Legal Norms Research Articles

Modification and termination of legal services supply agreement

The article is focused on studying the possibility to modify and terminate legal services supply agreement. The author has noted that the volume of foreign investments is a significant stimulus for the recovery of the domestic economy, and this should be facilitated by proper protection of the rights of investors as less protected participants of investment relationships. All this will contribute to the need to streamline legislative mechanisms for regulating relations in the sphere of services provision. In particular, civil regulation of legal services, despite the extraordinary social importance played by relations on providing legal services in society, has not been sufficiently developed yet, in order to affirm that a fairly well-balanced regime for regulating these relations functions in Ukraine. The author of the article has indicated that the right to apply measures of operational influence by legal services’ customers requires a clear description in the legislation, but not to be established through a multi-stage interpretation of the relevant norms. The exercise of such a right should not depend on its enshrining in the terms of legal services supply agreements, i.e. its normative basis should be the relevant legal norms, which should increase the guarantee of protection of the rights and interests of the customers of such services as less protected participants of contractual relations. The author has proved that the application of legal services on protection by the customers in the form of terminating the agreement, first of all by filing the corresponding claim to the court, has no particular specificity, compared to similar protection within other contractual obligations. The analysis of court practice indicates the lack of acute problems requiring scientific description and resolution in this regard. There is a stable court practice in Ukraine regarding the protection of legal services’ customers through the termination of relevant agreements. Termination of the contract, as a terminating legal fact, protects rather the customer’s interests, but not the rights (for safeguard of assets; for concluding the same meritous contracts with other entities, etc.). The author of the work has specified that modification and termination of legal services supply agreements, which are carried out based on the understandings between the parties, as a general rule, are not applied in the context of the parties’ reaction to the offense committed by the counterparty, but due to other motives. In particular, a significant modification of circumstances can be mentioned among such motives.

The role of legal constructions in the enforcement of substantive and procedural law

In the modern legal system, legal structures play an important role in ensuring effective enforcement of both substantive and procedural law. That is why the author has selected an appropriate source (scientific and normative) base, and has formed the goal and objectives that fully reveal the subject matter of the study. The author emphasizes that substantive law regulates basic social relations by establishing the rights and obligations of subjects, while procedural law provides mechanisms for their actual implementation and protection. Legal constructions are a legal instrument which allows to organize legal provisions, ensuring their clarity, universality and unambiguous implementation. In addition, the author examines the internal construction of a legal provision and a legal prescription, and the correlation of these legal phenomena. The author emphasizes such an important characteristic of the legal construction of a legal provision as a genetic link, which is used to further form legal institutions, sub-branches and branches of substantive and procedural law. The article focuses on the analysis of the role of legal constructions of substantive and procedural rules of law in the process of law enforcement. The author separately considers the issues of their creation, application and impact on the efficiency of legal regulation. The author examines the interaction of substantive and procedural law through the prism of legal constructions of legal norms, which allows identifying key aspects of their systemic effect in the legal system. The work contains examples from the current legislation, in particular, the Civil, Civil Procedure Codes of Ukraine and other legal acts. The author examines the case law which demonstrates the practical value of the issue raised and the need for proper construction of legal provisions at the stage of law-making, which results in their further implementation. The author characterizes the impact of legal constructions on legal practice and their role in ensuring legal stability and predictability. Based on the study, the relevant conclusions were formed.

The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice in Resolving Juvenile Criminal Cases: An Examination of Legal and Social Perspectives

The objective of this research is to examine and address issues pertaining to the enforcement of the law in instances of violent criminal activity perpetrated by students of legal age who are enrolled in educational institutions. External factors, including association, education, and social environment, exert a significant influence on children's criminal behavior, which frequently originates from the tendency to emulate negative behaviors and the lack of adequate parental supervision. This research employs a normative legal approach to elucidate the nature of the penalties imposed upon minors who perpetrate criminal acts, as delineated in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System No. 11/2012. The findings indicate that to avert criminal conduct by minors, it is imperative to implement sustainable development initiatives that bolster the survival, physical, mental, and social advancement of children, while safeguarding them from threats that could jeopardize their future and the nation. The juvenile criminal justice system incorporates community involvement throughout the entirety of the case process. Crimes occurring within the community are shaped by the prevailing social conditions, along with individual factors pertaining to the perpetrators and victims. At the conclusion of each case, the community is tasked with facilitating the reintegration of offenders and victims back into the social milieu. This is achieved through either the establishment of new informal institutions or the reinforcement of existing formal ones.

Interpretation of legal duty in the American legal tradition

Human rights, as enshrined in current international legal instruments, are the result of long-term historical development and the gradual formation of standards that have become the norm in modern democratic society. The formation of such unified standards for regulating social life has led to the modern doctrine of human rights being based on universal principles and values, including freedom, equality, justice, and the inalienability of fundamental human rights. However, despite the commonality of these values and principles on which the modern idea of human rights is founded, its formation and gradual development occurred under the influence of cultural, historical, political, and sociological factors of individual states or entire regions. These factors led to the emergence of distinct legal traditions. A legal tradition is understood as a deeply rooted and historically conditioned attitude of people towards the role of law in society, the nature of law, as well as the organization and functioning of the legal system as a whole. The legal tradition, in turn, leads to certain differences or authenticity in the interpretation of various legal categories, as their formation occurred through the prism of unique circumstances characteristic of a particular legal tradition. Studying approaches to interpreting certain legal phenomena in specific legal traditions allows for a broader understanding of a given legal concept, revealing its peculiarities in the legal systems of individual states, and conducting a comparative analysis of its interpretation alongside other legal traditions. Today, when discussing human rights and obligations, we often refer to sources of the European legal tradition, which undoubtedly play an important role in the modern understanding of human rights. However, it would be incorrect to overlook the contributions of other legal traditions, particularly the American one. The emergence of the modern system of human rights and obligations on the American continent is associated with the activities of the Organization of American States, as well as the adoption of such acts as the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man of 1948 and the American Convention on Human Rights of 1969. It should be noted that the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man preceded the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 by six months, which underscores the significance of this act in the process of establishing an international system of human rights and their protection. A characteristic feature of this Declaration, which distinguishes it from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and a number of other European human rights acts, is its extensive list of duties impos ed on individuals. Thus, to identify the peculiarities of interpreting the category of legal duty, it would be appropriate to study this fundamental normative legal act of the American legal tradition in the field of human rights and duties. Furthermore, studying normative legal acts that regulate both human rights and duties will allow us to outline the mechanism of establishing and normatively formulating key human duties in the American legal tradition.

Criminal Liability of Online Gambling Perpetrators in Indonesia According to the Electronic Information and Transactions Law

Online gambling has become increasingly prevalent over a long time due to the ease of access and the ability to play from anywhere with an online association. The reason for this consideration is to look at and analyze the legal provisions against online gambling offenders in Indonesia. The research method used in this study can be a normative legal approach supported by experimental law with graphic depiction. In extension, important information is also used as supporting material for additional information. For control checks, legitimate and standardized check strategies are used. From the search results regarding the legal provisions against the perpetrators of online betting violations in Indonesia, it appears that the legal authority against online betting violations is the criminal sanction against online betting based on Article 45 of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, but the punishment for the perpetrators is lower than the threat of criminal sanctions in Article 303 of the Criminal Code, so it does not have an inhibiting impact on the perpetrators of online betting violations. Criminal liability for online betting offenses in Indonesia is the responsibility of the perpetrators of online betting offenses indicated by the existence of criminal offense components. In addition, the activity component is one of the most important components in criminal liability, because a person cannot be sentenced if he does not commit an act that is classified as an act rejected by the law.

ANTI-CORRUPTION COMPLIANCE AND MANAGEMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF RECOVERY

The subject of the study is management and public relations in the field of anti-corruption compliance in the context of recovery. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of induction and deduction, the dialectical-materialist method, the method of analysis and synthesis, and the historical method, which allowed for an objective understanding of the content and essence of the issues under study. The aim of the article is to analyse the theoretical aspects of the peculiarities of anti-corruption compliance and management in the context of recovery and to propose effective ways to improve the mechanism of these procedures. The results of the study showed that anti-corruption compliance in the context of restoration means not only a methodology for fighting corruption, but also the formation of principles and conditions related to conducting transparent and honest business. Conclusion. The successful operation of any company depends entirely on its attitude to corruption, which it must be aimed at combating. Violation of the anti-corruption policy can lead to irreparable consequences. The issue of establishing an effective anti-corruption system in commercial organisations is quite relevant. The main task of such a system is to identify and minimise corruption risks in advance, as well as to eliminate the causes and conditions of their occurrence in a timely manner. The need to develop and use compliance is based on the complexity of regulation and, therefore, the high probability of violating certain legal norms or internal rules. Anti-corruption compliance reduces the risks associated with corruption offences committed by employees, as well as the risks of damage to the company (not only material but also reputational). The study and synthesis of local acts adopted by organisations aimed at combating corruption allowed to summarise and critically evaluate an approximate list of principles that they most often adhere to when building an anti-corruption compliance system in the context of recovery. Adherence to the list of principles, taking into account their content and identified implementation problems, will allow to improve the typical model of anti-corruption management in the context of recovery. There are key management elements that can be identified, the presence of which in the corporate anti-corruption compliance control system allows to judge the success of such a system in the recovery environment. These key elements require a more detailed study, taking into account the specifics of the company's activities, but with their help, management can make anti-corruption compliance more effective in the recovery environment.

Reconstruction of Law Enforcement Rule for Employers of Medical Practitioner without Practice Licenses Based on Restorative Justice

In Indonesia, current constructive law lacks clear regulation regarding the enforcement of laws against employers who hire medical practitioner without practice licenses. As a result, law enforcement often relies on general statutes such as the Penal Code or Civil Code, treating offenders similarly to criminals. This situation emphasizes the urgent need for specific rule that adhere to principles of restorative justice. This study aims to study the absences in current law enforcement rule pertaining to employers of unlicensed medical practitioner, explore these issues from a restorative justice perspective, and propose a reconstructed regulatory framework grounded in restorative justice principles. The research employs a constructivist paradigm with a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing socio-legal methods within a qualitative research design. Data consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials gathered through literature review, observation, and interviews, and are studied qualitatively. The findings reveal that existing rule do not follow to principles of restorative justice. Enforcement lacks consistency, hindering the equitable access of the public to law enforcement, justice, and benefits. Weaknesses include the absence of specific legal provisions and insufficient knowledge among law enforcement officials regarding healthcare law, resulting in inconsistent enforcement practices. Illustration on international and national legal insights, the study proposes a reconstructed legal framework that ensures balanced protection for employers, medical practitioner, and patients, promoting dignified and high-quality healthcare services free from stigma, and showed with fairness and professionalism. Reconstructing legal norms such as Article 442 and healthcare legislation could create a balanced law enforcement regulation that upholds legal enforcement, legal utility, and societal justice perceptions.

ACTIVITIES OF NON-STATE MILITARY INSTITUTIONS: ECONOMIC ASPECT

The subject of the study is the economic aspect of the activities of non-state military institutions (private military companies), in particular, the increased demand for the services provided by them, and the state regulation of their activities by national legislation of leading foreign countries and international acts. The methodological basis of the study is modern general scientific methods (systemic and structural, formal and logical, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalisation, comparative); special methods (historical and legal). The purpose of the study is to analyse the economic aspect of non-state military institutions, based on the analysis of scientific works, experience of leading foreign countries and international practice, as well as the analysis of domestic draft laws on legalisation of military consulting activities in Ukraine. In the course of the study, the authors analysed the works of scholars who have studied various aspects of private military campaigns (legal, economic, security) and their regulation in foreign countries, as well as international legal norms on the regulation of the activities under study. In addition, the authors critically analysed domestic draft laws on legalisation, state regulation and supervision (control) over the activities of non-state military institutions in Ukraine. As a result of the study, it was established that the emergence of draft laws on the legalisation of the activities of non-state military institutions, their state regulation and supervision in Ukraine, on the one hand, is due to the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which began in 2014. On the other hand, the economic consequences of privatisation in many industries and the need to compare the costs of the state's functions, including security, with the benefits received. Under such conditions, the business environment has demanded the introduction of a promising business activity and business sector – military consulting. Recently, this demand has been reinforced by the availability of a significant number of highly professional military specialists with experience and willingness to participate in relevant operations, including abroad. It is also understood that the demand for the services of non-state military institutions and the possibility of starting such activities in foreign countries where they are legalised will lead to an outflow of qualified specialists for employment abroad, and a loss of human resources and state budget revenues in the form of taxes paid by military consulting entities. At the same time, the existence of such entities in the country will help to improve the level of training of military personnel in the context of Russia's large-scale armed aggression against Ukraine by attracting specialists with relevant experience and willingness to engage in this type of business activity. In the post-war period, the existence of this type of legal activity will solve the problem of employment of former military personnel who wish to continue to work officially in the military and receive decent wages, and thus reduce social tensions in the economic sector.

Study on the role of the Civil Code in promoting the legalization of corporate social responsibility

The promulgation and implementation of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China provides important legal guarantees for corporate social responsibility (CSR), marking a key process in the transformation of corporate responsibility from moral constraints to legal norms. This paper takes the Civil Code as the core to explore its role in promoting the legalization of corporate social responsibility. First, by analyzing the provisions related to corporate responsibility in the Civil Code, this paper reveals its requirements for the standardization of corporate social responsibility. Secondly, this paper points out that the Civil Code promotes enterprises from self-discipline to external discipline through institutional innovation and responsibility balance mechanism, and promotes the balance between economic development and social interests of enterprises. At the same time, this paper analyzes the impact of the Civil Code on corporate social responsibility and the challenges faced by enterprises in the process of implementation, such as the lack of awareness of legal obligations by enterprises and the legal risks when fulfilling their responsibilities, etc. Finally, this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for further improving the legalization of corporate social responsibility, including strengthening legal supporting measures, improving corporate responsibility awareness and government-driven policy support, in order to provide theoretical support and practical reference for promoting the legalization of corporate social responsibility in my country.

Transformation of the Model of State-Confessional Relations in Belarus at the End of the 19th Century – 1917

Introduction. The article describes the process of transformation of state-confessional relations in the Belarusian lands as part of the Russian Empire from the end of the 19th century to 1917. Methods and materials. To obtain verified results, the study is based on the analysis of administrative and regulatory materials, office documents of the Mogilev diocese, and domestic and foreign historiography. The study was conducted using an interdisciplinary methodology: historical-typological and historical-comparative methods, formal-legal, and the method of interpretation of legal norms were used. In addition, to identify the features of the socio-political discourse on the issue of changes in state-church relations, discourse analysis was used. Analysis. The historically established model of a religious state with the dominance of the Orthodox Church in the Russian Empire was established in the 19th century on Belarusian lands with a different confessional structure and traditions of state-church relations. The author noted a tendency to transition from the model of a religious state to the model of a secular state – in the period March – October 1917, the Provisional Government tried to establish an identification model of a secular state. This model corresponded to the religious system of Belarusian society with the dominance of the Orthodox Church and the expectations of socio-political actors and also ensured the implementation of religious rights and freedoms of adherents of other religions but was not fully implemented due to the transfer of power to the Bolshevik Party in October 1917. Results. Transformational processes in state-confessional relations in the Belarusian provinces took place in the direction from the model of a religious state to the model of a secular state as accompanying changes in the political system of the Russian Empire. Internal factors in the development of the state-confessional system of the Russian Empire, as well as the peculiarities of the confessional environment of the Belarusian provinces (diversification of the religious structure of Belarusian society, limitation of the rights of traditional actors rooted in the Belarusian religious environment, confessional dualism “Orthodoxy-Catholicism”), did not play a significant role in the transformation processes.

The Contestation of Legal Foundations in the Resolution of Islamic Economic Disputes in Religious Courts

Prior to the issuance of Supreme Court Regulation No. 2 of 2008, judges in Sharia economic dispute cases primarily relied on legal sources from kutub al-turāṡ (classical fiqh texts), including those pertaining to fiqh al-qadā’ (jurisprudence on adjudication). However, following the implementation of this regulation, some judges have continued to incorporate the Civil Code in their legal reasoning. This article seeks to examine the legal framework for resolving Sharia economic disputes in Indonesia. The theoretical foundation applied by the author is Lawrence Meir Friedman’s legal system theory. This study employs a normative legal approach to explore the legal system governing Sharia economic justice in Indonesia’s Religious Courts. It examines decisions from the Religious Courts in Purbalingga, Banyumas, and Purwokerto, focusing on rulings made both before and after the issuance of the Supreme Court Regulation on the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law (KHES), as well as five decisions from 2018-2019. The study’s findings reveal that the legal framework for Sharia economic dispute resolution in Indonesia has adequately addressed community needs, with the Religious Courts holding exclusive jurisdiction over these matters. However, there is an ongoing contestation between Islamic legal sources and civil law, which is rooted in Dutch law, in the decisions analyzed. Moreover, the absence of a Compilation of Islamic Economic Procedure Law based on Islamic Law has contributed to the suboptimal implementation of legal substance and culture. As a result, according to Friedman’s legal system theory, the legal framework for resolving Islamic economic disputes has not yet functioned effectively from the perspective of Islamic law.

Legal Monitoring of the Modern Penitentiary Process in Russian and Foreign Legal Systems

This article explores human rights mechanisms as a set of international and domestic bodies that are legally authorized to perform oversight and supervisory activities for protecting the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of convicts. A classification of human rights mechanisms within the penitentiary system was given, taking into account the universal and regional value of Russian and international laws and their influence on the legal status of convicts serving their criminal sentences. A new type of legal process, (penitentiary) criminal enforcement, was proposed for future consideration and defined. The status of the cross-sectoral institution of death penalty was discussed from our own perspective on the matter. With regard to the primacy of international legal norms and treaties in expanding and upholding the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of convicts, it was concluded that the Russian legislative system has a legal axiom worthy of integration into other modern legal systems.

О некоторых вопросах реализации адвокатами Социалистической Республики Вьетнам социально-правовой функции в период с 1992 года и на современном этапе

The article examines the origin and formation of the socio-legal function of the Bar of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (hereinafter – SRV) to provide free legal assistance to all those in need in the period from 1992 to the present. The article analyzes the expired normative legal acts that regulated the activities of the SRV Bar since the beginning of the constitutional reform in 1992, as well as the current normative legal acts regarding the provision of free legal assistance, including those determining the payment for the activities of a lawyer at the request of competent authorities. The research employs the formal legal method, the method of comparative legal analysis, synthesis, deductive and inductive methods, generalization and systematization of scientific sources on the research problem, as well as comparative and predictive methods. Conclusions are drawn about the specifics of the development of Vietnamese legislation in the field of providing free legal assistance by the SRV Vietnam Bar Federation.

РЕСОЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ, ОСВОБОЖДЕННЫХ И ОСВОБОЖДАЕМЫХ ИЗ МЕСТ ЛИШЕНИЯ СВОБОДЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ УФСИН РОССИИ ПО КАЛИНИНГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

The purpose of studying the experience of the resocialization of persons who have served a custodial sentence is to identify problems that exist in the organization and implementation of this work by institutions and bodies of the penal enforcement system, consider best practices and formulate conclusions and proposals. Currently, there is no any notion of resocialization in the penal enforcement legislation, however, in some normative legal acts, in particular, in the Federal Law №. 182 «On the basics of the crime prevention system in the Russian Federation» (23 June 2016), resocialization is understood as a set of socio-economic, pedagogical and legal measures carried out by subjects of crime prevention in accordance with their competence and persons involved in crime prevention in order to reintegrate into society persons who have served a criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment and (or) those who have been subjected to other criminal law measures. The importance of the process of resocialization of persons released from prison is inexorably emphasized by statistical figures. Thus, about 60 % of those, who have committed crimes, do it again, and one in three has already been punished. On January 1st, 2024, the Federal Law «On Probation in the Russian Federation» came into force, which specifies the resocialization, social adaptation and social rehabilitation of persons released from prison as the main directions of probation. Currently, the process of developing and adopting sublegislative acts is underway. However, the existing positive experience of some regions in organizing this work should be counted. In the article the author examines the practice of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Kaliningrad region. The author concludes that it is necessary to analyze and generalize the practices of various regions and develop a unified approach to this area of activity of the penal enforcement system in order to streamline it.

ДОСРОЧНОЕ ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕ ОСУЖДЕННОГО ОТ ОТБЫВАНИЯ НАКАЗАНИЯ В ЭКСТРЕМАЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ: НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

Based on the analysis of the provisions of the Federal Constitutional Law «On the State of Emergency», the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the Penal Code of the Russian Federation and other normative legal acts, a number of shortcomings in the regulation of parole, replacement of the unserved part of the punishment with a milder one and release from punishment due to the illness of the convicted person, accepted by the court in extreme conditions, that is, when natural disasters occur or a state of emergency or martial law is imposed. The article focuses on a number of issues: suspension of the convict’s right to apply for early release, leaving the possibility of such treatment with the administration of the institution or body executing the punishment; attribution of the convict’s participation in emergency rescue and other urgent work to the criteria for parole or replacement of the unserved part of the punishment with a milder one; imputation of post-penitentiary responsibilities related to the elimination of the consequences of extreme conditions; etc.

Beyond the blinders: Disclosing the episteme of land ownership to re-frame legal and economic values in planning

Among the values conceptualising and measuring planning processes and outcomes, two play a prominent role in liberal democracies: legal and economic. Current conceptions and practices framing these values face substantial challenges: civil law systems do not account for the variety of land use situations, increases in wealth inequalities, and human activities which threaten planetary boundaries. A way to tackle these challenges is to analyse the current theoretical discourse and legal norms framing values in planning, study alternative conceptions, and outline new responses. The present article investigates how a paradigm shift in planning theory may open new avenues for conceptualising legal and economic values. To do so, it first compares the episteme of land ownership defined by two theories applied to planning: law-and-economics and land master theory. Second, drawing upon the comparison, the article discusses how the strengths of each theory may contribute to filling the gaps of the others. Identified gaps are: the integration of political aspects into the analysis, the conceptualization of collective and use-specific forms of ownership, and methodological issues. These gaps mirror the western legal conception of land ownership, defined as individual and absolute. Fourth, based on collective and use-specific land management practices that develop within the western legal framework, and theoretical inputs from land master theory, the article puts forward a transduction of legal norms that foster a more sustainable conception of land ownership, known as land stewardship.

Research on Overseas Aid Mechanisms for Intellectual Property Rights

In order to solve the dilemma of information asymmetry in the international market of intellectual property rights, China needs to improve the corresponding overseas intellectual property rights protection assistance mechanism. At the present stage, China's governmental assistance in domestic intellectual property rights protection is relatively comprehensive, but there is a lack of unified legal norms, incomplete assistance measures, and irrational establishment of assistance organizations in overseas intellectual property rights protection assistance. Combined with the practice of the United States and other countries, it is recommended to formulate unified laws and regulations on the protection of intellectual property rights overseas, set up additional measures of insurance premiums for the protection of intellectual property rights overseas, and establish overseas branches of assistance organizations to improve the assistance mechanism and provide help to domestic enterprises.

Legislative Legal Politics of Inheritance Law in Indonesia

This article is the result of research on the legal politics of inheritance law legislation in Indonesia. This study employs normative research methods, focusing on literature review and legal documents to understand the principles and regulations in force. Through the approach of case analysis, legislative analysis, and an examination of legal politics in Indonesia, the research delves into the relevant aspects. Data analysis was used to identify and understand legal norms related to inheritance distribution within the systems of customary law, Islamic law, and civil law in Indonesia. The research findings indicate that there are still many cases of inheritance disputes in Indonesia due to the ongoing discrepancies between Islamic law and customary law, civil law and Islamic law, as well as customary law and Islamic law, which leads to conflict. This can be observed through the increasing number of cases submitted regarding inheritance disputes, whether in religious courts, district courts, or handled through customary law mechanisms in Indonesia each year. However, civil law can be considered an alternative in addressing inheritance law issues in Indonesia. This is evident in the civil inheritance distribution system, which is considered fair, without discrimination between men and women

Legal regulation of liability for failure to fulfill a state or municipal task of an institution

The article, based on the results of the research conducted by the author, identifies the basic requirements for the formation of state and municipal tasks of state (municipal) institutions, and also analyzes the regulations that consolidate them and influence the assessment by budget control authorities of compliance with the procedure for the formation and execution of state and municipal tasks. The features of the legal regulation of the formation of the task and the requirements for it are analyzed, related to the level of public legal education — the founder and the sectoral characteristics of the activities of the institution itself. It is stated that the values of performance indicators and acceptable deviations from their achievement are not always the same for similar or analogous services in different industries, which should be taken into account when determining whether a violation has occurred. The author examines the legal basis for holding people accountable for violations related to the formation and execution of an assignment, including its financing from the budget. Based on an analysis of legal norms and judicial practice, some features of the approaches of control bodies and courts to assessing such violations are highlighted.

Ethical AI in Healthcare: Balancing Innovation with Privacy and Compliance

Within the dynamic and ever-changing healthcare industry, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a powerful and revolutionary concept capable of transforming patient care, optimising operational processes, and improving clinical decision-making. Nevertheless, the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare systems gives rise to substantial ethical considerations, especially pertaining to privacy and adherence to regulations. This work examines the ethical aspects of artificial intelligence (AI) in the healthcare sector, highlighting the importance of maintaining a harmonious equilibrium between technical advancement and strict compliance with privacy regulations and legal obligations. Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare must adhere to legislative frameworks specifically created to safeguard the rights of humans. This encompasses not just compliance with current rules but also the proactive identification and resolution of developing legal norms as AI technology advances. Healthcare practitioners and artificial intelligence (AI) developers should cooperate to create explicit standards and procedures that conform to existing legislation and expected future rules.