Legal Recognition Research Articles

Animal sentience: The science and its implications, with particular reference to farmed animals

AbstractThere is an increasing amount of scientific research into animal sentience. Many scientists are studying the cognitive, emotional, and communicative capacities of a range of animals. The results of this research have led to a number of legal recognitions of the sentience of a range of animals. In 1997, the European Union (EU) gave legal recognition to the sentience of animals and updated and elevated this recognition in the Treaty of Lisbon. Other countries and states as well as the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH, formerly OIE) have followed it. Scientists are increasingly acknowledging that sentience and emotion have arisen in a wide range of species. Research now emphasizes that there is an extraordinary variation in how different animal species (such as mammals, birds, fish, or insects) perceive the world and their environment. This paper looks at the sentience of the main farmed land and aquatic animals and the implications of this for how such animals are bred and housed. The paper concludes that intensive farming systems deprive animals of opportunities for positive emotions, such as play, exploration, social interaction, and feeding to satiation, and stops them from satisfying naturally motivated behaviors. To truly respect animal sentience, production systems should be designed with the animal's characteristics and needs in mind. The authors conclude that regenerative, agroecological, or organic farming systems better protect and respect the sentience of animals leading to less suffering and more opportunities for positive experiences.

Fostering Sustainable Development Through Decent Work For Paid Domestic Workers Under SDG-8

This paper analyses the intricate connection between decent work, sustainable development and paid domestic workers within the framework of SDG-8. This study attempts to explain the economic implications of fostering decent work for domestic workers and its role in advancing the objectives of SDG -8.This paper is based on the existing literature and scholarly works relevant to the intersection of decent work, sustainable development and domestic work within the context of SDG-8.This is an attempt to analyse how their participation contributes to and benefit from SDG-8, examining the specific targets related to decent work and economic growth. The study further extends to address the importance of achieving work-life balance for domestic workers, recognizing the necessity for policies for their well-being. Collaborative efforts, involving, government, employers and NGOs are spotlighted as catalysts for fostering sustainable development in domestic work. The present study acknowledges challenges faced by domestic workers and proposes sustainable solutions for achieving a balanced, dignified, sustainable trajectory for domestic workers within the ambit of sustainable development goal -8. For domestic workers SDG-8 involves ensuring fair wages, reasonable working hours, safe working conditions and access to social protections.SDG 8 encourages formalisation of informal sector, which is crucial for domestic workers to gain legal recognition, protection and access to benefits.

Analysing governments' progress on the right to health.

To examine the influence of varying articulations of the right to health under domestic constitutions, legislation and jurisprudence on the scope of legal protection for health. We investigated legal recognition of the right to health, by conducting a three-level search. First, we searched databases containing constitutional texts. Second, we did a thematic analysis of those constitutional texts with explicit constitutional recognition of health rights, employing NVivo for coding. For the 54 World Health Organization (WHO) Member States without explicit constitutional provisions, we explored statutory paths, judicial constructions and instances where both methods contributed to the acknowledgement of health rights. Lastly, we confirmed evidence of jurisprudence constructing a right to health based on a combination of domestic law and international human rights norms incorporated directly into the text. We identified 140 WHO Member States with a constitutionalized right to health. Our analysis suggests there are notable variations in the legal scope of protection for health, including breadth of entitlements and the possibility of enforcing these rights through the legal system. We also highlight the critical importance of constitutional acknowledgement, legislative measures, and judicial interpretations in shaping the legal entitlements to health-care services, affecting their accessibility and financial support. The analysis offers insights for policy-makers to assess different approaches to health-related entitlements, with implications for health financing and the evaluation of Member States' strides towards universal access to comprehensive care. This analysis also illuminates how distinct formulations of the right to health have varied effects on reducing health disparities.

Exploring Social and Legal Barriers to Educational Access for Students with Disorders of Sexual Development (DSDs) in Pakistan

Students in Pakistan with Disorders of Sexual Development (DSDs) face significant legal and social barriers to education. Cultural misunderstandings, economic hardship, and inadequate medical care exacerbate these issues. This paper uses a systematic literature review (SLR) to examine existing research on social and legal constraints affecting educational access for children with DSDs in Pakistan. Key findings highlight critical barriers: cultural misunderstandings, lack of community and family support, and insufficient legal recognition. These findings underscore the need for legislative reform, more inclusive policies, and community engagement to improve access to education for these students.

Perspektif Islam terhadap Program Bayi Tabung: Etika, Hukum, dan Hak Waris

Fertilization (IVF) program, especially in the context of ethics, law and inheritance rights. By exploring religious texts and the views of ulama, this research discusses ethical considerations related to the use of artificial reproductive technology in Islam as well as legal interpretations related to its implementation. Apart from that, this research also reviews how Islamic inheritance law regulates the position of children born through IVF. The research method used is the qualitative descriptive method which allows researchers to describe phenomena or research topics in depth, without requiring quantitative measurements. The results of this research show that several ulama' consider the IVF program to be controversial because it is considered to violate natural law or Sunnatullah and is associated with the practice of adultery. However, fatwas from the MUI and NU guide the halalness of the IVF procedure by taking into account religious values ​​and the needs of married couples. In Indonesia, the implementation of this program is regulated by Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 concerning Health and the MUI fatwa which allows the use of sperm and ovum from legal husband and wife couples. The legal status of children resulting from IVF refers to the Civil Code and Law Number 1 of 1974, with legal recognition depending on the use of donor sperm and surrogate mother. Children born through IVF using the husband's sperm are considered legitimate children with inheritance rights, while inheritance laws for children using donor sperm and surrogate mothers require further consideration.

Social Grounds of Pickpocket in Metropolitan City: Attitude and Aftermath Effect among the Sufferer

The study delves into the complex phenomenon of pickpocketing, a global affliction that persists across nations like India, posing a familiar threat to individuals in crowded spaces. Despite its historical roots as an opportunistic crime, pickpocketing has evolved into an organized enterprise, often involving economically disadvantaged individuals forming groups. While prevalent in major cities worldwide, pickpocketing lacks explicit legal recognition in India's Penal Code, falling under broader theft laws. Leveraging data from automated fare collection systems and trajectory analysis, this research refines anomaly-detection applications to identify suspicious behaviors, shedding light on the environmental factors shaping pickpocketing trends. The study focuses on the social considerations of pickpocketing in Kolkata, India, exploring victim experiences and perceptions. Findings reveal the broader social impacts of pickpocketing, beyond just financial loss, with victims enduring significant social and psychological distress. Despite lacking specific legal penalties, pickpocketing remains a prevalent issue, highlighting the need for collective efforts from governments, law enforcement, and the public to combat it effectively.

Land Tenure Policies and Property Rights Affecting Livestock Production in Bangladesh

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate land tenure policies and property rights affecting livestock production in Bangladesh. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed a significant influence of secure land tenure on livestock productivity, investment decisions, and sustainability. Secure property rights are consistently associated with higher levels of livestock productivity, increased investment in animal husbandry practices, and improved land management strategies among rural households. Moreover, tenure security facilitates long-term investments in livestock genetic improvement programs, leading to higher milk yields and improved household incomes among dairy farmers. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Institutional Theory & Property Rights Theory may be used to anchor future studies on land tenure policies and property rights affecting livestock production in Bangladesh. Promote community-based natural resource management approaches that recognize customary land tenure systems. Empowering local communities to manage their grazing lands can enhance ecological sustainability, reduce conflicts, and improve livelihoods among pastoralist groups. Advocate for the legal recognition of customary land rights and indigenous knowledge systems in national land tenure policies. Acknowledging traditional tenure arrangements can strengthen tenure security, promote social equity, and enhance the resilience of livestock production systems.

Mobile infrastructure quality, regulatory quality, government effectiveness: Does e‐government development matter?

AbstractThere is a great deal of interest in how mobile infrastructure quality, regulatory quality, and a nation's capacity to develop efficient e‐government systems affect government effectiveness. The literature ignores the part electronic government plays in either the regulatory quality‐government effectiveness or mobile infrastructure quality‐government effectiveness nexuses, despite the fact that existing research indicates that the effects of these factors on government effectiveness vary across nations. Secondary data for 52 African nations was extracted from World Governance Indicator (WGI), Mobile Connectivity Index (MCI), and United Nations E‐government Database to empirically investigate the mediating relationship of e‐governments using hypothesized model. The positivist paradigm is considered appropriate for this study because it focuses on validating and testing a hypothesized model. The results show a significant relationship between mobile infrastructure quality and e‐government development, regulatory quality and e‐government development, e‐government and government effectiveness. However, there was no significant relationship between mobile infrastructure quality and government effectiveness. Additionally, e‐government was found to mediate the relationship between regulatory quality and government effectiveness and the relationship between mobile infrastructure quality and government effectiveness. This suggests that government effectiveness is enhanced when a country is able to develop and implement a good electronic system. The successful implementation of e‐governance practices offers better delivery of services to citizens, improved interactions with business, citizen empowerment through access to information, greater convenience, and cost reductions. In addition, establishing protections and legal reforms will be needed to ensure, among other things, the privacy, security and legal recognition of electronic interactions and electronic signatures.

Is it Discriminatory to Mistreat a Migrant Domestic Worker? The Cases of Taiwo and Onu

Abstract When presented with images of the American plantations, seamstress sweatshops, Morecambe Bay’s Chinese cockle pickers or Qatar’s World Cup stadium builders, a sense of inequality will accompany any normal reaction of shock and revulsion. The exploitation of a group of migrant workers readily is characterised as racist, sexist or both. Yet, when reduced to the sole migrant worker, the legal recognition of discrimination is denied. In such cases, the UK Supreme Court posits a clear distinction between vulnerability and nationality. Not only does this seem somewhat doctrinal and lacking in principle, it produces a likely anomaly between the group and individual exploitation. It also stymies claims for the inevitable psychological harm. This paper presents a brief account of the plight of migrant workers in the UK and the legal landscape regarding trafficking. The main body presents a critical appraisal of the Supreme Court’s denial, in Taiwo v Olaigbe and Onu v Akwiwu, that the mistreatment of a sole migrant worker is not discriminatory. It demonstrates that equality law readily can recognise discrimination in such cases. This is followed by some considerations on policy and alternative remedies.

Surrogacy: An important pathway to parenthood. A call for international standardization

This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted landscape of surrogacy, a revolutionary treatment for infertility. The study examines historical origins, shifting trends, medical considerations, psychological implications, legal complexities, international variations, and ethical dilemmas surrounding surrogacy. With the advent of assisted reproductive technology, gestational surrogacy allows intended parents a genetic connection to their child. Medical facets encompass indications for gestational surrogacy, drawing attention to maternal health risks and infertility factors. Evidence indicates that medical outcomes are comparable to conventional pregnancies, suggesting a viable reproductive solution for intended parents. Due to the complex nature of surrogacy psychological and emotional vulnerability is inevitable; yet studies underscore positive psychological well-being and satisfaction among gestational carriers (GCs), intended parents (IPs) and children. Surrogacy also has many religious dimensions, as each religion has its own perspective on the distinctive process of creating life and its outcomes, such as, the determination of the child's mother according to their beliefs. Legal considerations emerge as a fundamental aspect, with differing regulations globally. The review emphasizes the significance of comprehensive agreements to safeguard the rights and responsibilities of surrogates and IPs. The unique surrogacy laws in Israel serve as a noteworthy example, reflecting a progressive approach that provides a promising template to establish crucial international guidelines on surrogacy. The absence of international consensus necessitates attention from the global community to address key concerns, including the well-being of GCs, legal recognition for IPs, and the child's best interests, with the goal of establishing a universal standard of care in the field.

Construction of Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence in Stateless Children: Scoping Literature Review

Statelessness, defined as the lack of citizenship, is a complex issue governed by international law. Factors contributing to statelessness include gaps in nationality, political policies, and individuals moving to countries at birth.. Stateless status can affect individuals of all ages, and children born to stateless parents are particularly vulnerable. This article explores the impact of self-confidence and self-esteem on the future preferences of stateless children. While international human rights instruments recognize basic rights for all, regardless of citizenship, many countries link citizenship to the full enjoyment of rights. Research methods employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to gather insights from previous studies. The results and discussion section highlights the negative impact of statelessness on self-esteem and self-confidence, with stateless individuals often feeling invisible and undervalued. The lack of citizenship not only undermines political and legal status but also tests the limits of self-confidence and self-esteem. The article also discusses the challenges faced by stateless children, such as legal instability, discrimination, limited access to services, identity uncertainty, violence, and exploitation. It emphasizes the importance of addressing these challenges to protect the rights of stateless children, promote their self-confidence, and enable their holistic development. The article underscores the need for legal recognition, emotional support, education, legal protection, psychological education, and involvement in positive activities to enhance the self-confidence of stateless children.

Development of a competency framework for advanced practice nurses: A co-design process.

The aim of the study was to develop a comprehensive competency framework for advanced practice nurses in Belgium. A co-design development process was conducted. This study consisted of two consecutive stages (November 2020-December 2021): (1) developing a competency framework for advanced practice nurses in Belgium by the research team, based on literature and (2) group discussions or interviews with and written feedback from key stakeholders. 11 group discussions and seven individual interviews were conducted with various stakeholder groups with a total of 117 participants. A comprehensive competency framework containing 31 key competencies and 120 enabling competencies was developed based on the Canadian Medical Education Directions for Specialists Competency Framework. These competencies were grouped into seven roles: clinical expert and therapist, organizer of quality care and leader in innovation, professional and clinical leader, collaborator, researcher, communicator and health promoter. The developed competency framework has resemblance to other international frameworks. This framework emphasized the independent role of the advanced practice nurse and provided guidance in a clear task division and delegation to other professionals. It can provide a solid foundation for delivering high-quality, patient-centred care by advanced practice nurses in the years to come. This competency framework can guide further development of advanced practice nursing education in Belgium and represents a starting point for future evaluation of its feasibility and usability in education and clinical practice. Advanced practice nurses and healthcare managers can also use the framework as an instrument for personal and professional development, performance appraisal, and further alignment of these function profiles in clinical practice. Finally, this framework can inform and guide policymakers towards legal recognition of advanced practice nursing in Belgium and inspire the development of advanced practice nursing profiles in countries where these profiles are still emerging. What problem did the study address? The absence of a detailed competency framework for advanced practice nurses complicates legal recognition, role clarification and implementation in practice in Belgium. A rigorously developed competency framework could clarify which competencies to integrate in future advanced practice nursing education, mentorship programs and practice. What were the main findings? The competency framework outlined seven roles for advanced practice nurses: clinical expert and therapist, organizer of quality care and leader in innovation, professional and clinical leader, collaborator, researcher, communicator, and health promoter. Differentiation from other expert nursing profiles and clinical autonomy of advanced practice nurses were pivotal. Where and on whom will the research have impact? The comprehensive competency framework for advanced practice nurses and the collaborative methodology used can inspire other countries where these profiles are still emerging. The competency framework can be used as an instrument for role clarification, performance appraisals, continuous professional development, and professional (e-)portfolios. The competency framework can guide policymakers when establishing Belgian's legal framework for advanced practice nurses. The authors have adhered to CONFERD-HP: recommendations for reporting COmpeteNcy FramEwoRk Development in health professions. No patient or public contribution in the design of the study. A patient advisory panel commented on the developed competency framework.

Cultural wars and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Southeast Asia: ‘Asian values’, human rights, and the ‘homosexual turn’

Some have argued that we are seeing a ‘homosexual turn’ in Southeast Asia. Decriminalization of sodomy, legal recognition of same-sex marriage, and discussions regarding trans rights have all taken place in the last decade. However, a backlash has emerged as well. Governmental censure of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender issues has escalated, with politicians espousing anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender rhetoric and warning against importing ‘cultural wars’ from the West into Asia. The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender rights debate is becoming the new cultural battleground in Asia, with ‘Asian’ and ‘family’ centered values being pitted against ‘Western hegemony’ and ‘moral corruption’. As lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender activists advocate for more recognition, the ‘traditional’ heteronormative family is further institutionalized and valorized. This article aims to interrogate the ‘cultural wars’ in Asia as reflected in the tension between burgeoning lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender activism and the enduring privilege of heteronormative families. It will explore this cultural clash through the following three dimensions: (1) rights framing, (2) competition over resources, and (3) political backlash. Ultimately, though, the article argues that as opposed to seeing this tension as a ‘cultural war’, instead we should see this conflict as developmental growing pains, as the region continues to evolve, and nation-states begin to grapple with the burgeoning rights and an irrepressible recognition of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender identities that had been buried under layers of ideologies, from political to moral.

The cross-border legal recognition of parenthood under European law: current law and future prospects

ABSTRACT Historically, the issue of who were a child’s parents was in most instances settled as it was considered that the nuclear family was the (only) valid family formation and, as such, should be the (only) family configuration that should be protected and recognised under the law. Thus, traditionally there was an overall uniformity in the laws of different European States regarding parenthood-related issues. Although some European States continue to maintain a dividing line between nuclear and alternative families by offering legal recognition and protection only to the former, in other European States the law increasingly gives legal recognition and protection to parenthood in situations where the family does not fit within the nuclear family model. This diversity in the legal regulation of parenthood has given rise to the problem of non-recognition of parenthood: in some instances, parenthood validly established under the laws of one State is not recognised in some other States. The article considers the ways in which European law has responded to this problem to date and concludes that currently there is no comprehensive solution to it. Although recent years have seen a surge in efforts to find such a solution, the chances of this materialising appear grim.

Functional recognition and polyamory: glitters and hard truths in the O’Neill judgment

ABSTRACT In 2022, a New York civil court concluded that a polyamorous partner should not be automatically excluded from noneviction protection (O’Neill). The decision was hailed as particularly groundbreaking and a ‘game changer’. On the other side of the globe, the New Zealand Supreme Court concluded that polyamorous unions could be entitled to the same property-sharing regime as couples. Upon closer examination, the two decisions use function-based modes of recognition to confer similar protections upon the polyamorous union. However, this paper will illustrate some of the limitations inherent in this approach. At present, functional recognition exhibits a continued attachment to the traditional marital family; this aspect, combined with the unique complexity of polyamorous arrangements, renders this route to legal recognition potentially inappropriate. The decisions examined either fail to understand the nature of the arrangement or choose to distort it in order to make polyamory legally intelligible. Both decisions are emblematic of a broader difficulty of functional recognition to provide answers to the legal demands of this type of relationship.

Beyond Sentience: Legally Recognizing Animals’ Sociability and Agency

Abstract The recognition of animal sentience in law has created high expectations but has not yet lived up to them. In some jurisdictions, the recognition of animal sentience has formed the basis of new legal obligations imposed on humans to protect animal interests. So far, however, its potential has been limited because legal officials have interpreted sentience narrowly, as mainly referring to pain. This article proposes identifying other animal characteristics to better serve animal interests, namely sociability and agency. These animal characteristics could, like sentience, be legally recognized by legislatures and receive normative force from the courts. This article argues that the legal recognition of sociability and agency could address animal exploitation and killing. Animal sociability and agency are already implicitly recognized by the law of most Western states, making it easier for them to be explicitly recognized in the future. Although these characteristics are already found in the law, they have the potential to be more disruptive than sentience because they have never served as the basis for the legal protection of animals. In other words, their potential as protective tools remains underexplored and underexploited. Moreover, sociability and agency more intuitively suggest normative implications because of their demanding nature. Acknowledging that a being is social and agential implies recognizing her need for social relationships and ensuring that her choices are fulfilled. This research article provides antispeciesist scholars and activists with a critical overview of new concepts around which some may wish to rally, particularly since the legal recognition of sentience has shown limits in multiple jurisdictions. This article explores the potential of legally recognizing sociability and agency by taking examples from the lives of dogs, cows, cats, horses, northern gannets, and dolphins.

Gender Diversity-Related Mental Health Care: Evidence, Trends, Obstacles

Abstract Gender identity may be experienced within a broad spectrum beyond the binary understanding of sex concerning genital characteristics. In people with gender identities not congruent with the gender culturally associated with the sex assigned at birth, distress related to biopsychosocial correlates of this condition may arise. In current diagnostic systems, this is considered within the framework of “Gender Incongruence” (ICD-11) and “Gender Dysphoria” (DSM 5). Although this diversity is known to be present throughout the ages, the terms related to gender identity were introduced to medical literature a hundred years ago. They were popularized with the advances in medical procedures that assist individuals in acquiring physical features aligning with their gender identity and expression. There has been an increase in research interest with increasing numbers in medical centers working on gender-affirmative medical procedures. Starting from the 1970s, international organizations prepared guidelines on the standards of care for trans and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. Despite all the progress in the gender-affirming medical care provided to TGD individuals and the changes in the legal recognition of gender, health inequalities persist globally. The discrepancy in mental and physical health conditions has long been shown to be associated with “minority stress.” The minority stress perspective suggests that distal and proximal chronic stressors arising from society are associated with adverse health outcomes for TGD individuals. Resilience against these stressors is more robust with better coping styles and social support. Lately, structural stigma and discrimination have been shown to be an important source of inequality. Therefore, much more progress is still required with respect to societal inequalities, human rights, and structural transphobia for the improvements in medical care to impact the global health condition of TGD people. However, lately, there have been attempts to restrict TGD individuals’ access to medical care and their legal rights, even if they were not close to the level they ought to be. This backlash mostly sits on the discussion on the management of TGD adolescents and children. Models of care for these age groups have been developed for decades, and despite evidence of the protective and beneficial effects on health and development, in many countries, there are attempts to block their access to medical care. Growing debate on TGD care turned into a political combat, where scientific evidence and human rights perspectives are often ignored. These tendencies present a strong challenge for public health and the professional identity and practice of healthcare professionals.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Health of Tribal Population in India: A Glimpse of the Current Scenario

Abstract Article 366(25) of the Indian constitution refers to indigenous people as “scheduled tribes,” which constitute 8.6% of the country’s population. For decades, the health of the tribal people had remained neglected and incorporated in rural health care because of incorrect assumptions of their similar health needs to that of the rural population. An expert committee coordinating with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs provided a detailed report on the current scenario and recommendations related to tribal health in India. They considered the health-care needs of the tribal population, highlighted their specific health problems, and gave a roadmap of best approaches. The tribal population has a unique and higher burden of health problems than the mainstream population, influenced by their health-seeking behavior, lack of awareness and education, sociocultural and magico-religious beliefs, customs, and practices. The current health-care system incorporates their health needs with approaches such as differing population norms in tribal areas, nonmonetary incentives to staff, mobile medical units, identification of high-priority districts, and the emergence of the “Swasthya” portal. However, tribal health is transitioning as with the rest of the population. Moreover, the present health-care services are unable to address this. Legal recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights to self-determination, their land, natural resources, and their knowledge is a need of the hour.

Legal recognition of LGB-parent families and science. An interview with Mar González.

Mar González is a psychologist and one of the pioneers in studies on LGB-parent families in Spain. Her research work from the 2000s onwards played an essential role in the parliamentary debate in the country, which culminated in the approval of same-sex marriage in 2005. Spain, a Catholic-majority country that had left the Franco dictatorship three decades earlier, was the third country in the world, after Belgium and Netherlands, to recognize the right of gay and lesbian people to unite. Her studies address unconventional families, family diversity, child and family development, and their relationship with education and health. Our conversation addressed LBG parenthood, the establishment of filiation rights for this social group, studies on these family configurations, and leading LGB parenthood health implications.

Права индивида в сфере информации: современные реалии, риски и вызовы

The article considers the certain aspects of the realization of information rights of the individual in the conditions of digital transformation of society. The author focuses on the problems of global degradation of information reliability, the risks of arbitrary handling of information, its modification and construction, free accumulation, as well as their causes and consequences. Free circulation of false information leads to a decrease in the level of social trust and individual, public safety, infringement of the rights and legitimate interests of the individual. The author is convinced that when realizing information rights, one should proceed not only from the principle of individual freedom, but also from the principle of reliability of information, respect for the rights of other persons, protection of public and state interests. The introduction and application of protection mechanisms against information of certain content should be justified by the nature and scale of threats and the legal recognition of this or that information as malicious. In the conclusion the author suggests the need for legal consolidation of the principle of reliability of information and the introduction of the individual’s right to reliable information on the basis of a holistic socio-legal concept of regulating relations in the field of information.