Legal Bodies Research Articles

Effect of hempseed meal on health, growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and carcass traits of intact male goats.

Hempseed meal (HSM) is a potential alternative feedstuff for livestock due to its high protein content, but it has not been approved for animal feed in the United States due to safety concerns. This study was conducted to determine the effects of HSM on feed intake, growth performance, serum biochemistry, ruminal papillae morphology, ruminal fermentation profiles, and carcass characteristics of intact male goats. Thirty-six Boer × Spanish intact male goats were randomly assigned to one of four experimental diets (n = 9 goats/diet): 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% HSM on as-fed basis. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and fed free-choice for ad libitum consumption in the 60-day experiment. Linear and quadratic effects of different concentrations of HSM were determined. Total feed intake, crude protein intake, ruminal papillae morphology (papillae density, length, width, absorptive surface area, stratum corneum, and stratum granulosum thickness), carcass traits (longissimus muscle area, body wall thickness, backfat thickness, shrink percentage), and serum concentrations of most metabolites were similar among treatments (P > 0.05). Intake of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and nitrogen detergent fiber (NDF) increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing inclusion of HSM in the diet. Average daily gain (ADG), gain-to-feed ratio, and dressing percentage decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with an increasing percentage of HSM in the diet. Similarly, concentrations of propionic, butyric, iso-butyric, valeric, and isovaleric acids in ruminal fluid decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with an increasing percentage of HSM in diet, whereas concentration of acetic acid and total volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid tended to decrease linearly (P-value nearly 0.10) with an increasing percentage of HSM in diet. The level of blood urea nitrogen increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing concentration of HSM, but values were within the normal range for goats. Findings from the serum metabolite analysis and ruminal papillae morphometrics suggest that goats can be fed HSM at a concentration of up to 30% in their diet. However, growth performance results indicate that further cost-benefit analysis is required to compare HSM with other commonly used protein sources such as soybean meal. These findings will be useful for legal bodies to review during the approval process of HSM as a feed ingredient for goats in the United States.

Important Regulatory Guidelines on Natural Products

Abstract: Ayurvedic cosmeceuticals are alluded to as products of various passable magnificence substances to shape the base in which one or more ayurvedic parts are utilized to give benefits and various ailments. The Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 controls the approaches concerning the making, dealing, amassing, allotment, and importing of drugs in essentially a comparable manner to radiance care things in India. Quality control and assessment of Ayurvedic drugs must ensure the effectiveness of the drug. Given their crucial role, it involves evaluating their physical, chemical, and physiochemical qualities, as well as conducting in-vitro and in-vivo tests. Natural ingredients have consistently been our primary source of medicines, and dosage forms determine how drug molecules or plant components are delivered to the site of action within the body. Good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) rules have been given by the WHO (World Health Organization) for the differentiation and planning of regular items. There are primarily two legal regulatory bodies within the AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) sector i.e., Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) and the Central Council of Homeopathy.

Риск-ориентированный подход к осуществлению контрольно-надзорной деятельности в области промышленной безопасности и охраны труда. Индикаторы риска соблюдения обязательных требований

The reform of the state and supervision activities is carried out in order to improve the efficiency of supervision activities due to the optimal use of human, material, and financial resources used for the state control (supervision), reduction of expenses of legal bodies, individual entrepreneurs, and improving the performance of activities by the state control (supervision) bodies when organizing specific types of the state control (supervision). One of the most efficient methods to reach the goals is the implementation of the risk-oriented approach which is a method of organization and implementation of the state control (supervision) based on the choice of intensity (form, duration, and periodicity) of events of control and is determined by the classification of activities of a legal body, individual entrepreneur, and (or) production facilities used by them during such activities to a certain risk category or to a certain hazard class (category). The adoption of the Federal Law «On the state control (supervision) in the Russian Federation» gave new impetus to the application of the risk-oriented approach. It introduced a number of new approaches to the practices of control and supervision activities. The classification criteria as four hazard classes of facilities are legislatively established for hazardous production facilities in industrial safety. The Ministry of Labor of Russia classified such facilities in accordance with five risk categories. The Federal Law «On the state control (supervision) in the Russian Federation» stipulates that unscheduled supervisory inspections are mainly conducted based on the risk indices, the list of which must be approved by a federal executive body. Such lists were approved by Rostechnadzor in 2021 and by the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation in 2023. They were updated in 2023 and will be expanded in the future. The implementation of the risk-oriented approach in Rostechnadzor and the Ministry of Labor helped to reduce the number of scheduled inspections and increase the number of unscheduled inspections conducted based on the activation of risk indices.

The trifecta against financial crime: A collaborative analysis of the roles of banks, consulting firms, and governments

The roles of banks, consulting firms and governments are intertwined in combating financial crime. Banks are on the frontlines as they process financial transactions and engage directly with customers. Banks are extraordinarily strategic because they interface with customers and are heavily involved in handling financial transactions worldwide. They watch accounts for any suspicious activity and report such activities to the legal bodies as expected under AML regulations. Consulting firms help banks, as well as other financial organizations to create various tools for evaluating threats and devising strategies for firms to conform to. They also do training in the area of financial crime prevention. Governments put in place measures in the form of legislation that seeks to prevent and curtail acts such as money laundering, financing of terrorism and tax evasion among others. Materials and Methods: The study’s literature was obtained from electronic databases. Only the articles that investigated the effectiveness and efficiency of anti-money laundering/counter-terrorist financing policies and regulations and/or sources that compared financial institutions’ cooperation with consulting companies and governmental agencies were included. Among the reviewed sources 53 from 1980 till 2023, which included academic books, journal articles, government and international organization reports. Results: The literature shows that relying on the regulation is inadequate for controlling finance related crimes. Banks have a profit-driven culture and it lacks scrupulousness towards integrity risks. For the same purpose, prescriptive regulations increase disproportionate compliance costs for small jurisdictions and financial institutions. Companies seeking risk management services get these from consulting firms that also profit from molding compliance frameworks. Syndication enables the employment of unique features possessed by each party. While the banks have an effective network and reach, the consulting firms can analyze data accurately, and the government has statutory power and control. Discussion: Shifting social norms are another driver: peoples’ behavior in financial markets today is a shift from that of even a decade ago and there is a need to address financial crime in a shared manner and increase cooperation at a global level. To put measures in place, the roles and responsibilities should be well defined based on strengths of each of the entities. Banks are also in good shape for transaction monitoring although they need some regulation to do so. Analyzing the motives for consulting firms, it is possible to state that the provision of technical solutions is possible only if there are factors that guarantee the transparency of actions. Governments provided the blueprint in achieving the proportionate, risk adjusted policies while leaving it to the private sector to drive the processes. This is because we have seen that financial globalization means that nations have to ideally move in synchrony. International agencies such as the UN, FATF, FSB, IMF and others have contributed to the development of international standards, whereas in national situations, the effects vary from one country to another. Conclusion: It can therefore be seen that no single entity can deal with such complicated concepts of transnational financial crimes in isolation. The utilization of the mandated strategies by banks, consulting companies and governments as essential collaborators in tandem with their core competencies is the most useful approach. This triumvirate, therefore, has great potential to add real value to anti-financial crime efficiency when properly aligned and adequately supervised in a manner consistently and holistically operationalized.

François Hotman and the Critique of Gratian’s Decree: From the Investigation of Early Councils (De statu primitivae Ecclesiae, 1553) to the Rewriting of Europe’s Legal History (Antitribonian, 1567)

François Hotman (1524–1590) was one of the leading Reformed jurisconsults of his time. Past research has stressed his innovative interpretations and practices in the study of Roman, feudal, and French constitutional law. Little has yet been said about his views on canon law, another fundamental legal body in Western history that experienced renewed intellectual scrutiny during the sixteenth century. This paper investigates some of Hotman’s early work on canon law, focusing on his legal–historical reconstruction of the early Church in De statu primitivae Ecclesiae (1553) and his contribution to a budding historical field in Catholic circles: conciliar history. Despite the general lack of interest in the history of councils on the part of some leading Protestant theologians (Luther, Calvin, Bullinger), Hotman clearly believed that the textual tradition of councils provided a prime example of sustained popish efforts to control and deform the historical narrative and the legal structure of the Church. Yet, although he seems to have worked on demonstrating just that over more than forty years, he never again voiced his views on the matter in a dedicated work. Comparing in its conclusion De statu primitivae Ecclesiae with Antitribonian, this paper suggests that, in parallel to his better known ‘complex of Tribonian’ (Pierre Mesnard), Hotman seems to have suffered from a ‘complex of Gratian’: the doctrinal unity and institutional accomplishments of the early Church, as represented by the first councils, may well have dazzled Hotman and kept him from writing some definitive work against Gratian.

Kewenangan ITLOS dalam Menyelesaikan Sengketa Pulau Dokdo Antara Jepang dan Korea Selatan

ITLOS or which is an abbreviation for The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea is a legal body to adjudicate cases and disputes arising from violations of the contents of the convention. In this case, what will be discussed in this research is the case of the dispute between Japan and South Korea, namely the Dokdo island dispute. Dokdo or Takeshima Island is a group of coral islands located in the easternmost part of South Korea and in the northwestern part of Japan. In general, Dokdo Island consists of two main islands, namely Dongdo and Seodo, which come from Korean. The total area of the two islands is 187,453 meters. If divided by the numbers, Dongdo Island has an area of 73,297 meters and Seodo has an area of 88,674 meters. The dispute between Japan and Korea began when Japan lost the second world war. At that time, Japan was asked to return its colonies, including Dokdo Island. Therefore, in 1950 when the Japanese military occupation ended, South Korea immediately declared it their own territory. Talking about research methods, this research uses normative juridical research methods, where research in the process examines literature materials as primary data. The primary legal material in this research is international legal conventions and agreements, namely UNCLOS.

Поняття юридичної особи в праві України: ознаки, теорії, доктрини, правосуб’єктність

The article provides an overview of the formation of the concept of a legal entity, its features in the historical aspect and under Ukrainian law, theories of legal entities and their importance in the modern legal environment. The author analyzes the concepts of legal personality, legal capacity and legal capacity of a legal entity through the prism of its characteristics. The author identifies the principles of property separation of a legal entity and the importance of the ultimate beneficiary in the ownership structure and in the context of independence of property liability of a legal entity. The author reveals the feature of organizational unity of a legal entity through the procedure of its creation, indicating the presence of features inherent in a legal entity even before its state registration (pro-legal entity), as well as through the formation and operation of legal entity bodies. The author identifies controversial approaches to a legal entity’s acting in civil turnover on its own behalf and related issues of whether the actions of persons acting on behalf of a legal entity have features similar to the institution of representation. The author analyzes the consequences of a person acting on behalf of a legal entity going beyond his/her powers. The author emphasizes the problematic nature of understanding the representative of a legal entity in the practice of the Supreme Court.

Challenges of Monitoring Obligations in the European Union’s Digital Services Act

The article argues that the Digital Services Act, as part of the EU’s broader attempt to regulate intermediary services providers in a constantly growing and challenging technological, social and political environment, does not provide a final and comprehensive solution to the issue. The Digital Services Act appears inconsistent with the previous case law of European supranational judiciary forums regarding the prohibitionofgeneralmonitoringbyintermediary services providers.Infact,itprovides the Member States with vaguely worded regulatory exceptions in the event of a ban on general monitoring. However, the Digital Services Act can be seen as a legitimate and necessary attempt to enforce the regulation at the European level through Member States while at the same time giving a unique regulatory position in specific cases to the European Commission or pan-European legal bodies in general. Finally, the Digital Services Act also turns initial enforced self-regulatory attempts to regulate social harms, possibly caused by intermediary services providers, into co-regulation.

The impossibility of providing an employee with a job as a new special ground for terminating an employment contract at the initiative of the employer: regarding the expediency of assigning it to the special grounds for dismissal

The introduction of martial law had a significant impact on all spheres of Ukrainian society. There was an urgent need to make changes to laws and other normative legal acts that establish the basic rights and freedoms of citizens and regulate the most important spheres of social relations. The attention of legislators also affected labor legislation, because in the conditions of martial law it became extremely important to ensure a balance between the needs of the state, the interests of employers and guarantees to employees. The study is devoted to the amendment of the Labor Code of Ukraine, namely, Article 41 of the said Code establishes a new additional ground for terminating an employment contract at the initiative of the employer with certain categories of employees under certain conditions - the impossibility of providing the employee with the work specified in the employment contract due to with the destruction (absence) of production, organizational and technical conditions, means of production or property of the employer as a result of hostilities. During the analysis of the new basis, the guarantees provided to employees upon such dismissal, the possibility of its application to officials, as clearly defined by law categories of employees of legal entities, state bodies, and local self-government bodies, were considered. Since the Labor Code of Ukraine was amended specifically to Article 41, which defines additional grounds for terminating an employment contract at the initiative of the employer with certain categories of employees under certain conditions, the interpretation of the terms «general» and «additional» was considered and attention was focused on the rationality of the use of the term «special». It is also noted that the new ground for termination of the employment contract at the initiative of the employer is not an addition to the adjacent or other ground, it is the same basic one, which provides for a certain procedure for termination, providing employees with the guarantees provided for by law, and concerns certain categories of employees, in particular, officials. During the study of a new ground for terminating an employment contract at the initiative of the employer, the question of the expediency of its attribution to special grounds for dismissal is considered, and attention is focused on justified propriety and the inclusion of the specified grounds for dismissal among the general grounds for dismissal, which are provided for in Article 40 of the Labor Code of Ukraine.

The Role of White-Collar Crime Jurisprudence in Combating Corrupt Practices within Pakistan: A Contemplative Analysis

This research investigates the application of white-collar crime jurisprudence in eradicating corruption in Pakistan. The objectives include analyzing the background and development of white-collar crime jurisprudence, exploring the applicability of existing anti-white-collar crime measures, reviewing the performance of the legal body responsible for combating white-collar crimes, examining the impact of military and fundamentalist interference, and suggesting measures to reinforce Pakistan's legal frameworks. The qualitative research method uses literature review, case analysis, and comparison, examining major legal transformations and case decisions. Field studies on major corruption scandals, such as the Panama Papers Scandal and Different Cases of NAB, assess the efficiency of the legal mechanism and enforcement bodies. The influence of the military and fundamentalists is considered based on evaluation cases where legal processes were interfered with. Recommendations are prepared based on the experience of other countries, international norms, and views of professional experts. The study concludes that political civil and military exigencies, fundamentalist perceptions, and political pressure have profoundly influenced the evolution of white-collar crime jurisprudence in Pakistan. Proposals for strengthening the legal base and state authority include stimulating the judicial branch's independence, carrying out deep legal and institutional changes, advocating for the openness and accountability of power, and developing cooperation with other nations.

Empirical study on respect for human dignity

Even if the legal system has a clear regulation regarding the conduct of the criminal process, in the application of which the principle of human dignity must be respected, we cannot say that this principle of human dignity cannot or has not been violated. The legislative shortcomings must be removed so that there is no possibility of taking advantage (abuse of authority). They can be considered fundamental defects that can affect the decisions of the courts. The examination and analysis of the normative framework will be presented in order to comply with and implement some procedural guarantees of protection and respect for human dignity within the evidentiary procedures. So said, the result of the research resides, on the one hand, in the systematization of the works in the field and the laws in force, with the highlighting of the most important ideas that refer to the object of study but, at the same time, also an attempt to analyze the aspects their positive and critical aspects, formulating their own ideas regarding respect for the principle of human dignity. On the other hand, practical aspects of the violation of the principle of human dignity are addressed in order to highlight its particularities in practice, the legal bodies. The conducted study thus allows establishing the directions and trends of the procedural-criminal policy promoted along the lines of ensuring and realizing the right to respect the principle of human dignity.

Legal implications of religious preachers' torts during preaching sessions: analysis and mitigation strategies

This article explores the legal implications of religious preachers' torts, including defamation, emotional distress, negligence, and incitement. It provides a historical overview and reviews relevant legal frameworks. The article also examines the role of intent and religious freedom in legal proceedings. Mitigation strategies include developing codes of conduct, implementing legal education, and promoting mediation. The article also offers policy recommendations for religious organizations and legal bodies. It concludes by addressing future research opportunities and suggesting areas for further exploration. This comprehensive study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of religious freedom, free speech, and legal obligations.

Pozycja ustrojowa notariatu w świetle Prawa o notariacie z dnia 25 maja 1951 r.

The article provides an analysis of the systemic position of the notariat under the Law on Notaries of 25 May 1951. This act introduced in Poland the system of notariat modelled on the Soviet legislation. Under this law, the notariat became a state body, operating through state notary offices under the supervision of the Minister of Justice and its organs. It was commonly classified as a legal protection body, although it was known that its purpose, functions and principles of operation differed much from both the traditional profession of notary and other legal protection bodies. The provisions of the new law recognized a notary as a state employee with special obligations to comply with the law and social rules applicable within the People’s State. Granting a new status to a notary entailed the abolition of the professional self-government of notaries and the notary traineeship. Despite the formal abandoning of previous traditions, the general principles of the notariat set out in the Law on Notaries of 1951 were nevertheless based to some extent on the achievements of the Law on Notaries of 1933. Thanks to these principles for the operation of the notariat, notaries continued to enjoy strong trust from the public, which allowed the notary to continue to be referred to as a person of public trust. The fact that the notariat managed to keep its character as an institution of public trust demonstrated the universal nature and vitality of this institution. This allowed the Polish notariat to survive the period of nationalization and ultimately to go back in 1991 to the systemic traditions that had been developed during the interwar period.

HUMAN RIGHTS BETWEEN SHARIA AND LAW

The topic of "human rights" is considered one of the old and new topics in the entire world, Which means a set of fixed rights for the human being from his birth that recognizes his dignity regardless of color, sect, or gender. According to the Almighty’s saying: {And We have honored the children of Adam and carried them on land and sea and provided them with good things and favored them over others. Many of those whom We created with excellence{. Accordingly, human rights in Islamic law are characterized by being divine in source and purpose, Comprehensive, permanent, and valid for every time and place due to its reliance on the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet , As for the sources of rights in positive law, they are based on changing social customs and legal bodies and personalities that regulate laws that concern humans, but they are incompletely incapable of meeting aspects of life in an integrated manner. The importance of the issue is evident in the fact that it occupies the first place in both the international and domestic arena. On the international scene, the United Nations and international organizations concerned with human rights seek to highlight their role in serving human rights and compete to do so, At the internal level, countries compete to declare that they are committed to human rights after those rights were established in their constitutions, It seeks to highlight the elements of its legal state, whose primary goal is to protect human rights

Professional Values and Mental Health Tribunals: How Healthcare Professionals’ and Lawyers’ Views Are Shaped by Values, and How This Might Impede Reform

Most countries that provide for compulsory treatment for mental illness have a system by which this treatment is subject to independent legal oversight. Many countries use a special type of legal body for this purpose, called a mental health tribunal. Mental health tribunals have been subject to criticism from the points of view of both legal professionals and mental healthcare practitioners. Similar themes have manifested in these criticisms and have been consistent across several decades; legal professionals tend to focus on the tribunals being biased toward the medical opinion, and acting as a ‘rubber stamp’, whereas healthcare practitioners tend to focus on the adversarial nature of the trial, and the adverse effect that this can have on clients. However, empirical studies of the tribunals have not separated and directly compared these perspectives. This study aimed to explore this dynamic between lawyers’ views and healthcare practitioners’ views of mental health tribunals. We used thematic analysis to re-analyse data from two previous research studies, one which looked at lawyers’ views of the tribunals, and one which looked at healthcare practitioners’ views. Our results are divided into three themes: views of the problems with tribunals, professional roles in relationship to the tribunals and professional values demonstrated through these views and roles. We then consider if the ‘clash of values’ represented by these findings, and found in the literature, may pose an impediment to tribunal reform. Identifying and exploring this barrier is an important step to moving beyond critique to reform.

Regulatory and legal regulation of the healtcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary: general and special

This article conducts a comparative analysis of the current state of legal regulation in the healthcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary. The significance of healthcare issues has elevated them to the level of one of the most important state tasks and an internal function of the modern state. This necessitates not only the execution of effective state governance but also the formation and implementation of state policy in this sphere. The article is dedicated to the formation and implementation of state policy concerning the legal regulation of the healthcare sector in Ukraine and Hungary, which underscores its relevance.&#x0D; During the writing process, the author researched the system of legal relations and state bodies responsible for performing relevant functions and tasks in the formation and implementation of healthcare policy. It analyzes the legislative system regulating these areas and the practice of its application in both countries. The article identifies the roles and places of the Verkhovna Rada (Supreme Council) of Ukraine and the Hungarian National Assembly, as well as the Cabinets of Ministers and the executive branch systems in both countries in the realization of healthcare policy.&#x0D; Like most contemporary scientific developments in this field, the article covers problems of three scientific disciplines – medicine, management, and law. In preparing this article, the author reviewed a considerable amount of medical literature, particularly in social medicine and healthcare organization, thoroughly exploring their scientific issues in both Ukraine and Hungary. However, it aims to illuminate the issues and problems arising in this context, specifically from the legal standpoint, particularly administrative law. Therefore, the focus of this work is primarily on legal categories and concepts – the legal mechanisms for implementing state medical and health improvement programs, ensuring the constitutionally guaranteed right of individuals in Ukraine and the Fundamental Law of Hungary to medical care, healthcare, and medical insurance, particularly the guaranteed level of free qualified medical aid.

News from the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL): the work of the fifty-sixth commission session

Abstract The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. It has been carrying out its mandate to further the progressive harmonization and unification of international trade law since 1966. This article provides an overview of the fifty-sixth session of UNCITRAL and the activities of its working groups and Secretariat since its last session.

Counterpoint. Are We Sure That All These Data Are Good for Us?

This paper focuses the relationship between data technologies, meaning the set of tools and devices of different nature, and the transformation of reality into data, from their collection to their use. We confine our reflection to the use of data related to the body and the ability to establish its state of health or illness. A critical stance is adopted, reflecting on the impact that data have - and may have - on biological, legal, cultural, and social bodies. It aims to highlight problems and potential side effects, emphasising the need to create ‘connections’ between the individual device and the large technical system; between the personal data and the system of collected data; between the present and the future scenarios towards which it is desirable to orient design. The paper aims to open up questions on the relationship between us and the knowledge of our body, beyond the promises of idyllic worlds presented by data technologies. And what role can Design play in this context?

The ménage à trois of healthcare: the actors in after-AI era under patient consent.

Artificial intelligence has become an increasingly powerful technological instrument in recent years, revolutionizing many sectors, including public health. Its use in this field will inevitably change clinical practice, the patient-caregiver relationship and the concept of the diagnosis and treatment pathway, affecting the balance between the patient's right to self-determination and health, and thus leading to an evolution of the concept of informed consent. The aim was to characterize the guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence, its areas of application and the relevant legislation, to propose guiding principles for the design of optimal informed consent for its use. A classic review by keywords on the main search engines was conducted. An analysis of the guidelines and regulations issued by scientific authorities and legal bodies on the use of artificial intelligence in public health was carried out. The current areas of application of this technology were highlighted, divided into sectors, its impact on them, as well as a summary of current guidelines and legislation. The ethical implications of artificial intelligence in the health care system were assessed, particularly regarding the therapeutic alliance between doctor and patient, and the balance between the right to self-determination and health. Finally, given the evolution of informed consent in relation to the use of this new technology, seven guiding principles were proposed to guarantee the right to the most informed consent or dissent.

Transforming Legal Professional Bodies: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Legal Practice

Transforming Legal Professional Bodies: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Legal Practice