Legal Market Research Articles

Canada's THC unit: Applications for the legal cannabis market

The legalization of cannabis in Canada has accelerated the need for a standardized approach to measuring and communicating the amount of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis products. This article offers an overview of the considerations associated with establishing and implementing a standard THC unit in the Canadian context. The article begins by discussing the applications of a standard THC unit, emphasizing its potential use in product labelling, consumer education, and product reporting and surveillance. The article then examines key considerations for identifying what a Canadian THC unit should be set at, specifically within the context of a country with a regulated commercial cannabis market. This is followed by a discussion of additional considerations related to the adoption of a Canadian THC unit, including its use across various product formats and modes of administration. A significant focus of this article is on prioritizing public health and safety and informed decision-making among adult consumers as the legal cannabis market evolves. Collaboration among various stakeholders, such as government agencies, industry, and public health professionals, is highlighted as crucial for a successful transition to the use of Canada's THC unit.

Prevalence of cannabis use and the frequency, types, and sources of cannabis products used in northern remote territories of the Canadian legal cannabis market.

The Cannabis Policy Study in the Territories (CPST) is an annual repeat cross-sectional study aiming to evaluate the impacts of cannabis legalization in the Canadian territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut), where there is a paucity of data on cannabis use. This current study's objective was to describe the 2022 CPST, including methods, population prevalence estimates of cannabis use, and legal cannabis sources and perceptions in the territories. The 2022 CPST includes 2462 respondents (aged 16 +) residing in the territories who either use or do not use cannabis. Respondents were recruited through mail-push-to-web invitations sent via licensed mailing lists, sampling from a near census of households in the territories. Population-weighted indicators of cannabis use are described. Past 12-month cannabis use was self-reported by 46.1%, and 21.8% self-reported daily/almost daily use. The most commonly used product types among past 12-month consumers were dried flower (73.4%), edibles (59.0%), and vape oils (35.7%). On average, 74.8% of cannabis products used in the past 12months were from legal sources, though legal sourcing varied by product type (54.4‒92.2%). Cannabis consumers reported favourable perceptions of legal compared to illegal cannabis products regarding quality, convenience, and safety, but a lesser extent for price. Cannabis use is highly prevalent in the territories, particularly daily/almost daily use, and legal market penetration is high despite region remoteness. Following cannabis legalization, monitoring cannabis use prevalence and patterns in remote regions is important for informing the development of harm reduction and prevention initiatives that consider the unique needs of these regions.

Evaluating the revenue and taxation implications of cannabis legalization in South Africa: Insights from Canada and the United States

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the impact of cannabis legalization on revenue mobilization and taxation in South Africa by analyzing the experiences of jurisdictions that have legalized cannabis. Methodology: A qualitative approach was employed, including a literature review and trend analysis. Data from Canada, California, Colorado, and Washington State, where cannabis has been legalized, were analyzed for 2018-2021. Results: The findings demonstrate that cannabis legalization significantly impacts revenue collection and taxation. However, optimal pricing and taxation policies are crucial to capture the illicit market, minimize negative externalities, and ensure industry growth. Legacy growers and previously disadvantaged individuals should be integrated into the legal market. Theoretical Contribution: The study contributes to the theoretical framework of Pigouvian taxation by examining its applicability to the cannabis industry and the challenges posed by illicit markets and product substitutability with alcohol and tobacco. Practical Implications: The study provides recommendations for South African policymakers on taxation policies, market regulation, and inclusive strategies to ensure a successful and sustainable cannabis industry while maximizing revenue mobilization.

Exploring medicinal use of low-THC cannabis products - Comparing experienced effects and side-effects between CBD-oil-only users to users of high-THC cannabis products

Background Low-THC cannabis products have become popular worldwide and are used as self-treatment for a variety of medical conditions despite limited high-quality evidence on efficacy or long-term side-effects. Method: We compare the experiences of CBD-oil-only users to that of users, who indicated use of cannabis products conventionally higher in THC (high-THC cannabis) with respect to number of symptoms relieved, overall perceived effect on symptoms, effect on pain level and sleep duration, and perceived side-effects. A self-selected convenience sample of Danish cannabis users were recruited to an anonymous online survey. Inclusion criteria were 18 years or older and use of cannabis as medicine (CaM) (prescribed or non-prescribed). Results The final sample included 2.642 users of CaM, of which 992 were CBD-oil-only users and 1650 used high-THC products. Compared to respondents who used high-THC cannabis, CBD-oil-only users reported fewer symptoms relieved by cannabis, a slightly lower overall symptom reduction, as well as comparable pain reduction and sleep improvement. CBD-oil-only users reported fewer side-effects and were more likely to report no side-effects of cannabis. Conclusion: CBD-oils may produce less intense effects compared to high-THC cannabis products, while also producing fewer side-effects. Regulation of the legal low-THC cannabis market is needed.

Подготовка молодых адвокатов для оказания квалифицированной юридической помощи в период выстраивания новых экономических связей

The article deals with the issues of the current state of the legal services market in the period of building new economic relations, as well as its impact on higher legal education and training of young lawyers. The author of the article provides an analysis of the regulatory framework, reflecting significant changes in the current economic situation, which should be taken into account when developing training programs within the framework of higher legal education. As a result of the conducted analysis, the article highlights three key trends in the current state of the legal services market and three main recommendations for higher legal education in relation to training of qualified lawyers in the current economic situation.

Crafting Inclusive Marketing Campaigns: Insights and Influential Factors in the Indian Context

With increasing diversity of consumers in the marketplace, marketers have begun to embrace inclusive marketing practices. However, there is still a lack of research on the topic, making it difficult for managers to understand how to design and execute effective campaigns. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying the key factors that contribute toward an impactful inclusive marketing campaign. The study used a sequential mixed-methods approach and first conducted interviews with 29 LGBTQIA+ and non-LGBTQ consumers to gain insights into their perceptions of effective inclusive campaigns. In the study’s second phase, ten industry experts provided inputs for the Fuzzy DEMATEL method to identify critical factors for an effective campaign. The findings revealed seven essential factors: social acceptance of the community, use of community-specific symbols, authentic communication about community issues, top management’s approach, inclusive hiring practices, brand history, and legal market structure, which were then grouped into social, communication-related, brand-related, organization-specific, and other macro-level categories. The study fills an important gap in the inclusive marketing literature and can serve as a practical guide for marketers to design and implement inclusive campaigns.

Genetic insights into agronomic and morphological traits of drug-type cannabis revealed by genome-wide association studies

Cannabis sativa L., previously concealed by prohibition, is now a versatile and promising plant, thanks to recent legalization, opening doors for medical research and industry growth. However, years of prohibition have left the Cannabis research community lagging behind in understanding Cannabis genetics and trait inheritance compared to other major crops. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) of nine key agronomic and morphological traits, using a panel of 176 drug-type Cannabis accessions from the Canadian legal market. Utilizing high-density genotyping-by-sequencing (HD-GBS), we successfully generated dense genotyping data in Cannabis, resulting in a catalog of 800 K genetic variants, of which 282 K common variants were retained for GWAS analysis. Through GWAS analysis, we identified 18 markers significantly associated with agronomic and morphological traits. Several identified markers exert a substantial phenotypic impact, guided us to putative candidate genes that reside in high linkage-disequilibrium (LD) with the markers. These findings lay a solid foundation for an innovative cannabis research, leveraging genetic markers to inform breeding programs aimed at meeting diverse needs in the industry.

A Global Phenomenon and Chinas Emerging Role

This article offers a comprehensive examination of the present and future states of impact investing in China, an emerging domain where financial capital is strategically utilized to address societal and environmental challenges. The study commences with a historical review, outlining the global rise of impact investing and its transition within the Chinese economic framework. It meticulously differentiates between impact investing, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing, and venture philanthropy, thereby elucidating their distinct roles and objectives. The paper then delves into the unique characteristics of the Chinese context, focusing on the early stages of the impact investing market, the cultural and legal challenges encountered, and the distinctive roles of family offices and high-net-worth individuals. It emphasizes the increasingly significant role of family offices in the Chinese impact investing arena. Additionally, the article critically assesses the current frameworks and methodologies for evaluating impact investments, discussing their limitations and the complexities involved in quantifying social and environmental impacts. Through policy recommendations, the study advocates for the strengthening of regulatory frameworks, the enhancement of standardization, and the promotion of educational initiatives to cultivate a more robust impact investing ecosystem in China. The paper concludes by recognizing the untapped potential of impact investing in China, suggesting that advancements in legal frameworks, market transparency, and public awareness could significantly propel the sector forward. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of impact investing in China, offering insights and guidelines for policymakers, investors, and scholars interested in the intersection of finance and social good.

Investigating the Relationship Between Cannabis Expectancies and Anxiety, Depression, and Pain Responses After Acute Flower and Edible Cannabis Use.

Objective: Cannabis has been touted for a host of pharmacological and therapeutic effects and users commonly report reduced symptoms of physical and mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. While there is existing empirical evidence supporting these effects of cannabis use, little is known about the extent to which these effects result from pharmacological versus expectancy factors. We evaluated the associations between participants' cannabis expectancies and their acute self-reported reactions after using legal market forms of cannabis with varying levels of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in three domains: anxiety, depression, and pain. Methods: Fifty-five flower and 101 edible cannabis users were randomly assigned and asked to purchase at a local dispensary one of three products containing varying levels of CBD and THC. Participants completed a baseline assessment where they reported expectancies about general health effects of cannabis use and an experimental mobile laboratory assessment where they administered their assigned products. Edible users also reported their domain-specific expectancies about cannabis use in improving anxiety, depression, and pain. Following administration, participants completed acute indicators of anxiety, depression, and pain operationalized through subjective acute tension, elation, and a single-item measure of pain. Results: Among flower users, more positive expectancies for cannabis to improve general health were correlated with greater reductions in tension at acute post-use. This finding was replicated among edible users. Unlike flower users, more positive expectancies for cannabis to improve general health were also correlated with greater increases in elation and greater reductions in pain among edible users. More positive expectancies for cannabis to improve depression and pain were also correlated with greater increases in elation and greater reductions in pain, respectively, among edible users. Conclusions: Cannabis users' expectancies significantly impacted some of the acute subjective effects of legal market cannabis products. Among both flower and edible users, consistent, significant expectancy effects were found. Results were consistent with prior findings and demonstrate the need to measure and control pre-existing expectancies in future research that involves cannabis administration. Clinical trial registration number: NCT03522103.

The Connection Between Legal and Illegal Firearms Markets: How the Change in Gun Control Policy in Brazil Intensified This Link

The Connection Between Legal and Illegal Firearms Markets: How the Change in Gun Control Policy in Brazil Intensified This Link

How have cannabis use and related indicators changed since legalization of cannabis for non-medical purposes? Results of the Canadian Cannabis Survey 2018–2022

BackgroundCannabis use for non-medical purposes was legalized and regulated in Canada through the Cannabis Act in October 2018. This paper examined trends in use of cannabis for non-medical purposes and related indicators from pre- to post-legalization in Canada (2018–2022). MethodsData from 5 years of the Canadian Cannabis Survey, an annual web-based survey administered to Canadians 16 years of age or older, were used in the analysis (n2018=12,952; n2019=11,922; n2020=10,821; n2021=10,733; n2022=10,048). Cannabis measures include questions about use, types of products, sources, risk perceptions and beliefs, and exposure to public education campaigns and health warnings. Adjusted logistic regression models tested differences in outcomes over time. ResultsPast 12-month cannabis consumption increased among Canadians from 22 % in 2018 to 27 % in 2022 (AOR=1.41;99 % CI:1.28–1.54). Similarly, daily/almost daily (DAD) consumption increased from 5 % in 2018 to 7 % in 2022 (AOR=1.36;99 % CI:1.16–1.59). Consumption of dried flower, hash/kief, and concentrates/extracts (e.g., wax, shatter, budder) decreased since 2018, whereas consumption of edibles, beverages and vape pens/cartridges increased (p < 0.001). Legal purchasing increased from 4 % in 2018 to 69 % in 2022, while accessing cannabis through social and illegal sources decreased over time (p < 0.001). ConclusionMore Canadians are reporting cannabis consumption since legalization and regulation of cannabis for non-medical purposes, continuing a pre-existing trend despite an increase in awareness of the risks of consuming cannabis. Trends in product use indicate a transition from dried flower and concentrates/extracts towards consumption of cannabis foods, drinks and vape pens/cartridges. The legal market is increasingly displacing the illicit cannabis market in Canada.

Does sin tax on the legal market facilitate the illicit market? An ex‐ante assessment on the US cannabis market

AbstractSin tax is essential to reduce the harm caused by products like cannabis. However, excessive taxation may facilitate illicit markets. We examine sin tax policies' impact on legal and illicit cannabis markets in the selected US states. Using a Constant Elasticity of Substitution utility framework, we assess scenarios like sin tax increase and anti‐illicit cannabis policies. Our findings indicate high sin taxes may drive consumers to illicit markets, but anti‐illicit market policies could control its extent. However, there is a trade‐off between market size, tax revenue, consumers' utility, and illicit market control. Thus, optimizing sin tax policies is challenging, necessitating a second‐best approach.

Cannabis sativa: A therapeutic medicinal plant-global marketing updates

Cannabis has been used for thousands of years for recreational, medicinal, or religious purposes and the therapeutic potential of medicinal Cannabis was demonstrated in various medical conditions. The legalization of Cannabis is an important source of economic growth as it contributes to the growing revenue tax, and the creation of new workplaces. The maturity of the Cannabis market varies across the globe mainly due to differing legal environments and public attitudes towards Cannabis. Some countries such as Canada and the United States have adopted fully regulated frameworks that allow the cultivation, consumption, and retail distribution of various Cannabis products. Uruguay became the first country in the world to legalize the production, distribution and consumption of cannabis in 2013. The Cannabis market in Canada and the USA is experiencing rapid growth due to the country's legalization of recreational use. Regulations can also differ regarding how cannabis is used. However, the use, cultivation, and marketing of Medical Cannabis sativa (drug or Marijuana type ) is banned and prohibited in India due to the presence of high levels of psychoactive principle THC (Narcotic drug). On the other hand, Industrial Cannabis sativa (seed or fiber type) Hemp was legalized in 2021 by The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), Government of India, New Delhi. In Azerbaijan, Cannabis is not available for medical or recreational use. Recreational Cannabis and medical marijuana are illegal in Azerbaijan. Marijuana is illegal for medical and recreational purposes in China. There is still a huge prejudice in society about medical Cannabis due to its recreational use. However, this scenario is changing, and the social resistance is decreasing for the medicinal use of Cannabis. The Cannabis (Hemp) market in India is predicted to experience a substantial revenue growth, with projections indicating that it will reach ₹US$100.80m by 2024. The Cannabis market worldwide is projected to reach a revenue of US$60.79bn in 2024. The global legal marijuana market size is expected to reach USD 73.6 billion by 2027 and is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 18.1% during the forecast period.

Commentary: The Conflict Between Protecting Public Health and Raising Tax Revenue.

When Canada created a legal market for cannabis, it gave priority to public health by restricting marketing using branding and promotion via social and other media sources. These restrictions to protect the public from harmful use are under increasing pressure from the legal cannabis industry, which claims that they prevent them from outcompeting and replacing the illicit market. Public health advocates are reasonably concerned that these restrictions will not hold given our experience with alcohol, tobacco and gambling where governments' fiscal dependence on tax revenue favours the liberalization of regulation.

CHALLENGES IN PROSPECTING CLIENTS THROUGH LEGAL MARKETING IN BRAZIL

This work analyzes the Code of Ethics and Discipline of the Brazilian Bar Association aiming to demonstrate that advertising can be a parallel to the legal environment. Within the problem that is: Does digital legal marketing arranged in light of the OAB Code of Ethics and Discipline make it difficult to prospect for clients in the legal market? The objective of the work is, through a dialectical methodological line, comparing different eras and the evolution of the market based on historical events and demonstrating the importance of legal deontology and the differentiation between advertising and advertising in the new interpretation of legal marketing, highlighting the differences between marketing, publicity, advertising and the study of the precariousness of work influencing relationships, including communication in the legal market.

Acute and Extended Anxiolytic Effects of Cannabidiol in Cannabis Flower: A Quasi-Experimental ad libitum Use Study.

Objective: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have varying pharmacological actions with differential effects on acute and extended affective states, incuding anxiety. We aimed to study these effects on anxiety in legal market forms of cannabis. Method: This study makes use of a nonequivalent control group quasiexperimental design. Forty-two participants with anxiety symptions who were not using cannabis were compared to 258 participants with anxiety symptoms who used cannabis flower (∼3-4 times per week). Participants who used cannabis were randomly assigned to one of three legal market cannabis conditions; THC-dominant (24% THC, <1% CBD), THC+CBD (12% THC, 12% CBD), or CBD-dominant (<1% THC, 24% CBD). Changes in anxiety symptoms over 4-weeks were measured by the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). Acute changes in subjective mood immediately after cannabis use were measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) Elation, Tension, and Paranoia subscales and the Addiction Research Center Inventory intoxication scale. Results: While all participants reported anxiety reductions over the 4-week study on the PGIC (F=30.65, p<0.001) and DASS anxiety measures (F=115.88, p<0.001), ad libitum CBD-dominant cannabis use was associated with lower scores on the DASS anxiety subscale compared to THC-dominant use when accounting for frequency of use (difference=-1.03, SE=0.45, p=0.02). Similarly, acute CBD-dominant cannabis use was associated with lower scores on the POMS tension and paranoia subscales (POMS tension: CBD-dominant vs. THC-dominant: difference=-0.41 SE=0.1, p<0.001; CBD-dominant vs. THC+CBD: difference=-0.28, SE=0.07, p=0.04; POMS paranoia: CBD-dominant vs. THC-dominant: difference=-0.49, SE=0.1, p<0.001; CBD-dominant vs. THC+CBD: difference=-0.33, SE=0.09, p=0.01). Participants in all cannabis conditions experienced acute changes in positive mood and subjective drug effects. Conclusions: This study provides novel information on the impacts of legal market cannabis with varying ratios of THC to CBD in indviduals with anxiety symptoms. Findings suggest that THC did not increase anxiety and that CBD-dominant forms of cannabis were associated with acute tension reduction that may translate to longer-term reductions in anxiety symptoms. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03491384.

Investigating the Illicit Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Drugs in Sri Lanka-A Case Study on the Underworld of Counterfeit Drugs

The pharmaceutical drug industry is engaged in the research, development, manufacture and marketing of drugs and medications, which plays a major role in the healthcare industry. The global demand for the pharmaceutical drugs is on the rise, and unfortunately there is a concurrent increase in the illicit production of these drugs worldwide. This surge can be attributed to factors such as high demand, potential for profit, weak regulatory oversight and desire to exploit gaps in the legal market. Despite pharmaceutical drugs are intended for the treatment of medical conditions and pain relief, there is growing trend of illicit drug abusers to misusing these substances. Reports indicate a significant number of unlicensed pharmacies in Sri Lanka, but fewer accounts of illicit manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs. In April 2023, the Police Narcotic Bureau officers arrested a building in a densely populated area in Colombo, Sri Lanka, suspecting it to be a clandestine laboratory for the production of illicit drugs. Subsequently, the Government Analyst of Sri Lanka was tasked with investigating the suspected clandestine laboratory. A team of forensic analysts from Government Analyst’s Department (GAD) visited the site, scrutinized the location, examined the equipment and chemicals and collected samples for further analysis. Although the clandestine laboratory was abandoned at the time of visit, evidence of machinery used for filling capsules, various chemicals, chemical glassware and other equipment were observed. Preliminary tests for illicit drugs and handheld Raman Spectroscopy testing were conducted at the scene. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) was performed on the collected samples in the GAD laboratory. The analysis revealed the samples collected from the clandestine laboratory contained the substances considered pharmaceutical drugs namely, Tramadol, Lidocaine, Niacinamide, Menthol and Chlorpheniramine.

Criminal Business of Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property: Features and Counteraction in Modern Conditions

The author analyzes the criminal business of illicit trafficking of cultural property in Russia, describes its features, determinants and counteraction to it in modern conditions. The analysis was conducted on the basis of statistical data of different governmental organizations that monitor the condition of counteracting the criminal business in this sphere, as well as the expert assessments of leading Russian companies and specialists who study the situation with illicit trade in cultural property. As this criminal business is of transnational character, foreign sources, both statistical and analytical, were used for a comparative analysis. In addition to the analysis of criminal business, which is immediately connected with the trade in cultural property, the author also assessed the situation in the related criminal market of art forgeries. As a results, the author concludes that illicit trade in cultural property both in Russia and in the world is, on average, about 10 % of the legal trade. Statistical indicators determining the ranges of registered crimes that regulate criminal liability for activities in this sphere demonstrate a decrease in the number of thefts of objects of cultural value, and, simultaneously, an increase in illegal search and appropriation of archeological artifacts from their resting places. At the same time, trafficking of cultural property is decreasing, and only isolated cases of such crimes are registered. The analysis of the features of stolen objects showed that their Russian and global structures differ: while numismatic property and other small objects are the dominant type of goods in the world, Russian trafficking is dominated by icons (60 %). The market of forgeries of cultural property is growing, it is closely connected with the legal market of original cultural property and the market of corrupt service. The key factors determining the development of this segment of criminal market are the following: an increasing demand for objects of cultural value; the appearance of special places for their storage (freeports) with an offshore status; transnational character of criminal activities; use of telecommunication networks for finding and trading goods without identifying the participants of such trade. Counteraction is quite effective due to its well-developed mechanism of legal regulation, as well as the formation of international databases of stolen objects of cultural value, which hinders their legalization, and the use of these data for the creation of digital clones of such objects with the involvement of artificial intelligence in their identification.

Rolling the Crypto Dice: The Interplay of Legal Environments, Market Uncertainty, and Gambling Attitudes on Users’ Behavioral Intentions

The high volatility and inherent high-risk nature of cryptocurrency investments promote the study of the determinants of value perception and the various factors influencing individuals’ intentions regarding whether to adopt, abstain from, or continue their investments in these dynamic cryptocurrency markets. The main aim of this study is to examine the determinants of behavioral intention to continue using cryptocurrencies. In addition, it is aimed at exploring the effect of gambling attitudes on the perceived benefits and legal environment in the cryptocurrency context. An online questionnaire was developed in order to gather data from 258 respondents in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The research model was assessed, and the hypotheses were tested using PLS-SEM. The outcomes of the PLS analysis revealed that gambling attitudes, perceived benefits, legal environment, and market uncertainty are significant determinants of behavioral intention to continue using cryptocurrencies. This study also revealed a significant effect of gambling attitudes and legal environment on the perceived benefits of cryptocurrencies. This study adds to the body of knowledge on cryptocurrency adoption by providing new insights into the factors that influence consumers’ continued investment. Furthermore, the study has crucial practical implications for cryptocurrency firms in promoting this financial technology to users by increasing policymakers’ understanding of how investors think and get inspired to continue investing in cryptocurrencies.

Examining the effect of cannabis cues on cannabis demand in sleep, driving, and typical drug-use contexts

PurposeGiven the expanding legal cannabis market in the U.S., it is vital to understand how context impacts cannabis use. Therefore, we explored the effect of cannabis cues and cannabis-use context on cannabis demand in 79 adults who reported smoking cannabis at least weekly. MethodsParticipants completed a single laboratory session consisting of four hypothetical marijuana purchase tasks (MPTs) involving either a typical use situation or a driving or sleep context. The MPTs were alternated with exposure to cannabis or neutral picture cues based on block randomization by gender. ResultsCannabis cues increased self-reported craving for cannabis (p =.044) but did not significantly alter demand (ps =0.093–0.845). In the driving context, participants demonstrated a significant reduction in cannabis demand, indicated by lower intensity (p <0.001), Omax (p <0.001), and Pmax (p <0.001), breakpoint (p =.003), and higher α (p <0.001). The sleep context was associated with significantly greater α (p <0.006) but nonsignificant effects for other indices (ps =0.123–0.707). Finally, cannabis cues increased Omax (p =.013) and breakpoint (p =.035) in the sleep context but not in the typical-use context. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that cannabis-use behavior is sensitive to contingencies surrounding driving after cannabis use and may also be sensitive to sleep contexts in the presence of cannabis cues. Since this is the first study to examine driving and sleep contexts, we caution against drawing broad conclusions until future research is conducted to replicate these findings.