What is the responsibility of the tenant if there is a default in the lease agreement of the motorized vehicle (car) in the village of Tibubeneng Canggu? 2) How is the settlement of the breach of contract carried out by the rent car to the tenant in the Village of Tibubeneng Canggu? The method in this study is a type of empirical legal research with the approach of legal sociology. This study uses primary data derived from observations and interviews obtained from 3 Rent car owners in the village of Tibubeneng Canggu. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation and inventory using qualitative analysis techniques. The responsibility of the tenant if there is a default in the lease agreement of the motorized vehicle (car) in the village of Tibubeneng Canggu in terms of overtime is in the form of compensation with payment of fines in accordance with the agreed agreement. Settlement of defaults carried out by the rent car party to the tenant in the Village of Tibubeneng Canggu is an alternative dispute resolution through negotiations between the lessee and the rent car party. In order to reduce the occurrence of defaults in the case of returning car overtime, Rent Car revisits the clauses of the agreement with the tenant, especially in the case of overtime to be made in a written agreement, as well as implementing a full payment system at the beginning so as not to incur losses. In addition, the lessee is expected to read more and comply with the contents of the agreement so that there is no negligence that causes harm to the Rent Car.

Imperial Diversity, Fractured Sovereignty, and Legal Universals: Hans Kelsen and Eugen Ehrlich in their Habsburg Context

This essay places Eugen Ehrlich and Hans Kelsen afresh in their common context, the late Habsburg Empire. It reframes Ehrlich's legal sociology and Kelsen's pure theory of law as co-original and connected responses to the problem of legal universals under conditions of fractured sovereignty and imperial diversity. At first glance, Kelsen and Ehrlich seem antipodes, an impression apparently confirmed by their prickly exchange in the 1910s: while Kelsen made universality reside in the formal features and sequences of imputation that held the normative order together, Ehrlich claimed that every normative system which purported to be meta-social and meta-cultural merely camouflaged its local conditions of emergence. Once resituated in their Habsburg environment, these strategies can be read as articulations of a broader set of common proclivities. Ehrlich's and Kelsen's proficiency in the empire's techniques of plurality management enabled them to demystify the state and to dismantle the nation: both perceived the state as a juristic construction, hence they unmasked its alleged social, cultural, and ontological unity as a delusion. The same held true for the nation: Ehrlich challenged its supremacy by showing that social relationships—“associations”—cut across national divides, while Kelsen delegitimized the nation's status as a rights-bearing collective and blurred the distinction between citizens and alien residents, working toward the civic enfranchisement of the latter. This dovetailed with Ehrlich's and Kelsen's unmaking of the distinction between private and public law: the false belief in the latter's superiority over the former served to license arbitrary rule. Both jurists deterritorialized state sovereignty by highlighting the brittleness of spatial dominion and the artificiality of political boundaries: Ehrlich and Kelsen discovered a gamut of sovereign authorities with overlapping spatial areas of jurisdiction that coexisted within the Habsburg polity. This in turn permitted them to effectively transcend the distinction between domestic and international law: while, according to Ehrlich, the state fizzled out on the local level, Kelsen redescribed it from a global perspective, turning it into a mere subordinate organ of world law. Ehrlich's legal pluralism and Kelsen's pure theory were the two most successful juristic legacies of the Habsburg polity whose imprint they bore. Both creatively reworked Habsburg constitutional reality into templates of legal order that survived the empire's demise.

The Role of Legal Sociology in Terms of Covid-19: Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) in Indonesia

The study of legal sociology is a study that has legal phenomena, but uses social science and sociologytheory. The role of Legal sociology is so tight when juxtaposed with a problem that is emerging, namelythe global pandemic Coronavirus Disease (Covid)-19. The juridical normative research with a method ofapproach to the law, conceptual and comparative. Legal materials that have been collected are analyzed bycontent analysis. Some affected countries that successfully handled the COVID-19 pandemic, including:South Korea, New Zealand, Singapore. Italy and United States containment strategy for handling Covid-19are contradictory from those countries above. PSBB has been applied in Indonesia and other countries. ThePSBB must be accompanied by other programs so that the government can successfully handle COVID-19..PSBB does not guarantee that the community will obey the regulation. The most effective action with allthe consequences is regional quarantine or lockdown accompanied by other supporting programs from thegovernment.

Exploring Threads of Legal Sociology for Comprehending Transformative Engagements, Feminist Theories, Legal Pluralism, and Cultural Dynamics

Exploring Threads of Legal Sociology for Comprehending Transformative Engagements, Feminist Theories, Legal Pluralism, and Cultural Dynamics

Políticas de identidad y gestión sexual de los cuerpos: un análisis de los discursos legislativos acerca de la gestión estatal del conflicto trans en Chile

In recent years on Chile, we have seen an increase in public politics related to gender identity, in the attempt to provide solutions to the problem that it means for trans identities to develop in a social and political-administrative structure that excludes them. In this context, this paper proposes a problematization of the legislative discourses about the state management of the trans conflict, in order to analyze what have been the new modalities of the integration of sexually dissident identities, how they have been configured, and what implications they have for the Chilean socio-political scene. This research is based on the approaches of legal sociology, feminist and governmentality theory. The methodology used was a documentary research and the critical discourse analysis, of all documents officially issued by the executive and the legislative branch of Chile between 2007 and 2017. The main results of this research point to biomedical science as the epistemological paradigm from which legislative discourses are based. On the other hand, an ideological matrix is identified based on a linear causal relationship, between sex-genderbody, as an axiom of the hegemonic conception concerning the trans problematic. In that sense, we have evidenced how government strategies have delimited those sexual identities that put binary taxonomy in tension, under the frameworks of the intelligibility same conceptual matrix that excludes them, and with this, they have configured new modalities of standardization. This is key for the reconfiguration of an exclusionary citizenship, insofar as the socio-sexual norms that define the emerging notions of the figure of the citizen are institutionalized, evidencing that is framed in the borders of non-being to all corporality that does not manifest under the margins of intelligibility imposed by the scientific-colonial logic and the political-administrative structure.

The Online Prostitution Act From Legal Sociology Perspective in Indonesia

The practice of online prostitution that is happening right now is believed to be due to the rapid development of information technology. The influence of technology in the cyber world causes prostitution services to be carried out in disguise such as through mi chat. The purpose of this study was to analyze the existence of online prostitution in the corner of sociology law. Through the approach of legal sociology, online prostitution is only a way of peddling the real practice of prostitution that has happened thousands of years ago. Using normative juridical research methods, this study tried to address some of the problems caused by online prostitution in the country. From the standpoint of legal sociology, online prostitution is a social phenomenon accompanied by technological developments and updates that occur due to economic needs. To overcome this, a law is needed in the form of laws that can now be used by the ITE Law, the development of education, especially religion, expanding employment, the renewal of the Criminal Code to the practice of online prostitution and fostering families so as not to fall into online prostitution.

The Declaration Content in Law of Electronic Transaction Information on Online Prostitution: in the Review of the Legal Sociology View

In the legal context that lives in the community, prostitution is a despicable activity, an activity that violates the norm, and is inappropriate activity. Therefore, this activity is not only against humans but also against human dignity. Criminal Code Bill. According to the Criminal Code Bill, prostitution is a despicable activity, not only by those who take advantage but also whoever is involved in this activity. The Criminal Code Bill also pays attention to the laws that live in the community, so taking action relating to the values that live in the community is classified as unlawful acts. Thus in the opinion of the Panel of Judges, Everyone has been fulfilled and valid; Ad.2. Element Intentionally and without rights. Intentionally here can be transferred as intentional in all forms following the science of law, i.e. intentionally done because it is desired/ supported by the authorities (opzet met zekerheidsbewutzjin), intentionally related or realized the purpose/results to be carried out/results (opzet met noodzakelijkheidsbewustzijn) and/or deliberately published, that is by calculating the goals or results achieved/intended to be truly approved or unsuccessful (opzet meets mogenlijkheidsbewustzjin).