Legacy Of Empire Research Articles

Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires

Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires

Properties of Modernity: Romantic Spain, Modern Europe, and the Legacies of Empire (review)

Properties of Modernity: Romantic Spain, Modern Europe, and the Legacies of Empire (review)

Naming the money and unveiling the crime: contemporary British artists and the memorialization of slavery and abolition

ABSTRACT Rice discusses recent work in the Northwest of England to memorialize slavery and abolition in the context of Paul Gilroy's and Barnor Hesse's discussions of the legacy of empire and contemporary multiculturalism, and Paul Ricoeur's and Dominick LaCapra's more abstract disquisitions on the working of memory. He describes the importance of Lancaster historically in the slave trade and the historical amnesia that exists in the town, and outlines the development of the STAMP organization that aimed to counter these tendencies. He shows how the work of two artists, Kevin Dalton-Johnson and Lubaina Himid, have been instrumental in foregrounding Lancaster's involvement in the slave trade in the run up to the bicentennial celebrations in 2007. He uses published and unpublished interviews with the two artists to examine the contexts of memorialization, public and private memory, and community involvement, all of which contributed to their final pieces examining the legacy of slavery in the Northwest, nationally and internationally.

Properties of Modernity: Romantic Spain, Modern Europe, and the Legacies of Empire (review)

Reviews 111 ciable. Su publicación debiera ser bienvenida por todo aquel que esté interesado en la construcción de una historia de la literatura latinoamericana fiel a la sinuosidad de sus recorridos, más detallada y más compleja. REINALDO LADDAGA, University of Pennsylvania iarocci, michael. Properties of Modernity: Romantic Spain, Modern Europe, and the Legacies of Empire. Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 2006. 278 pages. This thought-provoking book begins with a page from the present, depicting a 24/7 television news channel announcing: ‘‘IN EUROPE TODAY . . .’’ Iarocci’s point: that the grand narrative of European modernity is not distant from the one that Spain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries grappled with to unfair advantage. This scenario frames the familiar symbolic position of modern Spain on the periphery of European modernity. Iarocci uses the image of 24/7 television news to stress what he calls ‘‘the presentism of the digital age,’’ the ‘‘relentless, hypnotic now.’’ This stream of images also represents the power of representation, which he sees as analogous to the ‘‘news’’ of Spain’s relative invisibility on the screen of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe. The image is provocative but I think ultimately inappropriate. Presentism is not simply the unstoppable insistence on the now; it is the understanding that everything from the past is essentially irrelevant and is to be read through the prism of the present. It is the ultimate anachronism, the collective amnesia of modernity. The digital image Iarocci discusses is also unfortunate in one other respect: it is not present-day Europe that dominates, it is clearly the United States, and in that sense, the Spain-Europe relation of the past has little to do with the vacuum produced by the one remaining super power today. The perils of drawing the present too close to an increasingly remote past can be summed up in this sentence near the end of Iarocci’s introduction: ‘‘A brief afterword explores the ways in which reading Spanish romanticism against the narratives of Western modernity may yet speak to our present, particularly as the familiar tale of civilization against barbarity once again seems to structure the contemporary international politics of our day.’’ I fail to see the analogy. After such political correctness, I began with some trepidation to read the first chapter. Here, however, Iarocci lays out sensibly the European marginalization of Spain after the waning of empire. He points out how historiography and literary studies have often conveniently forgotten the impact of Spain’s early modernity , through empire, conquest, and colonization, on the concept and history of the European modern. By the nineteenth century Spain had become the quintessential backward country cousin, but that same blighted image eventually became a re-imagined and newly discovered picturesque ‘‘Romantic Spain’’ for other Europeans. He then reviews the various theories of Spanish romanticism (from Schlegel to Peers, Juretschke, Flitter and Silver), showing how all these studies are shaped by the northern European conception of Spain as nonEuropean and non-modern. This first chapter is useful, if over long in making its point; it takes fifty-two pages to say what several scholars, in both historiography 112 Revista Hispánica Moderna 60.1 (2007) and literary-cultural studies, have reiterated in the past several years: that eighteenth - and nineteenth-century Spain was indeed modern. Of more interest is Iarocci’s observation that ‘‘while romantic rhetoric often affirmed liberal values, it also highlighted limitations within liberalism itself.’’ The vexed position of the liberal romantic is richly explored in the remaining chapters, which focus on Cadalso’s Noches lúgubres, Saavedra’s Don Álvaro, and Larra’s late essays. The strongest, most original contribution is to be found in the individual analyses of these works. Chapter two is titled: ‘‘Beginnings without End. José Cadalso and the Melancholy of Modernity.’’ Benefiting from first-rate earlier criticism, Iarocci emphasizes that Cadalso’s protagonist Tediato can be considered not only as the libidinal ‘‘subject of loss,’’ ‘‘but also as a ‘subject-in-struggle,’ a self in conflict with his social milieu.’’ He argues that Cadalso critiques the socially destabilizing influence of money and self-interest and that the unnamed beloved represents a superior soul ‘‘that has...

Liberty and the search for identity: liberal nationalisms and the legacy of empires

Michael Freeden: Foreword Editor's Preface Ivan Zoltan Denes: Liberalism and Nationalism: An Ambiguous Relationship I. Western Europe 1. David McCrone: Scotland and England: Diverging Political Discourses 2. Richard J. Finlay: Radical Liberalism and Nationalism in Mid-Victorian Scotland 3. Henk te Velde: Dutch Liberals and Nineteenth-Century National Traditions 4. Janet Polasky: Liberal Nationalism and Modern Regional Identity: Revolutionary Belgium, 1786-1830 II. Central Europe 1. Gabor Erd dy: Unity or Liberty? German Liberalism Founding an Empire, 1850-79 2. Albert Tanner: Switzerland: A European Model of Liberal Nationalism? 3. Vilmos Heiszler: The Identity Problems of the Austro-German Liberals 4. Ivan Zoltan Denes: Political Vocabularies of the Hungarian Liberals and Conservatives before 1848 5. Miklos Szabo: The Liberalism of the Hungarian Nobility, 1825-1910 6. Maciej Janowski: Marginal or Central? The Place of the Liberal Tradition in Nineteenth-Century Polish History 7. Otto Urban: Czech Liberalism, 1848-1918 III. Eastern Europe, the Balkans and Southern Europe 1. Miklos Kun: The Inherent Burden of Russian Liberalism 2. Alexander Semyonov: Empire and Nation in Russian Liberal Thought 3. Imre Ress: The Value System of Serb Liberalism 4. Daniel Barbu - Cristian Preda: Building the State from the Roof Down: Varieties of Romanian Liberal Nationalism 5. Diana Mishkova: The Interesting Anomaly of Balkan Liberalism 6. Eyup Ozveren: In Defiance of History: Liberal and National Attributes of the Ottoman-Turkish Path to Modernity List of Contributors Index

Properties of Modernity: Romantic Spain, Modern Europe, and the Legacies of Empire (review)

Reviewed by: Properties of Modernity: Romantic Spain, Modern Europe, and the Legacies of Empire David W. Bird Properties of Modernity: Romantic Spain, Modern Europe, and the Legacies of Empire Vanderbilt UP, 2006 By Michael Iarocci Michael Iarocci's book Properties of Modernity: Romantic Spain, Modern Europe, and the Legacies of Empire convincingly pushes the notional critical limit of modernity in Spanish literature into the eighteenth century. His study advances the theory that Spanish Romanticism enjoyed a uniquely peripheral standpoint from which to perceive the upheavals of European history, especially the French, Scientific, and Industrial Revolutions (xiii). He contends that northern Europe considered Spain incapable of giving rise to an authentic literary Romanticism, since it was itself Romantic, an object upon which the northern European Romanticizing gaze could work rather than a subject of its own Romantic discourse. Iarocci's work is as much about the critical construction of Romanticism as it is about the three authors he studies (Cadalso, the duke of Rivas, and Larra). His first chapter studies the position of Spain in a European narrative of modernity. Iarocci accuses northern Europe of denying historical agency to Spain, of a belief that Spain may be Romantic, but cannot generate its own Romanticism. In consequence, northern European writers were free to ignore Spain's former political predominance and exclude the country from the locus of the "civilized." As Romanticism became more widespread in northern Europe, some writers conceived of modernity in spatial terms—Spain is located in the Middle Ages, while the home of the modern is elsewhere. Unlike previous judgmental attitudes, however, Romantic northern Europeans celebrated Spain's un-modernity, perceiving the country as "untainted." Like Torrecilla in La imitación colectiva, Iarocci identifies a Spanish belief that the "national spirit" is fundamentally un-modern, even in critical inquiry (28). Iarocci also presents a concise history of the criticism of Spanish Romanticism. The range of critical understanding of when, if, and how Spanish Romanticism developed is astonishing, from del Río's broad belief that a Romantic medieval character is present throughout Spanish literature, to Silver's assertion that Spain did not experience a true Romanticism until the twentieth-century Edad de Plata (30-36). Iarocci's second chapter, on Cadalso's Noches lúgubres (1775), shows that it combines the Renaissance technique of the dialogue with more emotional overtones. Iarocci's account of the text discusses the difficult critical location of Noches lúgubres. While some would place Noches lúgubres in the genealogy of Romanticism, Iarocci prefers to consider it an early example of Romanticism itself. He points out the protagonist's desire to constitute himself as a locus of suffering, and the consequent narrative requirement for the loss of his beloved (68). Iarocci also considers Romantic the criticism that Cadalso's protagonist Tediato makes of the economic worldview subsumed in the term interés. Iarocci reads this criticism as the creation of a powerful societal critique prefiguring Horkheimer and Adorno's critique of instrumental rationality (86-87). The third chapter of Properties of Modernity examines the duke of Rivas's play Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino in terms of an evolving Romantic understanding of what poetry does: he compares the eighteenth-century notion of the technical "art of verse-composition" with the Romantic preference for emotional inspiration (106). In the play, the mestizo protagonist don Álvaro speaks in verse, as does his beloved's family, the Calatravas, showing thereby a capacity for subjective agency equal to theirs; his desire to marry the daughter Leonor is thwarted by her father due to Álvaro's race, however, and by the end of the play the father, Álvaro, and Leonor's two brothers have all died violently as a result. Especially because the ongoing processes of liberalization and decolonization were linked, Iarocci sees that don Álvaro's racial alterity cannot be reduced to or dismissed as merely a "Romantic topos" (124), but must be read as a dramatic linkage of freedom and equality unusual for the 1830s (134). The fourth and final chapter of Properties of Modernity deals with the later days of Mariano José de Larra and a "tetralogy" of the pessimistic, [End Page 239] often...

Properties of modernity: romantic Spain, modern Europe, and the legacies of empire

Michael Iarocci traces the ways in which Spain went from being central to European history and identity during the early modern period to being marginalized and displaced by England, France, and Germany during the Romantic period. He points out that it has long been an unspoken assumption tainting much of literary criticism that Spain did not have a strong Romantic movement, even though Spain itself had come to be viewed by the new Europe as the location of all that was Romantic. Through a close study of Cadalso, Saavedra, and Larra, Iarocci argues that Spanish writers were intensely concerned with the same issues taken up by more famous Romantics, and that the ways in which they address these issues provides us with a richer notion, not only of Spain, but of all of Europe.

Ivan Zoltan Denes, editor.Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires.:Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires

Ivan Zoltan Denes, editor.<i>Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires</i>.:Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires

IVAN ZOLTAN DENES, editor. Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press. 2006. Pp. xv, 509. $55.95

Journal Article Iván Zoltán Dénes, editor. Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press. 2006. Pp. xv, 509. $55.95 Get access Iván Zoltán Dénes, editor. Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press. 2006. Pp. xv, 509. $55.95. The American Historical Review, Volume 111, Issue 4, October 2006, Page 1300, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.4.1300-a Published: 01 October 2006

&amp;quot;Dirty Linen&amp;quot; : Legacies of Empire in Wilkie Collins's The Moonstone

Domestic, Oxford English Dictionary informs, means or pertaining to one's own country or nation; not foreign, internal, inland, 'home.' But what becomes of this deÞ nition when that which pertain(s) to one's own country or nation is inextricably, dependently intertwined with sites— nations, colonies, protectorates—abroad; when, like England in 1799, 1848, and 1868 (the years, respectively, of opening scene of The Moonstone, its principal action, and its publication), foreign shapes domestic: empire deÞ ning (though not equivalent to) nation? To English in nineteenth century was to be of, and hence constituted by, (the British) em- pire, to claim summary position not only of Britishness but of empire itself. English identity was superincumbent, pressing down on that which simultaneously held up: subject races, colonized countries, foreign. Mutually constitutive of what meant to be English, domestic and foreign were false binaries, ideologically and discursively produced and consumed, enabling great white illusion of imperial necessity and generosity, and refutation of lack that underscored unidirectional and utterly false logic of imperialism: we are doing them a service. 2 Wilkie Collins challenges this factitious binary in The Moonstone by constructing a private, domestic history as simultaneously imperial, collapsing not only home and away, but also private and public, and family and empire, and he does so through an archive—of family, by family, for family—that belies its own intent. Collected by family's new patriarch, Franklin Blake, in order to remove suspicion under which the characters of innocent people have suffered (Collins, 17) and may suffer in future, his ar- chive—that is, in fact, The Moonstone—actually documents not innocence, but collusion with imperial project, enacted and perpetuated by a fam- ily collectively unable to identify imperial assault as a crime (that) brings its own fatality with it (16). 3 In failing to recognize their part in very guilt to which they attest, voices that produce archive do not merely bear witness; they actively participate in familial responsibility for imperial depredation through their denial of it. They inherit, in effect, that which they refuse to own, and in trying to distinguish domestic from foreign, demonstrate not their inevitable but their manifest inextricability.

War ‘Zones’: The Metropolis and New Zealand, 1940 and 2005

In the aftermath of the recent London underground bombings the media almost immediately drew upon the Blitz in an attempt to provide some historical context to these events. These comparisons were largely baseless; yet the coverage in New Zealand certainly suggests some historical context is necessary. These events exposed a quiet legacy of empire: the continued significance of the metropole in New Zealand's cultural life. This paper explores that legacy through the lenses of 1940 and 2005, and argues for a further reconsideration of ‘contact zones’ in the centre and on the periphery.

Anger in Legacies of Empire

Cultural norms and values, as well as historical, social, and legal contexts shape the public uses and expressions of particular emotions, including anger. In the settler states of Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, and Canada, indigenous peoples and those who came later negotiate the unfinished business of empire. Their exchanges are framed in terms of ethnic identity and difference. It is argued here that anger plays a significant part in the legal and political processes of claim, denial, and response through which these differences are articulated and transacted. This article examines situations where people whose very naming is a product of European thought engage in the struggles of decolonization. The very different occasions and forms of anger over justice claims described illustrate the extent to which meanings are not shared in these societies.

BOOK REVIEW: Edited By Lauri Ramey.SEA CHANGE: BLACK BRITISH WRITING. and Luke Strongman.THE BOOKER PRIZE AND THE LEGACY OF EMPIRE.

BOOK REVIEW: Edited By Lauri Ramey.<b>SEA CHANGE: BLACK BRITISH WRITING</b>. and Luke Strongman.<b>THE BOOKER PRIZE AND THE LEGACY OF EMPIRE</b>.

Jeffrey Richards, Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001, 544 pp., £49.99, ISBN 0 7190 4506 1 hard covers, £17.99, ISBN 0 7109 6143 1 paperback.

Jeffrey Richards, Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001, 544 pp., £49.99, ISBN 0 7190 4506 1 hard covers, £17.99, ISBN 0 7109 6143 1 paperback. - Volume 73 Issue 1

Sea Change: Black British Writing, and: The Booker Prize and the Legacy of Empire (review)

We were taught that imperialists are changed culturally and racially by those they conquer. The context was then the Greeks and Romans, but the rule applies to contemporary England and its former empire. The two works under review examine the effects of its former empire on present British culture. Luke Strongman's book discusses England's foremost literary prize, while Sea Change publishes the first conference on Black British writing held in the USA, at Howard University during 2000.

The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415-1980

This survey of the rise and decline of European overseas empires asks how and why these empires were formed, persisted, and eventually fell. In a discussion that encompasses European and non-European actors as well as the economic, social, cultural and political dimensions of empire, David Abernethy explains Europe's long occupation of global centre stage and seeks to throw new light on today's postcolonial world and the legacies of empire.

PREOPERATIVE BLEEDING TIME AND CLOTTING TIME TESTS :USEFUL OR WASTEFUL?

Dear Editor, Preoperative Bleeding Time (BT) and Clotting Time (CT) tests are expected to detect occult haemostatic disorders. Conversely it is assumed that normal BT-CT results exclude haemostatic disorders. This presumption is the basis of selecting BT-CT as the screening tests. In our hospital, in two years, 1662 BT and 1713 CT preoperative tests were performed. BT test was performed by modified method and CT by capillary method [1], No patient had history or clinical findings suggestive of haemostatic disorders. None of the patients suffered from excessive intra or postoperative blood loss that could be attributed to haemostatic disorders. We did not find any abnormal BT or CT result that could indicate haemostatic disorder in these patients. On the contrary, in established cases of haemostatic disorders, BT- CT results were abnormal only when the disorder assumed severe form. Are we justified in relying on BT - CT as preoperative screening tests for haemostatic disorders? Bleeding time test should be performed by Standard Template Method or Ivy's method. Standardization is very important as even minor deviation like a change in the size of sphygmomanometer cuff can alter the results. The modified method commonly used in service hospitals [1] is too crude and unreliable for any valuable information. There is no correlation between a skin template bleeding time, certain visceral bleeding times, preoperative BT results and surgical blood loss or transfusion requirements [2, 3]. Trauma to vascular system, not haemostatic disorders, causes most of the perioperative blood loss. Whole blood clotting time measures the time required for formation of the first traces of thrombin sufficient to produce a visible clot. The CT is abnormal only with severe coagulation factors deficiency (as low as 10-15%). It is a poor screening test that seldom provides information not obtained by other more reliable tests. The CT test by capillary method as practised in service hospitals, is highly unreliable [1]. These investigations (BT-CT) are not sensitive screening tests to detect haemostatic disorders [1]. Their role in preoperative screening is questionable [4, 5, 6]. Despite thousands of these tests not a single case of haemostatic disorder was detected in our hospital in preoperative workout. Informal discussions with surgeons, anaesthesiologists and pathologists revealed that in their cumulative experience of over 100 practicing years not a single asymptomatic case of haemostatic disorder was detected by BT-CT tests. More often than not, these tests are carried out as an empirical legacy, perhaps for completion of medical documents. Our experience and review of literature reveal that BT-CT tests do not fulfill the criteria required for screening tests. Haemostatic disorders can be easily suspected by history and clinical examination, the first step to diagnosis. A guestimate at the number of BT-CT tests performed in all service hospitals would be mind-boggling. Are we justified in such colossal waste of time, resources and effort in performing these non-contributory tests? The surgeons, anaesthesiologists and pathologists need to ponder over it. The BT-CT tests as routine blind preoperative screening, should be dispensed with. This would require change of perception and attitude. The Senior Advisers perhaps can issue suitable instructions to streamline preoperative investigations. The time and resources thus saved can be redirected to more fruitful work.

How, Why, and What: Teaching Students the Literatures of Early America

One of the many significant points made in Teaching the Literatures of Early America is that students often resist the nuances of early American texts, and for similar psychological or ideological reasons they are reluctant to link the themes to our own time. I met this resistance early in an American survey, at a Florida university, when attempting to direct the class’s examination of sixteenthand seventeenth-century colonialism to the World Conference on Racism, then unraveling in Durban, South Africa. I had photocopied and distributed to the class a newspaper article about the United States and Israel’s abandonment of the U.N. meeting. The article explained why Israel had rejected the label of a “colonialist” state, and it suggested through the Palestinian ambassador, Salman el Herfi, that the American delegation had left because it wanted to avoid discussing slavery and the injustices done to native peoples. The thematic interests and chronological structure of the course invited this brief digression. We were moving forward through time and addressing the same questions: What is a colonialist state, and what are the traits of colonial culture? What are the aesthetics of denial, when power is asserted and contested on an international stage? My strategy to this point had been to complicate the “colonialist” label by offering different versions of the encounter it implies. A comparison of Spanish, French, English, and indigenous texts was to foreground how “new worlds” were imagined and understood. The newspaper article, I thought, would cap off the week’s reading and use current events to suggest how the legacies of empire were with us still. For the Tuesday meeting I had assigned selections from the Puritan captive Mary Rowlandson, a staple of American survey courses. The students divided into small groups and, with little supervision, identified where a woman’s experiences on the frontier potentially challenged ecclesiastical authority. The reading assigned for the following Thursday was an English translation of the Nican mopohua, a Nahuatl account of the Virgin of Guadalupe written about the time of the Puritan narrative. To my mind, the two works yielded a striking contrast. Both defined religious experience through gender and the meeting of cultures, but where

Transnational urbanism: locating globalization

1. Introduction: The Social Construction of Urbanism:. Why Social Practices?. Why Transnational Urbanism?. Why Agency--oriented Urban Theory?. On Social Constructionism. The Architectonics Ahead. Locating Globalization. Reconstructing Urban Theory. Part I: Locating Globalization: . 2. The as Globalisma s Other: The Confines of the Master Narrative of Time--Space Compression. Beyond Technological Determinism. Cultural Reductionism. Postmodern Subjectivity, Political Fragmentation, and Identity Politics. Essentializing Class and Marginalizing Gender. The Political Geography of Difference. An Alternative View of Urban Politics. Beyond Binary Dualities. 3. The Cities Discourse: A Return to the Master Narrative?. Reconsidering the City Thesis. The Limits of Economism. Historicizing the City. The Global Governance Agenda. Urbanism: Beyond Reification. 4. Reimagining Los Angeles from the Ground Up. Mexican Transmigration to Los Angeles The Legacy of Empire. The Social Construction of Local Economic Development. Urbanism and the Ethnic Economy. Constructing and Reconstructing Koreatown. Beyond Victimization. Part II: Reconstructing Urban Theory:. 5. Re--presenting the Local: Beyond Communitarian Metaphors. Localities as Defensive Community Formations. Rethinking the Boundaries of Locality. Localities and the Politics of Difference. The Social Construction of Space as Place. Rethinking the Politics of Everyday Life. Place--Making. 6. Beyond the Postmodern City: Rethinking Ethnography for Times. Social Constructionism and Postmodern Social Inquiry. Questioning the Knower and the Known. Constructing the Subject. The Uses and Limits of Postmodern Ethnography. Hybrid Subjects in Patterned Networks. The Border Crossings of Ethnography. 7. Transnationalizing the Grassroots. The Rise of Grassroots Politics. Transnationalizing Urban Research. Beyond the Global--Local Duality. Thinking Locally and Acting Globally. Bifocal Border Crossers. The Politics of Simultaneity. The Production of Political Space. 8. From Globalization to Urbanism. The Agency of Networks. The Rise of Translocalities Questioning the Post--national Discourse. Towards a Urban Studies. Comparative Transnationalisms. Summing Up. Epilogue. 9. Epilogue: The City as Crossroads. Index.

Research Note: Cultural Gaps in Crossnational Cooperation: The Legacy of Empires in Macedonia

This article draws on the author's experience as a UK aid worker operating in a business support agency in former Yugoslavia and, through empirical work at employee level, seeks to understand the ways in which national cultural differences impinge on development work in economies undergoing transformation. Yugoslavia was the only Eastern block country included in Hofstede' s major analysis of national cultural differences. A small-scale replication of his study, based on four comparable business support organizations, two in the United Kingdom and two in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, first examines the extent to which the fundamental differences which he identified still hold true and then looks at the ways in which the Macedonian findings can be interpreted as a legacy of empires. The implications of the cultural gap in the sphere of cross-national development assistance are then explored through a management log.