Legal Dimensions Research Articles

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN STATE AID LAW CONCERNING FREE TRADE ZONES

This article examines a recent ruling alongside EU legislative advancements concerning the application of EU State aid regulations to free trade zones. The correct application of state aid rules to free trade zones is crucial for several reasons, encompassing legal, economic, and political dimensions. State aid rules help to maintain a level playing field for all market participants. By ensuring that state aid is applied correctly in free trade zones, unfair advantages or disadvantages are minimized, promoting fair competition among businesses. The correct applicability of state aid rules aligns with international trade agreements and standards. It ensures that a region or country is in compliance with broader economic and trade practices which could affect international relations and trade partnerships. Further, State aid rules aim to prevent market distortions that could arise from improper subsidies or aid. By applying these rules correctly in free trade zones, economic efficiency can be better achieved, and resources can be allocated more optimally. Lastly, predictability and legal certainty are essential for investor confidence. When state aid rules are correctly applied, investors have a clearer understanding of the legal and economic environment, which may lead to increased investment and economic growth.One of the most recent case-law of the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”) is the ruling of September 21, 2022, in the case T-95/21 concerning the Madeira Free Zone State aid scheme. The ECJ affirmed that the Europeans Commission’s (hereinafter: Commission) conclusion, which stated that the implementation of the Madeira Free Zone State aid scheme (Regime III) did not adhere to the approved conditions, was accurate. The scheme was not implemented according to State aid law, and therefore it must be recovered. The primary objective of the scheme was to enhance the economic development of Madeira through tax incentives. Consequently, the General Court dismissed Portugal’s appeal against the Commission’s decision (KPMG et al., 2022). The authority however, which was involved in granting the State aid, was not only Portugal but also Região Autónoma da Madeira (Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal, hereinafter “RAM”) and therefore, it decided to appeal the Commission’s decision, as individual applicant. Same as Portugual, RAM which seeks annulment of Articles 1 and 4 to 6 of Commission Decision (EU) 2022/1414 of 4 December 2020 on the aid scheme SA.21259 (2018/C) (ex 2018/NN) implemented by Portugal in favour of the free zone of Madeira (Zona Franca da Madeira - ZFM) - Scheme III (OJ 2022, L 217, p. 49). Therefore, on June 12, 2023, the General Court was required to render a judgment on the same subject matter as its decision on September 21, 2022 (Case T-131/21 Região Autónoma da Madeira v Commission, 2023). The only distinction is that the current applicant is different from the previous case.

Legal and Ethical Dimensions of AI in Education: Navigating New Frontiers

Objective: This study critically examines the legal aspects of using artificial intelligence (AI) in education, exploring the roles of chatbots, Chat GPT, chat-based plagiarism issues, educational simulations, and AI's impact on the labor market.
 Methods: Employing a variety of research methods, the study analyzes current legal norms and international laws relevant to AI in education. This includes considerations of intellectual property, data privacy, ethical standards, and liability.
 Results: The paper highlights the challenge of chat-based plagiarism, emphasizing the need for careful information use to maintain academic integrity. While students might misuse AI tools like chatbots and GPT models for plagiarism, these technologies also aid in plagiarism detection. The study also explores the use of machine learning and data analysis in developing personalized learning experiences, enhancing learning effectiveness and knowledge retention.
 Conclusion: AI's integration into education promises to improve quality and accessibility, but necessitates a robust legal framework. The article evaluates the effectiveness of various AI tools, including chatbots, which provide on-demand information, and Chat GPT, useful for textual material handling. It also discusses the role of learning simulations in personalizing education, using AI to analyze performance data and tailor individual learning paths.

ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING: EXTERNALITY PLANNING MODEL FOR PALU SPECIAL ECONOMIC AREA (SEZ)

The sustainability of the externalities of the Palu Special Economic Zone (KEK) provides legitimacy for managers, especially negative externalities, such as economic, social, environmental, legal and governance dimensions. Social dialogue really needs to be carried out to produce social license. As a result, the social license that has been obtained will become an important note as a reference and evaluation in assessing the performance of companies operating in the regional area. The role of environmental accounting for the sustainability of the externalities of the Palu Barus Special Economic Zone (KEK) focuses on processes that exert control over the impact of the company's production activities so that various negative externalities can be handled or minimized. Therefore, Estate managers must realize that they must increase profitability and take care of everything related to their survival in society directly or indirectly. This awareness produces a solution to the concept of sustainable development. Therefore, the managers of the Palu Special Economic Zone (KEK) and company owners operating within the area ensure that every decision is directed towards sustainability. Management accounting and control play a major role in creating information and therefore need to be considered as society seeks a transition to sustainability. Environmental accounting also plays an important role in trying to identify externalities, such as determining what is the subject of the account (the company's production activities, products produced by all companies operating within and outside the regional area, determining which externalities will be identified. The potential for negative externalities to occur if there is dialogue social services are not implemente

Exploring the Intersections of Online and Offline Mediums: Navigating the Post-Pandemic Leisure Culture, Religious Dimensions, and Leisure Class in Kazakhstan

With the advent of the Covid-19 pandemic, digitalization has accelerated in all areas of life. Each person as a social being strives to gain freedom at least during their leisure time, which was one of the reasons for thousands of anti-Covid protests around the world, including Kazakhstan. It shows the need for a deep analysis of leisure practices in the online medium and offline medium of modern society. The main thesis put forward in this paper concerns the urgent need for the modernization and regulation of offline leisure practices in Kazakhstan in accordance with the appropriate legal, cultural, moral, and religious dimensions. There were two inevitable processes taking place in the period of the Covid-19 pandemic: the digitalization of leisure practices and social distancing and personal isolation. Although in most cases the main concern during the pandemic was on issues of converting of practices to unusual conditions, fundamental themes affecting the very core of each of the religious traditions came to the fore from time to time. In this article the digitization of everyday life via leisure practices in the online medium and offline medium are also discussed.

Exploring the Societal Implications of Corporate Personhood in India

Corporate personhood, the legal recognition of corporations as entities with rights and responsibilities like those of individuals, has been a contentious topic globally. In India, this concept has been subject to debate and scrutiny, with limited attention given to its societal implications. This research paper seeks to bridge this gap by investigating the multifaceted ways in which corporate personhood influences and shapes Indian society. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the study aims to analyse the legal, economic, cultural, and ethical dimensions of corporate personhood, shedding light on its impact on various stakeholders.

Exploring Legal Dimensions: The Role of Generation Z and Millennials in Online Lending through the Lens of Islamic Law

Exploring Legal Dimensions: The Role of Generation Z and Millennials in Online Lending through the Lens of Islamic Law

The Development of Drone Techology and its Regulation in the European Union

Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, have rapidly transformed from niche gadgets to versatile tools with widespread applications across various sectors. This paper investigates the regulatory landscape of drones within the European Union (EU) and its intricate balance between fostering technological innovation and addressing safety, privacy, security, and environmental concerns. Drones’ exponential growth in Europe’s airspace has prompted the EU to establish a legal framework that addresses their multifaceted implications. While drones offer unprecedented opportunities in areas like disaster response and remote sensing, they also pose challenges such as airspace congestion, potential privacy breaches, and ecological disturbances. This paper examines the evolving legal frameworks, policy developments, and technological advancements that characterize drone regulation in the EU. The study delves into key considerations including air traffic management, data protection, privacy preservation, environmental sustainability, and international collaboration. By analysing EU regulations, such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) standards, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and European initiatives on unmanned aircraft systems, this paper uncovers the complex interplay of legal, technical, and ethical dimensions.

Privatisation of land plots during military time, legal aspects

The paper critically examines the regulatory legal framework within the realm of land legislation, both pre-existing before the imposition of martial law and subsequent enactments following the commencement of armed aggression by the russian federation in Ukraine on February 24, 2022. The primary focus of the authors lies in the comprehensive analysis of the legal dimensions surrounding the privatization process of land plots under conditions of martial law, particularly delving into the system of constraints imposed on the land rights of citizens. The research encompasses a meticulous exploration of the provisions outlined in the current Land Code of Ukraine, national laws, and the legislative amendments implemented during the duration of martial law. Noteworthy emphasis is placed on scrutinizing court practices, especially the rulings of the Supreme Court. Additionally, the paper undertakes an analysis of the contributions of legal scholars, shedding light on their principal viewpoints and judgments regarding the mechanisms of privatization. The authors underscore the inconsistency inherent in land legislation that curtails the land rights of citizens during wartime, positing that these inconsistencies may pose challenges in their effective implementation. Consequently, they advocate for the necessity of legislative amendments. Furthermore, the paper deliberates on the prospect of eschewing the established procedures for the privatization of land plots. Given the pressing relevance of the issue of land privatization amid martial law, the study is anchored in contemporary events and provides a thorough exploration of the legal facets within the domain of land law. The conclusions drawn from the obtained results hold significance in understanding the prevailing mechanisms of land privatization against the backdrop of martial law.

Gendering and Sexualising Opium Consumption in Manchukuo, 1932–1945

ABSTRACT This article explores the sociocultural history of opium consumption and its popularisation through the beauty of female attendants in Manchukuo, which was a crucial part of the Japanese Empire and an important ‘contact zone’ of diverse cultures. It offers a glimpse into the opium–prostitution nexus by exploring the legal, commercial, social, and cultural dimensions of the gendered and sexualised practice of opium consumption, which reinforced a highly entangled triangulation of imperial consultants from Japan and Korea, Chinese opium shop-owners, and consumers of multiple nationalities. As such, the article highlights how this subculture developed at a time of increasingly pervasive surveillance of sex workers as well as deeply asymmetrical power relations between imperial subjects and the Chinese locals, and along class and gender lines. In examining how female attendants promoted opium within illegal establishments, I argue that the gendered and sexualised consumption of opium reshaped the culture and economy of the substance’s use and that this culture, its regulation, and imperialism damaged Manchukuo society. By doing so, the article reveals the subculture of gendered and sexualised opium consumption in Manchukuo and the Japanese Empire more broadly.

Reinterpretation of the Islamic Education Thought of Burhan al-Islam al-Zarnuji: An Analysis of Islamic Epistemology

The intellectual contribution of al-Zarnuji has significantly impacted the field of Islamic education. However, certain elements of society perceive his ideas as potential hindrances to contemporary progress. This article attempted to comprehensively reinterpret al-Zarnuji's beliefs through the lens of Islamic epistemology to promote constructive discourse between al-Zarnuji’s intellectual heritage and the dynamics of the modern era. It used a qualitative approach and a literature review method, with the book Ta’lim al-Muta’allim as the primary source. Through an examination of topics related to the diversity of knowledge and its legal dimensions, the intentions underlying the act of learning, and the reverence for knowledge and scholars, this article presents findings that elucidate al-Zarnuji's advocacy of two distinct epistemological paradigms: Bayani and Irfani. Among these paradigms, it is evident that Irfani's epistemology is more dominant than Bayani's. Irfani's reasoning significantly contributes to cultivating moral and spiritual aspects in learners. However, this thinking must not exert excessive hegemony over Islamic education. The most prudent course is maintaining a harmonious equilibrium among the three epistemologies–Bayani, Burhani, and Irfani–to ensure that Islamic education continues to progress.

Brain Death and Organ Transplantation in Nepal: Navigating Cultural, Legal, and Ethical Landscapes.

Organ transplantation after brain death is challenging in Nepal due to cultural beliefs, legal frameworks, and ethical considerations. The Human Body Organ Transplantation (Regulation and Prohibition) Act (HBOTA) has not met with substantial success after its amendment. This review critically appraises the current state of brain death and organ transplantation in Nepal. It explores challenges, evaluates progress, and provides recommendations. Literature review of databases was conducted to find articles on brain death, organ donation, and transplantation in Nepal. Analysis of cultural, legal, ethical, and practical factors influencing implementation. Key challenges include limited awareness, religious beliefs, infrastructure gaps, and family consent barriers. HBOTA amendments in 2016 enabled brain death donations, however, donation rates remain low. Strategies are needed to improve public education, resources, personnel training, and collaboration. Cultural sensitivity and stakeholder engagement are crucial. A multifaceted approach addressing cultural, legal, ethical and practical dimensions is essential to improve organ donation rates in Nepal. Despite progress, substantial challenges persist requiring evidence-based strategies focused on awareness, capacity building, policy improvements, and culturally appropriate community engagement.

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS AND GUIDELINES FOR AUGMENTED REALITY IMPLEMENTATION IN CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTS

This research paper explores the intricate tapestry of security considerations in integrating augmented reality (AR) within corporate landscapes. The journey begins with an in-depth literature review, providing insights into authentication, data privacy, network security, and device vulnerabilities specific to AR systems. A conceptual framework, synthesizing the augmented reality security framework with legal, ethical, and human-centric dimensions, serves as a foundational guide. The guidelines proposed outline a strategic roadmap, emphasizing policy formulation, employee training, security audits, integration with existing infrastructures, legal compliance, and device security. The conclusion underscores the dynamic nature of AR technology, advocating for ongoing vigilance and collaboration to secure the evolving frontier of augmented reality in corporate environments.
 Keywords: Augmented Reality Security, Corporate Environments, Authentication, Data Privacy, Network Security, Conceptual Framework, Security Guidelines.

Posthumous conception in Australia - legal and ethical considerations.

Posthumous conception, the ability to conceive a child after the death of one partner, is increasingly prevalent due to advances in Artificial Reproduction Technology (ART). This paper considers the complexities surrounding the practice in Australia, focusing primarily on the ethical and legal dimensions. It observes that state-based regulations in Australia create disparities in accessibility: some states prohibit the procedure without the deceased's written consent, while others permit it based on guidelines or lack explicit prohibitions. Addressing the juxtaposition of Will Theory and Interest Theory, it emphasises the ongoing debate on whether rights, particularly reproductive autonomy, outlive a person's demise. Finally, the paper highlights an evident inconsistency in Australian legislation and promotes a uniform approach across states.

Hidden figures: how legal experts influence the design of international institutions.

Whose preferences influence the design of international institutions? Scholarship on the legalization of international politics and creation of international legal institutions largely adopts a state-centric perspective. Existing accounts, however, fail to recognize how states often delegate authority over institutional design tasks to independent legal experts whose preferences may diverge from those of states. We develop a principal-agent (PA) framework for theorizing relations between states (collective principals) and legal actors (agents) in the design process, and for explaining how legal actors influence the design of international institutions. The legal dimensions of the PA relationship increase the likelihood of preference divergence between the collective principal and the agent, but also create conditions that enable the agent to opportunistically advance its own design preferences. We argue that the more information on states' preferences the agent has, the more effectively it can exploit its legal expertise to strategically select and justify design choices that maximize its own preferences and the likelihood of states' acceptance. Our analysis of two cases of delegated institutional design concerning international criminal law at the United Nations and the African Union supports our theoretical expectations. Extensive archival and interview data elucidate how agents' variable information on states' preferences affects their ability to effectively advance their design preferences. Our theory reveals how independent legal experts with delegated authority over design tasks influence institutional design processes and outcomes, which has practical and normative implications for the legalization of international politics.

The influence of product quality, prices, and promotions on buyer decisions in the Small and Medium industry handicrafts of Tanjungpinang City

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to Analyse the impact of promotions, pricing, and product quality on consumer choices in Tanjungpinang City's small and medium-sized handicraft industry. The goal of the study is to comprehend how these variables influence consumers' decision-making processes and, in turn, influence the purchases that they make.
 Research methodology: The study used a mixed methods research approach with structural equation modeling and partial least squares data analysis.
 Results: Results show that product variables have a significant influence on purchase decisions, price variables have a very significant influence, and variable promotion has no significant influence.
 Limitations: Acknowledging the evolving nature of legal landscapes, this study recognizes the temporal constraints that may impact the generalizability of its findings. Additionally, variations in legal interpretations across regions may influence the outcomes.
 Contribution: This research contributes a nuanced exploration of the legal dimensions surrounding spousal consent in land transfers from jointly owned property, specifically within the context of unregistered marriages. The insights provided serve as a foundation for legal practitioners, policymakers, and scholars grappling with similar issues.
 Implementation: The quality of service also has a major impact on buying decisions, and the quality of the product, which is mediated by the quality of the service, has a major impact on purchasing decisions. The quality of service also acts as a mediator in the price of a product; however, promotion is not greatly affected by service quality.

The Legal Basis and Legislative Regulation of Limited Open Surrogacy in China

Chinas surrogacy market is turbulent, social public opinion has been condemned, and the attitude of regulations is unclear. This paper focuses on the legal basis of surrogacy and the countermeasures to improve the existing mechanism of surrogacy. This paper discusses the pros and cons of surrogacy from the angle of law, puts forward the point of view of limited open surrogacy, and then analyzes the current situation of the law on surrogacy, and offers some suggestions to improve surrogacy. This study may provide a new way to solve the surrogacy problem. This paper comprehensively examines surrogacys legal, ethical, and practical dimensions, advocating for a limited opening of surrogacy practices. It then delves into an in-depth analysis of surrogacys current legal landscape and proposes recommendations to refine the surrogacy process. This study holds the potential to offer a novel and constructive approach to addressing the surrogacy challenge in China.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL SUPPORT OF POLICE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

The subject matter of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of legal and economic aspects of administrative and legal support for the management of police activities in the context of economic integration. Methodology. The study uses general scientific and special methods of cognition. The dialectical method was used to analyse the essence of police management in the context of economic integration in both the legal and economic dimensions in a wide range of parameters. The analysis provided the basis for a multidimensional study of all the characteristic features of police management in the context of economic integration in economic and legal etymology. The synthesis created the basis for generalising the characteristic features of this police activity as a law enforcement agency. The formal legal method allowed for an accurate interpretation of the legal provisions defining the general and special legal framework for administrative and legal support of police management in the context of economic integration. The article aims at defining the essence of administrative and legal support for management of police activities in the context of economic integration and developing proposals for its improvement. The results of the publication show that the administrative and legal support of police management in the context of economic integration covers a number of comprehensive measures in various areas of activity of the relevant police unit, primarily aimed at ensuring economic security. The paper identifies areas for improving the administrative and legal support of police management in the context of economic integration, with a significant emphasis on lawmaking. Conclusion. In the context of economic globalisation, so-called transnational crimes play a significant role, including the creation of and participation in organised criminal groups, corruption offences, obstruction of justice, and money (income) laundering. The National Police of Ukraine is taking a number of measures to counteract unlawful manifestations in the economic sphere, which are largely components of transnational crime, by implementing appropriate management measures. In the context of administrative and legal support of the National Police, the article examines the structural elements of transnational crime and the powers of the police in this area. Some aspects related to combating crimes committed by organised groups and criminal organisations, corruption offences, economic crimes and the prevention of economic crime were highlighted. In order to overcome the negative manifestations of economic crime in the conditions of economic integration, relevant measures have been proposed, including: participation in legislative work, which should primarily incorporate the best practices of the international community in this area; development of the concept of service activities, which mediate the form and content of law enforcement activities in the economic sphere; improvement of management activities in combating manifestations of corruption in the economic sphere; creation of a qualified personnel potential in the relevant units of the National Police, whose activities are aimed at ensuring economic security in accordance with the above directions, etc. The paper provides proposals for improving the legislative definition of the concept of economic security and delineating the competence of national security entities in this area, including police units.

Editorial: Artificial Intelligence in Education - Navigating Ethical, Legal, and Technological Frontiers

This editorial explores the intricate landscape of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education, encompassing its legal, ethical, and technological dimensions. Recent scholarly contributions highlight both the transformative potential and the challenges of integrating AI into educational environments, with a focus on enhancing learning experiences, improving administrative efficiencies, and navigating complex ethical terrains. This volume brings together 14 articles that examine AI’s multifaceted role, ranging from legal implications, integration in startups, and human-computer interaction, to sectoral practices in education, agriculture, and human resources. The contributions underscore the need for a robust, inclusive, and sustainable AI adoption strategy, aligned with global ethical standards and responsive to societal needs.

Public perceptions and legal dimensions of juvenile sexting

The sending of sexually explicit messages, or “sexting” has been recognized as a common practice among youths. As sexting may involve the creation and distribution of sexually explicit images and videos, juvenile sexters can be charged with offenses related to child pornography. This study examined public attitudes toward juvenile sexting and demographic influences on these views. Based on a quantitative survey of 1,023 U.S. adults, the majority of respondents (51.8%) disapproved of criminalization in cases of consensual sexting, but 80% supported legal repercussions for nonconsensual sharing. Respondents primarily favored educational interventions (67.4%) and restrictions on technology use (53.4%) over harsh punishments, such as incarceration (15.2%) and sex offender registration (11.5%). Multiple regression analyses revealed that age, sex, and political orientation significantly shaped these attitudes, with older and conservative respondents more likely supporting criminalization, and males showing leniency. The findings suggest public support for differentiating consensual sexting and nonconsensual sharing in legal terms and for prioritizing education over punitive measures.

Feminist perspective of covid-19 footprints: legal and theoretical investigation of labour law

The COVID-19 pandemic, declared in March 2020, has profound repercussions on global labor markets. While it has affected individuals across the board, its consequences have not been gender-neutral. This paper provides a feminist perspective on the pandemic's effects on labor, with a focus on how women workers have been disproportionately impacted. The COVID-19 pandemic has starkly illuminated pre-existing gender inequalities within labor markets and labor law systems worldwide. This research presents a feminist analysis of the pandemic's impact on labor, examining both legal and theoretical dimensions. It seeks to elucidate the unique challenges faced by women workers during the pandemic and to propose ways in which labor laws can evolve to address these inequalities. In the present study, initially, the author has attempted to identify the philosophical foundation of the existing relation between labour law and feminism. The author here investigates whether is there any link in the philosophical studies to resolve the problems posed by the novel pandemic. Secondly, in order to exhibit the worsened position of females gender dimension of unpaid work is explained. Then, the author sketches the laws and courts pronouncements to emancipate the women labour force aroused due to the pandemic. Lastly, the author endeavours to put forth certain recommendations to resolve the issues of women labour.