Legal Assumptions Research Articles

Presupuestos teóricos para la regulación jurídica de las cooperativas de consumo en Cuba

El proceso de actualización del modelo socioeconómico cubano ha implicado la expansión de las cooperativas. Sin embargo, la legislación que regula este proceso no concibe a las cooperativas de consumo, aun cuando las dificultades para el consumo de artículos vitales para las personas resultan evidentes. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es fundamentar los presupuestos teóricos en que debe sustentarse la regulación jurídica de las cooperativas en Cuba, a fin de que conciba a las cooperativas de consumo como un medio para la satisfacción de las necesidades de sus asociados y de la comunidad. Para ello se parte de una aproximación a la definición de las cooperativas de consumo. A continuación, se analizan las actuales limitaciones jurídicas para la instrumentación de este tipo de cooperativas en Cuba, y se termina argumentando los presupuestos teórico-jurídicos para este propósito.
 Recibido: 05 junio 2017Aceptado: 14 julio 2017

Law Lost, Compliance Found: A Frontline Understanding of the Non-linear Nature of Business and Employee Responses to Law

This paper seeks to understand the transmission and reception of legal rules as a component of the regulatory compliance process. It adopts a frontline approach (Almond and Gray 2017) to regulatory compliance that traces the grassroot functioning of compliance processes from regulator, to compliance managers to individual employees. Through a multilevel and multi-sited ethnography of worker safety protection in Chinese construction industry, this paper shows that in the cases studied there is a fundamental disconnect in the transmission and reception of law from regulator to organization and within the regulated organization. Yet at the same time, the paper finds that employees did comply with the law, and that thus compliance can exist without a full transmission and reception of legal rules into and within the regulated organization. By expanding the frontline approach to study regulation and compliance to look at the grassroots operation across three different frontlines, this study has been able to assess the legal assumptions inherent in existing regulatory compliance research. Not only does it find that compliance in these cases was not a top-down process and that we need to look at the grassroots operation inside organizations, it also shows that law does not always play a central role in regulatory compliance and that we need to reassess the implicit focus on law in regulatory compliance scholarship.

Radnopravne implikacije IV industrijske revolucije i digitalizacije rada - izazovi normiranja i perspektive razvoja

IV industrial revolution and digitalization of production and labour have a positive impact on economic and social development. However, consideration and analysis of the challenges of adapting the existing international legal framework in terms of guidelines for redefining national policies and responding to changes in the field of work are necessary to ensure decent working conditions and protection of the basic rights of employees. By applying the normative, comparative-legal, and axiological method, the paper aims to identify basic legal issues of the status of workers regarding changes caused by the IV industrial revolution. After determining the theoretical-conceptual framework of the so-called platform work, the advantages and disadvantages of using Internet technology in the field of work, as well as possible ways to eliminate them are pointed out. Furthermore, a special focus is on the application of the Internet of Things technology in the field of health and safety at work. The worker-oriented concept in terms of a holistic and integrative approach to the subject of the research should result in the establishment of basic legal assumptions of the regulatory and normative framework of new forms of work.

Public Administration and the Challenge to Introduce Egalitarian Legal Order: The Jewish policy of the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815)

Abstract The article discusses inconsistency existing in the Jewish policy of the Duchy of Warsaw, resulting from divergent normativities. Examined are the ways these normativities were handled, transformed, and conceptualised. The analysis refers to the concept of multinormativity and highlights the dynamics standing behind Jewish policy, as well as various influences on the way legal order was interpreted. Considered is the presence of legal assumptions derived from the normativities inherent in Old Polish traditions, being the main obstacle to the implementation of Napoleonic egalitarian norms. The article argues that equality claims and first attempts at their implementation existed alongside traditional ideas, social habits, and practices.

The objective need for legal regulation of territorial planning and its implementation in the Republic of Lithuania

The article analyzes the social and legal assumptions that determine the need for the legal regulation of territorial planning. The extent to which the appropriate legal regulation of territorial planning is related to the protection of the environment, ensuring sustainable development and the protection of human rights is assessed. It is concluded that the process of territorial planning is complex and complicated, has different needs and interests of natural and legal persons regarding the use of the respective territories are constantly encountered. Although the reform of the legal regulation of territorial planning has been carried out three times in Lithuania, gaps in the legal regulation of territorial planning have been identified so far.

Проблема правового регулирования цифровой реальности как вызов общей теории права

The article analyzes the problem of legal regulation of new public relations arising in the era of digitalization as a challenge to the system of legal knowledge. You substantiate the position that the socio-political and legal processes observed at the present stage, the defining trend of which is digitalization, force researchers not just to take the usual measures to regulate emerging relations, but to qualitatively review the most profound philosophical and theoretical legal conventions and assumptions of jurisprudence. The main part of the work highlights potential areas for revision.

The Strange Case of a Written Constitution: Symbolism in Constitution

This proposed study is aimed to explicate the practice of symbolism in a constitution. As a conceptual model, the notion of symbolic constitutionalism is a constitutional system that sees constitutions as no different from a symbol that represents something, other than itself. And more often than not, the connection between the symbol and what it represents is not so obvious, if nonexistent. As the Indonesian case shows, this model of a constitutional system is prominently based on a set of legal assumptions that are implicit and, thus, subjective, in nature. That said, the expressive nature of such a constitution is mostly related with the invocation of the sentimental aspect of the document that exists in the realm of the nation’s cultural details and superstitious past. In this regard, this symbolic role is supposedly emitting its constitutional meaning from the outside or beyond of, and certainly, not within, the four corners. Differently put, any attempts to expound constitutional intentions from such a constitution should take into context writ large. As a consequence, in its effort, this study proposes that the implicit meaning can only be elucidated with significant help of non-textual sources.

Homo Juridicus: Questioning Legal Assumptions About Behavior

This inaugural lecture discusses legal assumptions about behavior. It argues that law has a very important function in shaping future conduct. It showcases four empirical insights about this ex-ante function of law: there is inconclusive proof for the deterrent effect of sanctions, most people do not know legal rules, people do not make individual decisions about compliance but respond to others, and people are not always free in how they respond to the law and may lack the opportunity to break it. It shows how there are many empirical insights about how law shapes behavior but that these have not been central in legal thinking and education. It outlines how we can develop a behavioral jurisprudence that makes the law's ex-ante function in shaping behavior more central and that corrects the law's assumptions about human and organisational conduct.

Chaucer’s Treatment of Outlawry in Wife of Bath’s Tale and Knight’s Tale

The medieval outlaw appears in historical, religious, and legal texts of late Medieval England and is imagined in fiction as well, specifically in the romance narratives of Geoffrey Chaucer. Outlawry was a legal state that could be imposed. Chaucer found himself occasionally outside the law at different points of his life, an item to consider when examining Chaucer’s representation of knights acting outside the chivalric code. He populates his romances with outlawry, illustrating the ethical, legal, and social assumptions of their own times. In Chaucer, knights can sometimes be outlaws, and when they are, they are often portrayed as running amok or going mad, leading them to a quest or to an act that must be completed before they can be reintroduced into society. Early critics Maurice Keen and Eric Hobsbawm narrowly defined what they saw as outlawry in medieval literature, but the more recent work of Timothy S. Jones renews the possibility of better examining outlawry’s intersection with medieval romance. Outlawry has traditionally been associated with the narratives of Robin Hood. Yet broadening the definitions of what constitutes an outlaw narrative can lead to fresh readings of Chaucer’s work. To be outlawed, in medieval fiction, carries with it an additional displacement of a character’s connection to others. In this project, I examine fictional knights tarrying in outlawed space while grounding my argument in historical narratives. In doing so, I illuminate how outlawry intersects with medieval romance, unveiling chivalry’s ideological blemishes.

Theoretical Legal Assumptions for the United Nations Security Council Reform

The United Nation Security Council, although it has been the most reformed organ of the Organization, does not currently respond to the claims of democracy of the international community. In this regard, this article proposes four theoretical legal assumptions that should underpin the democratization of the aforementioned organ, regarding the structure and operation established by the UN Charter. The use of applicable methods in the Legal Sciences allowed the formulation of the postulates, among them: the recognition of the perspective of democracy in the UN Charter, and the transformation of the voting system into non-procedural matters and in relation to the processes of reform and revision of the UN Charter.

Implementation of an individualized education path at school – legal assumptions and practical solutions

The individualized educational path is one of many forms of psychological and pedagogical help offered to the pupil on school grounds. It is a form of support for pupils with difficulties in functioning, mainly due to their health condition. It is implemented by pupil based on the opinion issued by a psychological and pedagogical counseling center. Due to the fact that the individualized education path is a new form of psychological and pedagogical help, attempts have been made to research this area. In order to learn about the procedure for its organization and implementation on school grounds, a questionnaire was used, which was addressed to school pedagogues. The obtained research results indicate: its proper organization in accordance with the procedures, cooperation of teachers with specialists employed in the school, cooperation of pedagogues with psychological and pedagogical counseling center, and above all with parents of the pupil covered by the individualized education path. The obtained results allowed to formulate the most important conclusion: the individualized education path is a form beneficial to the pupil, giving a chance to improve its functioning, both in the educational, emotional as well as social spheres.

Percepções Paiter Suruí sobre legislações da Educação Escolar Indígena: entrelaçamentos de conquista e crítica

O presente artigo busca comunicar saberes que foram produzidos a partir de uma pesquisa desenvolvida nos anos de 2018 e 2019 junto ao povo indígena Paiter Suruí da Aldeia Apoena Meirelles, da terra indígena Sete de Setembro, no Estado de Mato Grosso. Teve como principal objetivo registrar as percepções de anciãos da etnia mencionada sobre a escola indígena, bem como descrever de que forma percebiam as principais legislações voltadas à Educação Escolar Indígena. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa constituiu-se numa perspectiva qualitativa de ascendência em bricolagem (KINCHELE; BERRY, 2007). Inspirados no trabalho de Silveira (2007), realizamos entrevistas interativas com anciãos a respeito das legislações educacionais. Os resultados mostraram que os Paiter Suruí observam a escola como um espaço de conquista, espaço que necessita continuar se aproximando dos pressupostos legais.

Evaluating the legal assumptions of Victoria’s Sex Offender Registration Act 2004 from a psychological perspective

The Sex Offender Registration Act 2004 was introduced in Victoria to decrease recidivism and aid in future investigations and prosecutions. This article reviews literature to evaluate four assumptions inherent to the Act: (a) sexual offenders are more dangerous than non-sexual offenders; (b) sexual offenders who target children are more dangerous than those who target adults; (c) recidivism risk can be accurately assessed for sexual offenders who target adults; and (d) the Act is a useful tool for investigations and prosecutions. The findings suggest that there is little evidence that supports the assumptions. Further, given the relatively narrow scope of the Act, it is unlikely to have a positive impact on the safety of the community.

Elementos articuladores da Prática Profissional na Formação Inicial de professores que ensinam matemática

Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar e compreender os elementos articuladores da prática profissional desenvolvidos na formação inicial de professores que ensinam matemática. A problemática surgiu ao considerar a necessidade do repensar a formação inicial de professores para enfrentar o desafio da escola atual e a complexidade da prática docente, bem como dos resultados das pesquisas brasileiras realizadas sobre o início da carreira docente em matemática e dos egressos dos cursos de licenciatura em Matemática e Pedagogia apontando indícios que muitos dos problemas dessa fase inicial são decorrentes das próprias dicotomias do processo de formação inicial. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, do tipo estado da arte que identificou pesquisas acadêmicas brasileiras (teses e dissertações) produzidas no Programa Observatório da Educação que previa a articulação entre pós-graduação, licenciaturas e escolas de educação básica e envolveram matemática. Essas pesquisas (251) são apresentadas em um breve mapeamento e dentre elas, foram selecionadas as que versavam sobre a formação inicial dos professores (25) que constituiu o corpus de análise. Para o processo analítico foi realizado a leitura dos trabalhos e a construção de uma ficha contendo título, instituição, autor(a) e orientador(a), temática e foco, nível de ensino, metodologia da pesquisa, referencial teórico e principais resultados. Para a apresentação dos resultados foi construído um panorama destacando três eixos articuladores: a) currículo; b) conhecimento matemático e c) programas/projetos nos cursos. Os resultados apontam para a relevância da indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão para a formação inicial de professores. As pesquisas sinalizaram que as discussões os sobre currículo nos cursos de licenciatura permanecem presentes para o cumprimento dos pressupostos legais e com iniciativas pontuais de algumas universidades e/ou programas fomentados para as articulações entre a teoria e prática e entre a universidade e escola. Identifica-se também que a articulação entre os conhecimentos pedagógico e matemático inclui a problemática do aspecto conceitual do conteúdo matemático com o curso não voltado para a docência na Educação Básica. Por fim, foram identificadas iniciativas que promoveram outras articulações como entre a formação inicial e continuada (PIBID e OBEDUC) e entre as licenciaturas de Pedagogia e Matemática (CluMat).

Gyroplane Rotor Hubs Strength Tests

Abstract In this article a review of rotor, hub constructions were presented. Discussed rotor’s hub is made of composite or aluminum alloys materials. Two types of rotor hub were presented (four-blades and two-blades teetering rotor hub), each of them are dedicated to gyroplanes. Typical gyroplane main rotors are characterized by simple design, especially in case of rotors for light gyroplanes. In the following part of the article the type of strength tests required by certification process were shown. The test programs based on legal aspects of admission to the flight tests taking into account legislation such as CS 27 (Subpart C – Strength Requirements), CAP 643 British Civil Airworthiness requirements Section T Light gyroplanes, ASTM F2972. Furthermore, this article discusses strength tests of gyroplane rotor hub such as measured parameters, methodology of measurement, types of sensors, course of test, test stands, and limit loads. The loads during “pull-up from level flight” manoeuvre are limit loads during tests. Required additional processes, like a verification the same parameters by two types of method were shown i.e. deformation of structure were tested by strain gauges and reverse engineering. Strength tests had to be made before flight test, based on results of them aircrafts are flight authorized. In conclusion, the results of tests were presented and fulfilment of legal assumptions and requirements were shown.

Dobrowolny system znakowania „wolne od GMO” – doświadczenia systemu niemieckiego w kontekście projektu polskiej ustawy

The article is an attempt to present the draft of the act on the labeling of products made without the use of genetically modified organisms designed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and on the amendment of some other acts, based on the experience of the “Ohne Gentechnikˮ system in Germany. The article also presents issues directly related to the indicated issues, namely GM food issues and legal regulations regulating it. The aim of the study is to analyze legal assumptions in the indicated scope, with particular emphasis on the German practice and to determine the significance, benefits and problems resulting from the introduction of such a system for consumers and entrepreneurs. The study uses the method of content analysis and analysis of documents, which makes it possible to highlight the multi-aspect nature of the discussed issue and its significance. References were made to legal acts, periodicals and monographs. The information provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, german Association “Food without genetic engineeringˮ (VLOG), organizations associating entrepreneurs, consumers, social organizations and data on the official websites of these organizations were used. The critical interpretation of texts, in particular legal ones, allowed to determine current trends. Methods of comparative law were also used in the field of methods, comparing two systems of marking: German and designed Polish, which helped to broaden the cognitive perspective and indicate the directions of legislative solutions.

The ‘desiccator difficulty’: surprise, indignation and the local politics of planning for sanitary technology in nineteenth century Melbourne

ABSTRACT‘Desiccators’, large machines that used steam and beaters to reduce waste into powder that could be sold as fertilizer, were one solution put forward in response to late nineteenth century Melbourne’s sanitation problems. Despite some initial enthusiasm for them, challenges with finding locations for desiccators were soon dubbed the ‘Desiccator Difficulty’. The ‘Desiccator Difficulty’ is one, all but forgotten, story of the fragmented governance contributing to Melbourne’s delays in coordinating a metropolitan sewerage system. This paper examines desiccators as a story with parallels in and legacies for planning today. It focuses on the role of local property-based conflicts – arguing these constituted emergent forms of planning, underscoring an increasing urban separation and control later embodied in metropolitan planning and infrastructure. Fragmented standoffs and bylaws also rationalized spatial disparities – with suburban municipalities refusing to house desiccators, nightsoil was sent to outer shires for decades. The paper argues Melbourne’s socio-technical transition to metropolitan sewerage and governance occurred not because water-borne technology was necessarily superior, but because legal assumptions and property interests made alternatives difficult to maintain. Desiccators are examples of ‘muddling’ details that belie simple narratives of technological change, and which have implications for how wider urban environmental change occurs and is understood.

LEGAL ASSUMPTION AS THE BASIS FOR REMOVAL OF BURDEN OF PROOF

This work is part of the author's research promotion work on evidence in tax law. The author establishes in his work the objective of examining the legal assumption – the presumption, replacing the evidence in the dispute, which, in turn, is the basis for transferring the burden of proof to the other party involved in the dispute. The author comes to the conclusion that the burden of proof, whether transferable or not, has been transferred to the opposing party in cases where the evidence has been replaced by a presumption. The author uses scientific methods in his work: analytical, inductive (cognition), monographic or descriptive, quantitative, qualitative method. The author examines the grounds of proof and the interaction of legal presumption only in the field of public law, in particular in criminal procedural and administrative infringement proceedings. In this work, as in previous works, the author examines procedural issues of administrative offences identical to criminal law, based on the notion that administrative violation rights are viewable like criminal matters, on the same principles and standards of evidence.

Стање и перспективе тржишта корпоративних обвезница у Републици Српској

Из малог броја емитованих корпоративних обвезница од настанка Ба-њалучке берзе до данас, очигледно је да је домаће тржиште корпоратив-них обвезница у почетној фази развоја. Предмет овог рада је дефинисањепретпоставки и ограничења, односно могућности развоја тржишта кор-поративних обвезница у Републици Српској. Успјешан развој тржишта об-везница, осим институционалним и законским претпоставкама, у великојмјери је условљен спремношћу привредних друштава да емитују обвезнице.С друге стране, нужна је и опредијељеност инвеститора да улажу у те хар-тије од вриједности.Циљ истраживања је да испитамо потенцијалну понуду и (потенцијал-ну) потражњу у периоду од наредне три године. Истраживање је проведенометодом анкетног испитивања у два дијела. У првом дијелу анкетиранису менаџери у институционалним инвеститорима на домаћем тржишту:инвестициони фондови, осигуравајућа друштва и банке, њих 42. У другомдијелу испитивали смо најзначајнија акционарска друштва на Бањалучкојберзи, она која су била у саставу индекса BIRS и она која су исплаћиваладивиденду, њих 66. Резултати истраживања показују који број привреднихдруштава је спреман да финансира своје пословање емитовањем обвезница,те који број инвеститора би улагао у те инструменте. Осим тога указа-ћемо на препреке развоју и продубљивању тржишта те на стваран бројинституционалних инвеститора који би улагао у корпоративне обвезнице.

Marktprognosen im Interesse der Strukturpolitik

Abstract The paper focuses on the forming of expectations by regulatory authorities in the case of merger control after 1973, when the German legislator stipulated a decision by its officials on future competition in relevant markets. The regulatory and decision-making behavior of officials is analyzed on the basis of selected merger procedures in the chemical industry, which underwent far-reaching structural change in the 1970s and 1980s. Here, institutionalization processes for overcoming information asymmetries and the formation of market expectations can be diagnosed inside the office as well as inside the firms. Adaptive expectations with regard to current market diagnoses and legal assumptions (“Vermutungstatbestände”) play a significant role for their forecast decisions. The study is based on previously unpublished files of the Federal Cartel Office.