Legal Residents Research Articles

Making Migrants Deportable: The Internalization of Restrictive Policies Through Transferred Responsibility and Borrowed Legitimacy

Abstract This paper explores the connection between social policy and immigration law as one feature of migration governance to advance internal bordering and border internalization. It argues that responsibility for migration governance is being transferred: from immigration authorities and the broader field of immigration policy to social services and the broader field of social policy. This allows for the outsourcing of immigration control to “new” sectors of society. In a second step, immigration authorities borrow legitimacy from social services and related actors involved in assessing non-citizens, thus turning reports from one policy field to the service of assessments made in another. This work draws on empirical data collected from Swiss immigration authorities (Migrationsdienste) and social services (Sozialdienste) whose work concerns migrants in receipt of social assistance. In Switzerland, powerful stereotypes shape the legal residency rights of non-citizens by portraying them as undeserving of welfare, reinforcing a strict citizen vs. non-citizen divide. As I argue, the connections between “workfarist” policies that characterize the Swiss welfare state and restrictive immigration policies legitimate the withdrawal of residence rights from non-citizens rendered destitute. The transfer of responsibility and borrowing of legitimacy facilitated by this entwinement of social policy and immigration law entrench processes of internal bordering. With formerly less related policy fields now increasingly charged with immigration-related decision making, the existing bordering practices of immigration authorities are expanded to encompass new actors. This close entwinement of different policy fields is characteristic of how contemporary societies police and control non-citizens.

Social Insurance for Foreign Workers in Light of Reciprocity (Analytical Study)

The international community has taken great interest in the field of social insurance for workers, especially foreign workers, and the extent to which they enjoy a right or not, and this interest has been taken by the United Nations, which has issued international declarations and agreements in this regard, as well as the International Labor Organization, as an organization specialized in labor affairs.Whereas the International Labor Convention on Migrant Workers has contributed greatly to directing the international approach to the inclusion of foreign workers in social insurance, as well as the approach of the national legislator through reciprocity. This is done by raising the legal residence condition in order to control and limit immigration to legal residents, and also raising the nationality conditions, as a group of social security laws have recently suspended the benefit of some social security benefits due to a specific nationality, such as the French Social Security Law, which suspended the benefit of compensation of the same nature for non-French nationals until 1998. These procedures related to reciprocity, whether at the international or national level, have been accompanied by problems raised on this principle related to the balance in treatment and the difficulty of applying it or the way the national judge deals with this matter.

Litigation as a Governance Strategy: Courts, Bureaucracies and the Welfare Rights of Irregular Migrants

ABSTRACTOver the last few years, the welfare rights of illegalized migrants living in Belgium have become increasingly restricted. Without a legal residence status, such rights are limited to (conditional) access to public healthcare. Welfare courts have, however, sometimes gone against the grain and granted social assistance benefits to irregularized applicants, based on fundamental rights principles. Conflicting jurisprudential trends have emerged and are still debating the ambiguous, and multiple meanings of ‘human dignity’ especially for those with a precarious immigration status. This article delves into the role of courts in the implementation of migrants' welfare rights. Based on ethnographic fieldwork within welfare courts, in public administrations and amongst migrants, it shows how litigation has become part of the daily governance of social protection. This allows certain categories of migrants to gain access to financial assistance, yet creates lengthy, complex procedures and leading to great uncertainty for claimants.

Interrelationship between Migration, Employment and Economic Growth in the United States: A Dynamic Analysis from 1990 to 2022

The study aims to explore the intricate relationships between migration flows, employment dynamics, and economic growth in the United States from 1990 to 2022. Specifically, it assesses the impact of refugee admissions and legal permanent residents on GDP and GDP per capita in both the short and long term. A comprehensive econometric approach was employed, including correlation analysis, regression modeling, and dynamic trend evaluation. The study tested three hypotheses concerning the effects of employment growth on GDP, the distinct impacts of different migration flows, and the influence of these factors on employment rates. The study utilizes data from Statista for employment and migration figures, and GDP data from the World Bank. The analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between employment rates and GDP (r = - 0.701, p < 0.001) and GDP per capita (r = - 0.686, p < 0.001), indicating that declining employment rates are associated with increased economic output. Employment growth, counterintuitively, correlates negatively with GDP, suggesting that other factors such as productivity and technological advancements offset labor market contractions. Key results highlight the differentiated economic contributions of various migrant categories and their implications for policy. The findings underscore the complex and multifaceted nature of migration’s impact on the U.S. economy. While migration generally contributes positively in the long term, short-term challenges, particularly from refugee admissions, can strain economic resources. The study highlights the need for tailored economic and integration policies to maximize the benefits of migration while mitigating its challenges.

Navigating Borders: The Impact of Migrant Networks on Citizenship and Security in Sabah, Malaysia

This article explores the dynamics of migrant networks, citizenship, and security in Sabah, focusing on the experiences of Filipino and Indonesian migrant communities. Through a qualitative and ethnographic methodology, conducted over 12 months from January to December 2023, the study investigates how these networks support migrants in navigating complex legal frameworks and social challenges, while also shaping local perceptions and governmental policies. The findings reveal that despite their significant contributions to Sabah's economy and cultural diversity, migrants face substantial barriers to legal recognition and social acceptance. The interplay between migrant networks and citizenship rights highlights the need for more nuanced migration policies that promote integration rather than marginalization. As security concerns increasingly influence governmental responses, this article argues for a balanced approach that safeguards national interests while upholding human rights. The research underscores the importance of inclusive policies that facilitate pathways to legal residency, ensure access to basic services, and foster community engagement. Ultimately, the experiences of migrant communities in Sabah offer valuable lessons for other regions facing similar challenges in the context of globalization.

Development of prediction models of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Lebanese and Syrians in a district of Beirut, Lebanon: a population-based study

IntroductionVaccines are essential to prevent infection and reduce the morbidity of infectious diseases. Previous evidence has shown that migrants and refugees are particularly vulnerable to exclusion and discrimination, and low...

Systemic barriers to access pharmaceutical-sponsored patient assistance programs: Implications for health equity and care delivery at safety-net systems.

107 Background: The rising cost of cancer care, driven in large by oncology drugs, has a significant impact on access to care and contributes to disparities. Pharmaceutical-sponsored patient assistance programs (PAPs) are intended to improve access to care; however, vulnerable populations may experience delays, denials, and treatment interruptions due to complexity of the application process and variable qualifying requirements. We present the impact of a pharmacy-run process to facilitate access to PAPs at a safety-net institution. Methods: Parkland Health (PH) is the safety-net system for Dallas County, which has one of the highest uninsured rates in the US. PH provides free health care to uninsured patients below 250% of the federal poverty income level. Hematology-Oncology patients who are prescribed medications with an existing PAP are identified in a work queue within the EHR. A team of licensed pharmacy technicians - Medication Access Technicians (MATs) - screen patients and if eligible, assist in filling and submitting the application, and follow up with PAP sponsors to ensure timely review and approvals. MATs also monitor refills and assist in PAP renewals to prevent interruptions in care. In this study, we used the average wholesale price to quantify the value of the medications provided through PAPs. Data for 10/01/22 through 09/30/23 are presented here. Results: During the study period, MATs enrolled 548 uninsured patients (90% Hispanic/Black) in PAPs for 38 unique clinic-administered drugs, with an estimated value of 45.2 million (M), averaging 78,853 per patient. The highest value and most common clinic-administered PAP drugs were pembrolizumab (96 patients, $8 M) and rituximab (159 patients, $5 M), respectively. For oral agents, MATs enrolled 77 uninsured patients (84% Hispanic/Black) in PAPs for 20 unique medications with an estimated value of 8.8 M, averaging 114,711 per patient. Dasatinib was both the most common and highest value PAP oral drug, with 24 patients and an estimated value of 3.6 M. Of the 38 PAPs for clinic-administered drugs, 25 did not include replacement for dispensed medications. Legal US residence was required by 7 PAPs. The institutional investment by PH (MAT salaries) is estimated at 620,000 annually. Conclusions: A dedicated team of MATs at PH facilitated access to care through PAP enrollments, reduced treatment interruptions by renewing applications, and reduced institutional drug expenditure, allowing investment in other care delivery initiatives. PAPs are philanthropic by nature and requirements such as legal residence and no-replacement for dispensed medications may negatively impact specific segments of our communities, or result in treatment delays. Advocacy by professional organization and patient groups is warranted to expand access to these potentially life-saving programs.

Home Country Work Experience and Immigrant Self-Employment in the United States

Immigrant entrepreneurship in the United States has grown steadily in the last four decades. In this paper, I study the occupational choices of legal permanent residents and their associated earnings in paid and self-employment. Using a unique data set with pre- and postmigration individual-level information, I analyze the role of home country work experience of immigrants in their probability of becoming entrepreneurs and their earnings after migration. To control for endogenous sector selection in the estimation of earnings distributions, I follow a novel identification strategy based on extremal quantile regressions that does not require exclusion restrictions or a large support variable. I find that foreign work experience in paid and self-employment is an important predictor of entrepreneurship after migration. In addition, it impacts earnings in the United States but differently across sectors, controlling for human capital, assimilation, time, region of origin, U.S. destination, previous migratory status, and demographic characteristics. Overall, my results highlight the role played by immigrants’ labor market history from their home countries to better understand their outcomes in the United States.

The Capability to Aspire and Realise Aspirations After Exiting Long-lasting Undocumentedness

ABSTRACT This study examines how the lasting effects of illegalisation and legal status regularisation contribute to the transformation of aspirations of individuals who lived and worked undocumented for years. It investigates whether obtaining legal residence status opens future possibilities, allowing individuals to project themselves more positively, make plans, and realise their aspirations. Drawing on qualitative longitudinal fieldwork conducted between 2018 and 2022, this research focuses on individuals who transitioned from undocumented status through the “Operation Papyrus” programme in Geneva, Switzerland. The study analyses the dynamic changes in their situations, difficulties, and aspirations, particularly emphasising occupational mobility. The findings reveal that while regularisation initially expands aspirations, various obstacles often necessitate the readjustment of these aspirations over time. This study provides valuable insights into the complexities of enhancing the capability to aspire among vulnerabilised individuals; it also highlights that while policies expanding formal opportunities bring many benefits, they may not be sufficient alone to increase the capacity of individuals to live according to their aspirations, especially for those who were previously exposed to social contexts that prevented them from projecting themselves positively into the future, such as illegalising policies.

Immigration regulations as frame of reference: trade-off between precarious employment and precarious legal status among US student-migrant-workers

ABSTRACT Although ‘student-migrant-workers’ is increasingly recognised as an important subcategory of temporary, high-skilled and ‘backdoor’ migrants, research on this group and their participation in the labour market, especially their entering precarious employment, remains limited. Using in-depth interview data with participants in the US F-1 OPT program, a type of post-graduation work permit, this study explores why many student visa holders enter temporary agency work, a precarious employment form. Findings suggest that student-migrant-workers make employment choices within the frame of reference of immigration regulations, weighing their labour market disadvantages against these regulations’ restrictions and offered opportunities. Despite the inherent employment precariousness of temporary agency work, student-migrant-workers find them a viable solution for managing their precarious legal status and the unfavourable labour market position. The employment has the potential to facilitate maintaining their legal residence, extending work authorisations and transitioning to a ‘front door’ entry.

A gendered ‘politics of discomfort’: the effects of immigration- and integration policies on Syrian and Eritrean women’s homemaking processes in the Netherlands

ABSTRACT Following scholars who critique integration with a homemaking lens (Boccagni and Hondagneu-Sotelo 2023), this paper studies the impact of immigration- and integration policies on Syrian and Eritrean women’s homemaking processes in the Netherlands, and produces knowledge on the gendered effects of migration-related policies on individuals (Freedman 2017). Based on analyses of legal and policy documents, and life history interviews, observations, and mapping- and photo journaling exercises held with forty-five Syrian and Eritrean women in the Netherlands, I show how procedures to obtain legal residence, reception centres, different legal statuses, spatial dispersal policy, the Integration Act and the Participation Act pursue a ‘politics of discomfort’ (Darling 2011). While designed to promote ‘integration’, these policies construct a demanding, opaque and punitive system that restricts individual control and subjects homemaking to ‘path dependencies’. This discomfort is gendered, as policies occasionally reinforce women’s dependence on men, perpetuate racialised and gendered stereotypes, and break down especially women’s work- and social roles. As the system renders homemaking in public difficult, it induces women’s isolation. Contesting state-inflicted uncertainty, exclusion and isolation, many Syrian and Eritrean women eventually do manage to (re)make home. However, the Dutch state works to produce rather than repair their generally underprivileged position in Dutch society.

Hepatitis C in Poland in 2022.

The war invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 led to mass migration. By January 3, 2023, nearly a million people sought refuge in Poland. The Polish Act on Assistance to Ukrainian Citizens provided comprehensive support, ensuring legal residence, free medical insurance, social benefits, and access to education and employment. Simultaneously, the global public health crisis persisted, with the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic driven by the Omicron variant. The epidemic state in Poland was lifted on May, 2022. This paper aims to summarize the epidemiological situation of HCV infections in Poland in 2022, a year characterized by dual crises. Epidemiological surveillance case-based data on HCV for 2022, diagnosis rates from bulletins for the years 2014-2022, and the number of deaths for 2022 from Statistics Poland were compared with previous years' data. In 2022, the rate of new HCV diagnoses rose to 6.68 per 100,000, totaling 2,528 cases (a 46% increase from the previous year). Polish nationals accounted for 87% of cases. Gender distribution was equal. There was an overall increase in HCV diagnoses across all voivodeships, with a return to pre-pandemic trends observed only in Zachodniopomorskie. Diagnoses were predominantly made in primary healthcare (one-third) and during hospitalization (one-fourth). Twenty-six cases of acute hepatitis C (1%, PL definition) were identified. At diagnosis, 5.6% of infected showed signs of liver damage. Hepatitis C was responsible for 86 deaths. Imported infections accounted for 5.7% of cases. 2.7% of HCV infections in 2022 were diagnosed in refugees from Ukraine, mainly in women aged 40 to 59. All persons of Ukrainian nationality accounted for 10.4% of HCV cases detected in 2022. Expanding the availability and accessibility of testing is essential, particularly addressing the needs of key populations, including non-Polish speakers. The strategy for HCV elimination should encompass comprehensive measures aimed at prevention, diagnosis, and treatment to effectively curb the virus's spread among subgroups and mitigate its long-term health impacts.

Predicting poor mental health among older Syrian refugees in Lebanon during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nested cross-sectional study

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has worsened pre-existing vulnerabilities among older Syrian refugees in Lebanon, potentially impacting their mental health. The study aims to describe the evolution of poor mental health over...

International Travel for Organ Transplantation: Provider and Patient Perspectives.

Organ allocation in the United States to non-US citizen, non-US residents who travel for transplant (NC/NRTx) is controversial. Current policies may not be informed by stakeholder opinions, as limited data exist assessing the knowledge or opinions of providers or patients on this issue. A cross-sectional, hospital-based pilot survey was distributed to providers and patients from December 2019 to June 2020 at a single large urban transplant institute. Providers were members of the departments of surgery and medicine and included both transplant and nontransplant providers. Surveys included 10 questions on eligibility, prioritization, and limitations for deceased donor transplantation and 12 demographic questions. A total of 209 providers responded (61% women, median age 40) and 119 patients responded (62% women, median age 54). Awareness of eligibility for transplantation of US citizens, non-US citizens residing in the United States (NC/R), and NC/NRTx was high in both groups, though providers and patients lacked awareness of the eligibility of nonlegal NC/R (those who live in the United States who are not citizens and are not legal residents) to donate and receive organs. Overall, 79.3% of patients stated that NC/NRTx should be eligible for transplant in the United States compared with only 60.7% of providers (P = 0.001). Providers were more likely than patients to prioritize transplant to legal NC/NR over NC/NRTx (58.2% versus 35.1%, P < 000.1) and reported that families should be able to limit donations to NC/NRTx (34.9% versus 23.2%, P = 0.03). Surveyed patients and providers generally support transplant in non-US citizens; however, the strength of support varied considerably based on the legal status of the patient and the occupation of those surveyed. Larger studies are necessary to develop data-informed policy.

Strategies of passing: Hypervisible bodies, disrespectable affinities, and Syrian trans refugees in Lebanon

In today’s Lebanon, Syrian trans refugees face intersecting systems of violence that position them as hypervisible ‘deviants’ in multiple ways: as refugees without formal legal residency, as trans individuals without congruent gender markers, and as working-class individuals. Attending ethnographically to the notions of hypervisibility and (dis)respectability that underpin such deviances, this article explores how the Lebanese security-morality apparatus enforces hypervisibility on Syrian trans women by eroding their respectability and privacy. In the context of recent crackdowns on Syrian-majority areas and LGBT spaces, I look specifically to how (dis)respectability is deployed by and against Syrian trans women in their crisscrossing of the boundaries of both a ‘trans closet’ and ideals of middle-class Lebanese (cis)womanhood. My analysis evolves the concept of respectability to account for how my interlocuters navigate the permeability of their private spaces, secure themselves against potential harm, and assert their sovereignty. This is accomplished through the use of two strategies: ‘respectable passing’—investing in markers of class and citizenship over those of gender, and ‘disrespectable affinities’—engaging in a politics of the vulgar and forging social connections between hypervisible communities, effecting alternative forms of sociality that unsettle the border between trans and cis Syrians in the racialized and classed order of contemporary Beirut.

Supporting patient access to pharmaceutical-sponsored assistance programs: Implications for health equity and care delivery at safety-net systems.

e13724 Background: The ever-rising cost of cancer care, driven in large by oncology drugs, has a significant impact on access to care and contributes to disparities. Pharmaceutical-sponsored patient assistance programs (PAPs) are intended to improve access to care; however, vulnerable populations may experience delays, denials, and treatment interruptions due to complexity of the application process and variable qualifying requirements. We present the impact of a pharmacy-run process to facilitate access to PAPs at a safety-net institution. Methods: Parkland Health (PH) is the safety-net system for Dallas County, which has one of the highest uninsured rates in the US. PH provides free health care to uninsured patients below 250% of the federal poverty income level. Hematology-Oncology patients who are prescribed medications with an existing PAP are identified in a work queue within the EHR. A team of licensed pharmacy technicians - Medication Access Technicians (MATs) - screen patients and if eligible, assist in filling and submitting the application, and follow up with PAP sponsors to ensure timely review and approvals. MATs also monitor refills and assist in PAP renewals to prevent interruptions in care. In this study, we used the average wholesale price to quantify the value of the medications provided through PAPs. Data for 10/01/22 through 09/30/23 are presented here. Results: During the study period, MATs enrolled 548 uninsured patients (90% Hispanic/Black) in PAPs for 38 unique clinic-administered drugs, with an estimated value of $45.2 million (M), averaging $78,853 per patient. The highest value and most common clinic-administered PAP drugs were pembrolizumab (96 patients, $8 M) and rituximab (159 patients, $5 M), respectively. For oral agents, MATs enrolled 77 uninsured patients (84% Hispanic/Black) in PAPs for 20 unique medications with an estimated value of $8.8 M, averaging $114,711 per patient. Dasatinib was both the most common and highest value PAP oral drug, with 24 patients and an estimated value of $3.6 M. Of the 38 PAPs for clinic-administered drugs, 25 did not include replacement for dispensed medications. Legal US residence was required by 7 PAPs. The institutional investment by PH (MAT salaries) is estimated at $620,000 annually. Conclusions: A dedicated team of MATs at PH facilitated access to care through PAP enrollments, reduced treatment interruptions by renewing applications, and reduced institutional drug expenditure, allowing investment in other care delivery initiatives. PAPs are philanthropic by nature and requirements such as legal residence and no-replacement for dispensed medications may negatively impact specific segments of our communities, or result in treatment delays. Advocacy by professional organization and patient groups is warranted to expand access to these potentially life-saving programs.

Factors Influencing Engagement Across the Motivational PrEP Cascade Among Latino SMM: A Mixed-Methods Analysis from the Perspectives of Community Providers and Latino SMM.

Latino sexual minority men (SMM) are a highly vulnerable population to HIV, and while pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has emerged as a promising biomedical tool for HIV prevention among them, its utilization remains disproportionately low in this community despite its potential. Understanding the barriers along the PrEP continuum of care, known as the "PrEP cascade," is crucial for effectively implementing PrEP interventions. Therefore, the objective of our study was twofold: first, to explore the stage of Latino SMM in the PrEP cascade by examining disparities in demographics, social factors, and healthcare aspects; second, to gain insights from healthcare providers who have direct clinical experience with our population regarding the challenges faced by Latino SMM in accessing and adhering to PrEP. Based on the study findings, the majority of participants (n = 74; 49%) were in the contemplation stage, and only one in ten Latino SMM (10.6%) were currently adherent to PrEP. Compared to those who were at least second-generation, first-generation status had a positive association (B = 0.699, SE = 0.208, β = 0.351, p < .001) with engagement along the PrEP Contemplation Ladder. Conversely, having at least one parent who did not have legal residency, relative to those whose parents were both U.S. citizens or held legal residency documentation, was found to have a negative association (B = - 0.689, SE = 0.245, β = 0.245, p = .006) with engagement along the PrEP Contemplation Ladder. Additionally, discussing PrEP with a healthcare provider had a positive association (B = 0.374, SE = 0.179, β = 0.185, p = .038) with engagement along the PrEP Contemplation Ladder. Qualitative results from our study suggest that some Latinos who initially agreed to start using PrEP ended up getting lost in the care pipeline and failed to attend their scheduled appointments. Providers also noted that many patients lacked access to a pharmacy where they felt comfortable obtaining their PrEP prescription, leading them to discontinue use after only a few months. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the unique needs, culture, and background of Latinos, including care delivery and provider attitudes that can facilitate progress through the PrEP cascade.

Centers of Social Disadvantage as a Cause of Victimhood of the External Labour Migrants

In all countries of the world, external labor migrants belong to a social group with increased victimization, however, the domestic science of victimology has not yet developed a holistic and universal set of measures aimed at victimological prevention against them. The initial stage in the formation of such a system of measures should be the identification of the causes and conditions that generate and contribute to the formation of victimization of migrants and its increase, which was the purpose of the study. It has been established that in determining the victimization of external labor migrants, the most important role is played by foci of social disadvantage, which are a source of increased victimization of external labor migrants and act as a specific factor of crime against the latter . These include the low standard of living and education in the countries of origin, the lack of accessible and simple, transparent mechanisms for legal residence and employment in the host State for external migrants, and the absence in the Russian Federation of a unified victimological prevention system for external migrant workers. The second group of foci includes factors related to social and household problems in national immigrant communities, temporary detention centers for foreign citizens and stateless persons, labor collectives and places of residence of immigrants in the host state . For each isolated focus, measures are proposed to influence it in order to reduce its negative impact on victimization. They can be used as a basis for further building a universal and unified system of measures to reduce the victimization of external labor migrants in Russia. The authors include among the main and most promising measures: the creation of free educational and educational courses; the development of special memos; the actual formation of a unified system of victimological prevention in Russia; the organization of special pre-placement points with the provision of legal, psychological and social assistance; normative consolidation of standards of living and work of external migrants; increasing the level of preventive work of the authorities in their activities aimed at protecting the rights and interests of external migrant workers.

Change in Administration, Change in Deportation Worry? Analyzing the Reduction of U.S. Latinos’ Worries About Deportation from 2019 to 2021

Extensive scholarship traces the development and impacts of the U.S. immigration and deportation system on Latino immigrants and U.S. born Latinos, alike. However, relatively little quantitative research has investigated the worries that Latinos express about deportation, explored the temporal dynamics in such concerns, or identified which factors predict shifts in deportation-related concerns over time. Using two waves of data for a national sample of U.S. Latino adults, the analyses explored changes in their deportation worry between 2019 and 2021, marking the transition from the Trump administration to the Biden administration. Descriptive results indicate that more than a third of Latinos reported reductions in deportation worry over the two year period, with even larger proportions of Latino immigrants, including naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents and undocumented immigrants, reporting declines in worry. Regression results reveal that, aside from indicators of legal vulnerability, other aspects of the current sociopolitical and racialized context meaningfully shape declines in deportation worries. Specifically, darker-skinned Latinos, and those experiencing more anti-Hispanic discrimination, expressing some co-ethnic linked fate, and who viewed the Trump administration as harmful to Latinos reported significant reductions in worry from 2019 to 2021, ceteris paribus. These results suggest a “calming effect” of some Latinos’ deportation worries as the Trump administration ended and the Biden administration began. Nevertheless, the study demonstrates how the racialized immigration and deportation system shapes deportation-related worries among a wide swath of Latinos, the consequences of which racialize them and spill over into their everyday lives.

Attitudes Toward Police and Judges of Latina Immigrants With a Justice-Involved Child: Do Documentation Status and Family Deportations Matter?

Immigrants who are undocumented or who have experienced the deportation of family members may perceive legal actors such as police and judges differently than immigrants who are legal residents. Among a sample of 117 Latina immigrant women in California whose sons were arrested, we found that women who were undocumented had more negative specific attitudes toward police (i.e., stemming from their experience during their son’s arrest), and women with a history of family deportations had more negative general attitudes toward police (i.e., considering the police as an abstract group). Attitudes toward judges were neither associated with documentation status nor family deportations, suggesting that the association is unique to police during an era when police are increasingly involved in immigration enforcement.