Legacy Electronic Health Record Research Articles

Shifting Culture Toward Age-Friendly Care: Lessons From VHA Early Adopters.

The need for a health care workforce with expanded skills in the care of older adults is increasingly evident as the US population ages. The evidence-based Age-Friendly Health Systems (AFHS) framework establishes a structure to reliably assess and deliver effective care of older adults with multiple chronic conditions: what matters, medication, mentation, and mobility (4Ms). Half of veterans receiving Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care are aged ≥ 65 years, driving its transformation into the largest AFHS in the US. In this article, we offer lessons on the challenges to AFHS delivery and suggest opportunities to sustaining age-friendly care. Within 3 months of implementation, 85% to 100% of patients received 4M care in all care settings at our VA facilities. Key lessons learned include the importance of identifying, preparing, and supporting a champion to lead this effort; garnering facility and system leadership support at the outset; and integration with the electronic health record (EHR) for reliable and efficient data capture, reporting, and feedback. Although the goal is to establish AFHS in all care settings, we believe that initially including a geriatrics-focused care setting helped early adoption of 4Ms care in the sites described here. Early adopters at 2 VHA health care systems demonstrated successful AFHS implementation spanning different VHA facilities and care settings. Successful growth and sustainability may require leveraging the EHR to reduce documentation burden, increase standardization in care, and automate feedback, tracking, and reporting. A coordinated effort is underway to integrate AFHS into VHA documentation, performance evaluation, and metrics in both the legacy and new Cerner EHRs.

Reducing Inappropriate Outpatient Medication Prescribing in Older Adults across Electronic Health Record Systems

The American Geriatrics Society recommends against the use of certain potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in older adults. Prescribing of these medications correlates with higher rates of hospital readmissions, morbidity, and mortality. Vanderbilt University Medical Center previously deployed clinical decision support (CDS) to decrease PIM prescribing rates, but recently transitioned to a new electronic health record (EHR). The goal of this study was to evaluate PIM prescribing rates for older adults before and after migration to the new EHR system. We reviewed prescribing rates of PIMs in adults 65 years and older, normalized per 100 total prescriptions from the legacy and new EHR systems between July 1, 2014 and December 31, 2019. The PIM prescribing rates before and after EHR migration during November 2017 were compared using a U-chart and Poisson regression model. Secondary analysis descriptively evaluated the frequency of prescriber acceptance rates in the new EHR. Prescribing rates of PIMs decreased 5.2% (13.5 per 100 prescriptions to 12.8 per 100 prescriptions; p < 0.0001) corresponding to the implementation of alternatives CDS in the legacy EHR. After migration of the alternative CDS from the legacy to the new EHR system, PIM prescribing rates dropped an additional 18.8% (10.4 per 100 prescriptions; p < 0.0001). Acceptance rates of the alternative recommendations for PIMs was low overall at 11.1%. The prescribing rate of PIMs in adults aged 65 years and older was successfully decreased with the implementation of prescribing CDS. This decrease was not only maintained but strengthened by the transition to a new EHR system.

Communication failure: analysis of prescribers' use of an internal free-text field on electronic prescriptions.

Electronic prescribing promises to improve the safety and clarity of prescriptions. However, it also can introduce miscommunication between prescribers and pharmacists. There are situations where information that is meant to be sent to pharmacists is not sent to them, which has the potential for dangerous errors. To examine how frequently prescribers or administrative personnel put information intended for pharmacists in a field not sent to pharmacists, classify the type of information included, and assess the potential harm associated with these missed messages. Medication record data from our legacy electronic health record were requested for ambulatory care patients seen at an academic medical center from January 1, 2000, to May 31, 2015 (20 123 881 records). From this database, 6 060 272 medication orders met our inclusion criteria. We analyzed a random sample of 10 000 medication orders with internal comments. Reviewers classified internal comments for intent. Comments intended for pharmacists were also sorted into descriptive categories and analyzed for the potential for patient harm. We found that 11.7% of the prescriptions in our sample contained comments that were intended to be sent to pharmacists. Many comments contained information about the dose, route, or duration of the prescription (38.0%). Approximately a third of the comments intended for pharmacists contained information that had the potential for significant or severe harm if not communicated. We found undelivered comments that were clearly intended for pharmacists and contained important information for either pharmacists or patients. This poses a legitimate safety concern, as a portion of comments contained information that could have prevented severe or significant harm.

Eliciting end-user expectations to guide the implementation process of a new electronic health record: A case study using concept mapping

ObjectiveTo evaluate the usability of concept mapping to elicit the expectations of healthcare professionals regarding the implementation of a new electronic health record (EHR). These expectations need to be taken into account during the implementation process to maximize the chance of success of the EHR. SettingTwo university hospitals in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in the preparation phase of jointly implementing a new EHR. During this study the hospitals had different methods of documenting patient information (legacy EHR vs. paper-based records). MethodConcept mapping was used to determine and classify the expectations of healthcare professionals regarding the implementation of a new EHR. A multidisciplinary group of 46 healthcare professionals from both university hospitals participated in this study. Expectations were elicited in focus groups, their relevance and feasibility were assessed through a web-questionnaire. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and clustering methods were used to identify clusters of expectations. ResultsWe found nine clusters of expectations, each covering an important topic to enable the healthcare professionals to work properly with the new EHR once implemented: usability, data use and reuse, facility conditions, data registration, support, training, internal communication, patients, and collaboration. Average importance and feasibility of each of the clusters was high. ConclusionConcept mapping is an effective method to find topics that, according to healthcare professionals, are important to consider during the implementation of a new EHR. The method helps to combine the input of a large group of stakeholders at limited efforts.

Towards plug-and-play integration of archetypes into legacy electronic health record systems: the ArchiMed experience

BackgroundThe dual model approach represents a promising solution for achieving semantically interoperable standardized electronic health record (EHR) exchange. Its acceptance, however, will depend on the effort required for integrating archetypes into legacy EHR systems.MethodsWe propose a corresponding approach that: (a) automatically generates entry forms in legacy EHR systems from archetypes; and (b) allows the immediate export of EHR documents that are recorded via the generated forms and stored in the EHR systems’ internal format as standardized and archetype-compliant EHR extracts. As a prerequisite for applying our approach, we define a set of basic requirements for the EHR systems.ResultsWe tested our approach with an EHR system called ArchiMed and were able to successfully integrate 15 archetypes from a test set of 27. For 12 archetypes, the form generation failed owing to a particular type of complex structure (multiple repeating subnodes), which was prescribed by the archetypes but not supported by ArchiMed’s data model.ConclusionsOur experiences show that archetypes should be customized based on the planned application scenario before their integration. This would allow problematic structures to be dissolved and irrelevant optional archetype nodes to be removed. For customization of archetypes, openEHR templates or specialized archetypes may be employed. Gaps in the data types or terminological features supported by an EHR system will often not preclude integration of the relevant archetypes. More work needs to be done on the usability of the generated forms.

Primary care provider perceptions and use of a novel medication reconciliation technology

Although medication reconciliation (MR) can reduce medication discrepancies, it is challenging to operationalise. Consequently, we developed a health information technology (HIT) to collect a patient medication history and make it available to the primary care (PC) provider. We deployed a self-service kiosk in a PC clinic that permits patients to indicate a medication adherence history. Patient responses are immediately viewable in the legacy electronic health record. This paper describes a survey developed to assess PC provider perceptions of our HIT and HIT implementation effectiveness. We developed and administered a survey to all PC providers to assess technology implementation effectiveness. The survey included scales measuring (1) user attitudes towards MR, (2) perceptions of our HIT and (3) the local organisational climate for implementation. We also assessed the consistency and quality of tool use. Nearly 90% of PC providers responded to the survey and 58% indicated that they were familiar with the technology and had seen the tool output. Most providers believed that MR represented an important safety intervention, although 43% did not believe that they had the necessary resources to manage discrepancies. Composite scale scores for the 58% of respondents familiar with the HIT indicate that the majority favoured our tool over usual care. However, composite scale scores suggest that the climate for implementation at our facility was suboptimal. Overall, the quality and consistency of tool use among providers was very heterogeneous. A patient self-service kiosk offers an efficient mechanism to collect a medication adherence history; provider survey responses indicate that they appreciated and used the MR kiosk output. Nonetheless, opportunities exist to improve data displays and embed decision support to facilitate discrepancy management.

Archetype-based conversion of EHR content models: pilot experience with a regional EHR system

BackgroundExchange of Electronic Health Record (EHR) data between systems from different suppliers is a major challenge. EHR communication based on archetype methodology has been developed by openEHR and CEN/ISO. The experience of using archetypes in deployed EHR systems is quite limited today. Currently deployed EHR systems with large user bases have their own proprietary way of representing clinical content using various models. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of representing EHR content models from a regional EHR system as openEHR archetypes and inversely to convert archetypes to the proprietary format.MethodsThe openEHR EHR Reference Model (RM) and Archetype Model (AM) specifications were used. The template model of the Cambio COSMIC, a regional EHR product from Sweden, was analyzed and compared to the openEHR RM and AM. This study was focused on the convertibility of the EHR semantic models. A semantic mapping between the openEHR RM/AM and the COSMIC template model was produced and used as the basis for developing prototype software that performs automated bi-directional conversion between openEHR archetypes and COSMIC templates.ResultsAutomated bi-directional conversion between openEHR archetype format and COSMIC template format has been achieved. Several archetypes from the openEHR Clinical Knowledge Repository have been imported into COSMIC, preserving most of the structural and terminology related constraints. COSMIC templates from a large regional installation were successfully converted into the openEHR archetype format. The conversion from the COSMIC templates into archetype format preserves nearly all structural and semantic definitions of the original content models. A strategy of gradually adding archetype support to legacy EHR systems was formulated in order to allow sharing of clinical content models defined using different formats.ConclusionThe openEHR RM and AM are expressive enough to represent the existing clinical content models from the template based EHR system tested and legacy content models can automatically be converted to archetype format for sharing of knowledge. With some limitations, internationally available archetypes could be converted to the legacy EHR models. Archetype support can be added to legacy EHR systems in an incremental way allowing a migration path to interoperability based on standards.