Legacy Of Research Research Articles

Distracted Driving Among Trauma Patients Attending Fracture Clinics in Canada:The Canadian Multi-Centre Drivsafe Study

Background: Globally, every 25 seconds, a person dies in a road traffic incident and 58 people get injured. Unfortunately, distracted driving rates are rising. Compounding this is the growth of the number of cars in global circulation, estimated at 1.32 billion. This study examined the prevalence of distracted driving among orthopaedic fracture clinic patients, as well as associated factors. Method: In this large, multi-centre cross-sectional study, we recruited 1378 patients across four Canadian fracture clinics. Eligible patients completed an anonymous questionnaire about distracted driving. We calculated the prevalence of distracted driving and performed regression analyses to determine the association of demographics and distracting behaviours on crash risk. Findings: In total, 1358 (99.8%) patients self-reported distracted driving. Prevalent distractions included talking to passengers (98.7%), outer-vehicle distractions (95.5%), listening/adjusting radio (97.6%/93.8%), and daydreaming (61.2%). Of 1354 patients who acknowledged mobile phone distractions, 889 accepted phone calls and continued driving (65.6%), 675 (49.8%) read and 475 (35.1%) sent electronic messages. Of 113 drivers who sustained their injuries in a motor vehicle crash (MVC), 20 (17.7%) acknowledged being distracted. Out of 729 patients who reported being the driver in a previous MVC in their lifetime, 226 (31.1%) confirmed being distracted at the time. Interpretation: Driving distractions during a lifetime were near universally acknowledged. In MVCs, one in six patients reported being distracted in their current crash, and one in three patients disclosed being distracted in an MVC during their lifetime. Funding Information: Canadian Orthopaedic Research Legacy Grant, Physicians' Services Incorporated Foundation, Regional Medical Associates. Declaration of Interests: None. Ethics Approval Statement: The methods centre received approval from the McMaster/Hamilton Health Sciences research ethics board (reference REB #15-334), and each local research ethics board.

Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Former Smokers.

Former smokers remain at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases compared to never smokers, but have lower risk than current smokers. We therefore hypothesized that former smokers would have an ideal cardiovascular health phenotype that was intermediate between current and never smokers. Differences in ideal cardiovascular health between never (n = 1025), former (n = 428), and current (n = 108) smokers were evaluated in the My Research Legacy study, which collected cardiovascular health data from the Life’s Simple 7 survey and digital health devices. Former smokers had a higher burden of prevalent cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia compared to current and never smokers (all p < 0.01). Former smokers’ Life’s Simple 7 Health Scores, a measure of ideal cardiovascular health, were intermediate between current and never smokers (4.9 ± 1.3 vs. 6.3 ± 1.5 vs. 7.0 ± 1.4, p < 0.01). As former smokers shared similarities with both current and never smokers, we performed a cluster analysis, which identified two phenogroups of former smokers. The phenogroups differed significantly across all 7 cardiovascular health and behavior categories (all p < 0.01). These findings suggest that former smokers are a heterogeneous group and increased attention to cardiovascular health factors and behaviors is warranted to achieve ideal cardiovascular health.

Images of Sakhalin in the research legacy of B.O. Pilsudsky (based on materials of the Far-Eastern archives)

In modern anthropology, researchers pay increasing attention to photographic data as a category of histori-cal/ethnographic documents. This article is based on visual and anthropological materials of Bronislaw Pilsudsky (1866–1918), a renowned researcher of Sakhalin ethnic groups, collected by the authors from the archives and museums in the Far East during the expedition in June — August 2019. The study is focused on Pilsudsky’s pho-tographic and manuscript collections on the thnography of the Nivkhs reposited in holdings of the Sakhalin Re-gional Museum (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) and the Society for Research on the Amur Region (Vladivostok). Many of these photographic documents, being unique evidence of the evolution of the material and spiritual culture of the indigenous people of Sakhalin at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, are introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time. The photographic materials are analyzed from the historical and anthropological perspectives, in conjunction with the published papers and archival manuscripts of the scientist (in particular, “Wants and needs of the Sakhalin Gilyaks”). Correlation of the textual and visual materials shows that B. Pilsudsky represented Sakhalin in a series of images: the island of native dwellers (traditional lifestyle of the Gilyaks) — the island of convicts (colonization of the territory, involuntary-settlement community) — the island of autonomies (cultural and economic zoning). In the course of his studies, B. Pilsudsky used concurrently textual description of the impressions and their photographic cap-ture. The key feature of the scientific work of B. Pilsudsky of this period was the absence of a “metric” perspective — he photographed his characters in their natural habitat, in their daily routine. The conclusion is drawn on the archive photo-graphs as multi-layered visual-anthropological documents on their time, which under a proper critical research perspec-tive constitute valuable historical sources of scientific interest for studies in a wide range of the humanities.

Obesity and Ideal Cardiovascular Health: Results from the My Research Legacy Study

Obesity is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases compared to normal-weight and overweight status. We hypothesized that obese subjects would have lower ideal cardiovascular health than normal-weight and overweight subjects, but a subset among the obese would have a favorable cardiovascular health profile. Differences in ideal cardiovascular health between normal-weight (n = 523), overweight (n = 378), and obese (n = 660) subjects were examined using data from the Life’s Simple 7 survey and digital health devices. Obese participants were more likely to have prevalent cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia compared to normal weight and overweight (all p &lt; 0.01). Life’s Simple 7 Health Scores, a measure of ideal cardiovascular health, were lower in obese than in normal-weight and overweight groups (5.6 ± 1.2 vs. 8.0 ± 1.1 vs. 6.8 ± 1.1, p &lt; 0.01). A subset of obese with ideal cardiovascular health scores was identified (n = 103). Compared to obese with non-ideal health scores (n = 557), these individuals were more likely to have ideal cardiovascular risk factor status, diet, and exercise profiles. These findings indicate that there is heterogeneity among obese persons and suggest that an assessment of cardiovascular health factors and behaviors can identify areas for intervention beyond weight reduction alone to optimize cardiovascular health.

Then and now: the legacy and future of attachment research

ABSTRACT Attachment theory rescued psychology from the choice between an untestable psychoanalytic, drive reduction theory and behaviorist positions that were incapable of accounting for development. Theory and research on attachment over the last 5 decades advanced knowledge on vital topics such as the emergence of the self, emotion regulation, resilience, and mental representations. The success of the theory led to broad applications both within and outside of academia. Now is a useful time to appraise this body of work and to consider future directions. The book, “Cornerstones,” and the two target articles in this special issue provide an important start to this process, suggesting a number of potentially fruitful directions. Some of the challenges associated with these suggestions are addressed in this commentary.

Exploring the Seasonal Drivers of Varicella Zoster Virus Transmission and Reactivation.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles. The biological mechanisms underpinning the multidecadal latency of VZV in the body and subsequent viral reactivation-which occurs in approximately 30% of individuals-are largely unknown. Because chickenpox and shingles are endemic worldwide, understanding the relationship between VZV transmission and reactivation is important for informing disease treatment and control. While chickenpox is a vaccine-preventable childhood disease with a rich legacy of research, shingles is not a notifiable disease in most countries. To date, population-level studies of shingles have had to rely on small-scale hospital or community-level data sets. Here, we examined chickenpox and shingles notifications from Thailand and found strong seasonal incidence in both diseases, with a 3-month lag between peak chickenpox transmission season and peak shingles reactivation. We tested and fitted 14 mathematical models examining the biological drivers of chickenpox and shingles over an 8-year period to estimate rates of VZV transmission, reactivation, and immunity-boosting, wherein reexposure to VZV boosts VZV-specific immunity to reinforce protection against shingles. The models suggested that the seasonal cycles of chickenpox and shingles have different underlying mechanisms, with ambient levels of ultraviolet radiation being correlated with shingles reactivation.

Data from Digital Health Devices Informs Ideal Cardiovascular Health.

Ideal cardiovascular health is associated with a decrease in adverse cardiovascular events. The My Research Legacy study examined ideal cardiovascular health using the Life’s Simple 7 survey and data from digital health devices. We hypothesized that digital devices provide a more objective view of overall cardiovascular health status than self-reported measures. Therefore, we analyzed weight and activity data recorded by digital devices to recalculate the Life’s Simple 7 Health Score. All study participants (n = 1561) answered the survey, while a subgroup (n = 390) provided data from digital devices. Individuals with digital devices had a lower body mass index (BMI) and higher weekly minutes of vigorous exercise than participants without digital devices (p < 0.01). Baseline Health Scores were higher in individuals with digital devices compared to those without (7.0 ± 1.6 vs. 6.6 ± 1.6, p < 0.01). Data from digital devices reveal both increases and decreases in measured vs. self-reported BMI (p < 0.04) and weekly minutes of moderate and vigorous exercise activity (p < 0.01). Using these data, a significant difference was found between the recalculated and the self-reported Life’s Simple 7 Health Score (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that incorporation of digital health devices should be considered as part of a precision medicinal approach to assessing ideal cardiovascular health.

Disclosure of information on increasing and decreasing the balance of reserves in financial statements by companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

The purpose of this paper is to verify whether companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange disclose less information about reserves in their financial statements in case of a reduction in reserves than in case of an increase in reserves. It has been hypothesized that in the case of a reduction in reserves balance, disclosures are less detailed than in the case of an increase in them. This hypothesis was verified through an analysis of information reported in the financial statements of 148 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange for the years 2007–2014: in total, the analyzed data comes from 1184 financial statements. Within the research, a three-step index of disclosures detail of the two leading reserve categories is constructed and followed with a comparison of the values of disclosure indexes and the fact that reserves were reduced and increased. The research methodology included literature studies and empirical studies using the author’s index of disclosure detail and statistical testing. The conducted research extends the cognitive legacy of mainstream research into the quality of financial statements disclosures and in the principal-agent problem.

Watershed studies at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Building on a long legacy of research with new approaches and sources of data

AbstractThe Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) was established in 1955 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service out of concerns about the effects of logging increasing flooding and erosion. To address this issue, within the HBEF hydrological and micrometeorological monitoring was initiated in small watersheds designated for harvesting experiments. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES) originated in 1963, with the idea of using the small watershed approach to study element fluxes and cycling and the response of forest ecosystems to disturbances, such as forest management practices and air pollution. Early evidence of acid rain was documented at the HBEF and research by scientists at the site helped shape acid rain mitigation policies. New lines of investigation at the HBEF have built on the long legacy of watershed research resulting in a shift from comparing inputs and outputs and quantifying pools and fluxes to a more mechanistic understanding of ecosystem processes within watersheds. For example, hydropedological studies have shed light on linkages between hydrologic flow paths and soil development that provide valuable perspective for managing forests and understanding stream water quality. New high frequency in situ stream chemistry sensors are providing insights about extreme events and diurnal patterns that were indiscernible with traditional weekly sampling. Additionally, tools are being developed for visual and auditory data exploration and discovery by a broad audience. Given the unprecedented environmental change that is occurring, data from the small watersheds at the HBEF are more relevant now than ever and will continue to serve as a basis for sound environmental decision‐making.

Professor Robert D. Gillard: Transition Metal Chemist 1936–2013: Part II

The second part of this commemoration covers the final stage of Robert Gillard’s career as Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Cardiff University and his time in retirement. At Cardiff he built on earlier work while extending his scientific interests still further into mineralogical and archaeological chemistry, and even into forensic dentistry. Coordination chemistry research continued and included the polysulfide S5 chain as a bidentate ligand in the all-inorganic cyclic PtS5 unit and the rhodium(III) complex [Rh(S5)3]3–. His penchant for discussion led him into several controversies, particularly over his ‘covalent hydration’ hypothesis of coordinated nitrogen-carbon double bonds in metal complexes which included those with platinum and 2,2’-bipyridine. He travelled widely attending international conferences and giving lectures. Research collaborations continued throughout his time at Cardiff and in particular he had many strong links with Portugal, both with colleagues there and as supervisor of Portuguese higher degree students at Cardiff. His years in retirement were spent in finalising his research legacy, in continuing to read historical literature, both chemical and otherwise, and in following his musical interests that had included many years singing in the Cwmbach Male Voice Choir.

Role of ranganathan's legacy in LIS education and research in India

The Department of Library & Information Science started at the initiative of S.R. Ranganathan was the first school in the country to offer Master's and PhD programmes in Library Science. This study explores the role of professionals graduating from the LIS Department of the University of Delhi in LIS education and research, an attempt has been made to present a state-wise picture of the pioneering role played by the alumni of the Department. The study finds that sixteen prominent LIS departments were setup in the country by the alumni of Delhi University.

Legacy in Collaborative Research: Reflections on a Community Research Project

This article reflects on the legacy of a collaborative community research project which explored loneliness amongst older people. Six years after completing the original research, the authors reviewed their learning from the project to consider how impactful legacy can be developed and supported in community/university research partnerships. Three key features are identified within the article. First the importance of talking about legacy from the start of a project. Second, genuine ownership of a project is a gradual and deliberate process, and third, time continuity and funding are needed to support legacy. The authors suggest that a deliberately planned process empowered collaborators to actively engage with and use the research findings to develop interventions and support change in the community.

An Indigenous Research Methodology That Employs Anishinaabek Elders, Language Speakers and Women’s Knowledge for Sustainable Water Governance

Indigenous research paradigms are congruent to Indigenous worldviews and have become more dominant in areas such as Indigenous policy and education. As Indigenous research paradigms continue to gain momentum, the historical legacy of unethical research is addressed as more Indigenous communities and organizations develop their own research protocols. There is a plethora of articles explaining Indigenous research methodologies, but few examine the inclusion of the knowledge from Elders, language speakers, and Indigenous women in sustainable water governance. My Indigenous research methodology draws on the works of Indigenous scholars Shawn Wilson, Linda Smith, and Margaret Kovach, with specific focus on Wendy Geniusz’s Biskaabiiyang. My Indigenous research methodology is specific to the Anishinaabe territory of the Great Lakes region and includes Anishinaabek Elders, Anishinaabemowin (Ojibway language) speakers, and Anishinaabek women. This article seeks to contribute to Indigenous research paradigms and methods by elucidating the importance of engaging Anishinaabek Elders, Anishinaabemowin speakers, and Anishinaabek women in sustainable water governance.

Geoffrey Burnstock – An accidental pharmacologist

Geoffrey Burnstock, the founder of the field of purinergic signaling research passed away in Melbourne, Australia on June 3rd, 2020, at the age of 91. With his death, the world of biomedical research lost one of its most passionate, creative and unconventional thought leaders. He was an inspiration to the many researchers he interacted with for more than 50 years and a frequent irritation to those in the administrative establishment. Geoff never considered himself a pharmacologist having being trained as a zoologist and becoming an autonomic neurophysiologist based on his evolving interests in systems and disease-related research. By the end of his life he had: published some 1550 papers; been cited more than 125,000 times; had an h-index of 156 and had supervised over 100 Ph.D. students. His indelible legacy, based on a holistic, data-based, multidisciplinary, unconventional “outside the box” approach to research was reflected in two of the seminal findings in late 20th century biomedical research: the purinergic neurotransmitter hypothesis and the concept of co-neurotransmission, both of which were initially received by his peers with considerable skepticism that at times verged on disdain. Nonetheless, while raising hackles and threatening the status quo, Geoff persevered and prevailed, becoming a mentor for several generations of biomedical researchers. In this review we provide a joint perspective on Geoff Burnstock’s legacy in research.

Collaborative Robotics: A Survey

AbstractCollaborative robotics is an umbrella term that conveys the general idea of proximity between machines and humans for some useful tasks in a shared space, with a range of options for timing (continuously, synchronously, alternately, etc.). While this type of human robot interaction is fairly common in many fields of robotics, this survey is dedicated to the technology and situations that are typical of industrial applications. The current state-of-the-art in collaborative robotics for industrial applications is the result of a long legacy of research and development in actuation principles and mechanisms from 2000s onward, together with an abundant literature about improving control performances, intuitive interaction modes, and perception with sensors. Safety technology and standardization is discussed according to the principles of risk estimation and the typical strategies for risk reduction that are suitable for different classes of robot systems are used in collaborative applications. The organization of applications (planning, role assignment, optimization of resources) has a major impact on both the quality and the safety of collaborative robotics solutions, with most of the literature focused on investigating those performance metrics that combine human factors and production figures. The survey is intended to delineate an interpretation key for the design of collaborative robotics solution that explains the relationship among all relevant factors: actuation, control, safety, physical interaction, usability, and productivity.

Understanding the link between solid/liquid interfaces and photoelectrochemical activity in novel thin-film photoanodes of preferentially oriented high-index rutile TiO2 facets – A work inspired by Michel Che’s research on surface chemistry

This work presents the first report of the deposition of a preferentially oriented film of rutile TiO2 exposing high-index facets. Control of the Cl–/F– mol ratio during the hydrolysis of TiCl4 enabled the deposition of different facets of rutile TiO2 on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. When ranking films of varying facet composition and orientation, the high-index faceted film was found to have a higher activity photoelectrochemical activity towards water oxidation in spite of its low surface energy, as determined by Raman spectroscopy. Complementary photoelectrochemical studies and electron microscopy revealed the higher activity to originate from both the interaction at the electrode/electrolyte interface and the presence of active sites such as coincidence lattice sites in twin boundaries. This work, inspired by the research legacy of Michel Che, highlights the importance of surface chemistry and the presence of active sites in catalytic materials and showcases the coupling of different characterisation techniques to elucidate the mechanism governing the photoelectrochemical behaviour of supported metal oxides.

Book Review: Contemporary Language Motivation Theory – 60 Years Since Gardner and Lambert (1959) by Ali H. Al-Hoorie and Peter D. MacIntyre

Whether it is a truism or a cliché, we stand on the shoulders of giants. Professor Robert Gardner is certainly one of them. The year 2019 marked 60 years since the publication of his seminal paper, Motivational Variables in Second Language Acquisition, written together with Wallace E. Lambert and published in the Canadian Journal of Psychology in 1959. The paper is widely acknowledged as the beginning of L2 motivation research, and to borrow Dörnyei’s words introducing this anthology, “[it] is not only important because it was a historical milestone and offered fertile ground in which subsequent research could grow, but also because it is still relevant” (Dörnyei, 2020, p. xxi). Having Dörnyei’s blessing, and with the caliber of contributors in this anthology, the relevance of Gardner’s legacy of research is without question. In this festschrift, editors Ali H. Al-Hoorie and Peter D. MacIntyre bring together twenty-six scholars in the fields of applied linguistics, social psychology, and sociology to honor the career and research contributions of Robert Gardner. Each contribution connects to, develops, and builds upon the ideas of Gardner and Lambert, and links them to current trends and developments related to contemporary language motivation research. Thus, this collection of papers will delight and catch the attention of a wide readership from graduate students to practitioners to established researchers alike.

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biomes: multi scale governance for Implementing enhanced socio-biodiversity chains

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP), contribute to the livelihoods of over 6 million people in Amazon and over 4 million people in the Cerrado biomes. Here we explored data on the socio-ecology of extractivist landscapes at the biome scale in Amazonia and Cerrado in Brazil. We found that there are market chains for 45 and 58 NTFPs in Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado, respectively. Although there is a vast repertoire of empirical data for characterizing sociobiodiversity in Brazil this body of literature is mostly case-study driven, focusing on a very limited number of products and using different methodological approaches. Therefore, although there is a robust research legacy meaningful comparisons are very challenging. So far we have a fragmented view of vegetal extractivist dynamics at the biome scale. Our work contributes to upscale from the socioecology of individual NTFP to the biome scale encompassing a variety of products and its associated livelihoods.

Regulating European Philanthropy: Lessons from the Scholarly Legacy of Evelyn Brody

AbstractThroughout her long and distinguished academic career, spanning more than three decades, as a Professor of Law at Chicago-Kent University, Evelyn Brody’s work has interrogated three broad themes that underpin and drive charity law – the tax treatment of charities; the governance framework applicable to charities, its application, monitoring and enforcement; and the evolution of charitable structures over time, whether from an economic convergence perspective, a constitutional right of association perspective or from a public/private benefit perspective. This article reviews Brody’s contribution in these key areas. It explores the resonance of her work outside of the United States and its relevance for EU non-profit scholars before looking to Brody’s research legacy for future nonprofit scholars on both sides of the Atlantic.

New Technology, Work and Employment in the era of COVID-19: reflecting on legacies of research.

The outbreak of COVID‐19 is having a drastic impact on work and employment. This review piece outlines the relevance of existing research into new technology, work and employment in the era of COVID‐19. It is important to be retrospective and undertake both a historically and theoretically informed position on the impact of new technologies in the current crisis and beyond. Issues of control, surveillance and resistance have been central to work on the impact of technology on work and employment and these themes have been identified as central to the experience of work in the current crisis.