Kicking Leg Research Articles

택견 두름치기와 태권도 얼굴앞돌려차기의 생체역학적 비교

This study is to clarify similarities and differences between Dureumchiki at Taekkyon and Front-turing kick at Taekwondo by comparing kinematic variables of positions, kinetic variables of force components applied on the ground. For this, four subjects majoring in Taekwondo and another four specializing in Taekkyon were selected. Two force-plates (3,000Hz/s) and seven real-time infrared cameras (250Hz/s) were used. From these the following conclusions have been drawn after the analysis of the kinetic factors. At the take-off of the kicking leg from the ground, it took longer for Dureumchiki than for front-turning kick at Taekwondo due to the features of Gumsil Motion (springing up and down by bending and stretching knees) and kicks at Taekkyon which make opponents lose their balances by pushing. Furthermore the former showed larger displacement of the COG of the body at take-off position. Regarding the change to the movement of COG, the posture with low COG was seen at Taekkyon but the feature of big horizontal movements(y axis) from side to side(medial/lateral) was also observed. NJerk to foot segment and COG translation seen at bending-up situation of knees and stretching situation showed larger values at Taekkyon which have a significant difference from those at Taekwondo, which lead to the conclusion that the front-turing kick at Taekwondo had more efficiency than that of Taekkyon since the former come to have smaller change at the movements of segments and faster rotation-speed thanks to simpler movements than those at the latter. Kicking legs at both showed very similar force values, while the lateral force at Taekkyon was at work more than that at Taekwondo.

Acute responses of breathing techniques in maximal inspiratory pressure

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of three breathing techniques [normal breath (NB), breath holding (BH) and intermittent breath holding (IBH)] on finswimmers’ heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax). Ten young finswimmers (15.8 ± 0.5 years) performed 8 × 25 m freestyle leg kick trials under the three different breathing occasions (NB, BH and IBH). HR, SpO2 and PImax were recorded immediately after the end of each test. The results showed lower SpO2 values immediately after the end of IBH technique in correlation with the other breathing techniques (IBH: 88 ± 0.9%; BH: 93.3 ± 0.7%; NB: 98.3 ± 0.3%; p < 0.001). Additionally, HR was higher after IBH compared to the other breathing techniques (IBH: 177 ± 4.2 bpm−1; BH: 165.7 ± 7.9 bpm−1; NB: 158.3 ± 2.2 bpm−1, p < 0.001) and PImax was also higher after the IBH compared to the other two techniques (IBH: 168.3 ± 5.3 cmH2O; BH: 166 ± 11 cmH2O; NB: 161.7 ± 11.4 cmH2O; p < 0.05). The data from the present study support that BH and even more so IBH training acutely increase the inspiratory muscles strength. This is an important training tool to improve the inspiratory muscle performance in athletes.

Relationship Between Repeated Kicking Performance and Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Elite Junior Australian Football.

Joseph, J, Woods, C, and Joyce, C. Relationship between repeated kicking performance and maximal aerobic capacity in elite junior Australian football. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2294-2301, 2020-Australian football (AF) is a physically demanding game, requiring players to engage in a range of anaerobic activities interspersed with prolonged aerobic exercise. Coupled, players have to perform a range of technical skills, the most fundamental of which being to effectively kick (dispose) the ball. The aim of this study was to ascertain the extent to which aerobic capacity influenced kicking performance in AF. Twenty four elite U18 players competing in the same U18 competition performed the Australian football kicking (AFK) test 3 times with the Yo-Yo IR2 completed twice (between each AFK), with no rest between all 3 AFKs. Linear mixed models (LMMs) reported the extent to which kicking speed and accuracy scores were influenced by the level reached on the yo-yo IR2. Results indicated that players who recorded a higher level on the Yo-Yo IR2 produced a faster average kicking speed after each AFK (p < 0.01), whereas for all players, kicking speed was faster and more accurate on their dominant kicking leg regardless of score on the Yo-Yo IR2 (p < 0.01). The LMMs also reported that those who maintained kicking speeds after 2 Yo-Yo IR2 also had higher competition kicking efficiency than those who reported reduced kicking speeds. These results show that aerobically proficient U18 AF players who attain a relatively higher score on the Yo-Yo IR2 may be better equipped at preserving their kicking speed. Thus, coaches may wish to integrate both technical and aerobic drills in an attempt to preserve a player's capability to execute ball disposals with a high velocity.

Fatigue-related changes in technique emerge at different timescales during repetitive training

ABSTRACTTraining consisting of numerous repetitions performed as closely as possible to ideal techniques is common in sports and every-day tasks. Little is known about fatigue-related technique changes that emerge at different timescales when repeating complex actions such as a karate front kick. Accordingly, 15 karatekas performed 600 kicks (1 pre-block and 9 blocks). The pre-block comprised 6 kicks (3 with each leg) at maximum intensity (K-100%). Each block comprised 60 kicks (10 with each leg) at 80% of their self-perceived maximum intensity (K-80%) plus 6 K-100%. In between blocks, the participants rested for 90 seconds. Right leg kinematics (peak joint angles, peak joint angular velocities, peak joint linear resultant velocities, and time of occurrence of peaks) and kick duration corresponding to the K-80% were measured resulting in numerous variations with fatigue. At the timescale of tens of seconds, the changes involved variables that were related to velocity of execution (slowed down), while variables related to movement form were hardly affected. At the timescale of tens of minutes, the opposite results were observed. These findings challenge the long-standing rationale underlying repetitive training, suggesting instead that such involuntary variations in technique might play a crucial role in motor skill training

Does Intensive Soccer Playing During the Growth Period Lead to Leg Length Discrepancies?

Leg length discrepancies (LLD) are a common reason for podiatry consultations and can affect up to 90% of the overall population. Furthermore, it is widely recognized that intensive participation in certain sports can alter bone development. The aim of this study is to explore any possible relation between playing soccer and the appearance or evolution of LLD, by means of a retrospective study based on the analysis of case reports of patients followed for foot or plantar troubles. Case reports were selected in the archives of a podiatric clinic for the period between 2002 and 2016 among patients who declared regular to intensive soccer playing, aged 13 years or more. LLD was detected in the vast majority of cases (95 cases out of 104). Pearson correlation coefficients were computed and revealed a strong correlation between the laterality of the kicking limb and that of the shorter leg. The shorter limb was on the side of the kicking leg in 96% of the cases when considering the players who began practice before the age of 13, and only 53% of the cases for others. Intensive soccer playing at a young age may encourage the appearance and evolution of a real LLD.

Asymmetrical stabilization and mobilization exploited during static single leg stance and goal directed kicking

The motor control properties of the right and left legs are dependent on the stabilization and mobilization features of the motor tasks. The current investigation examined the right and left leg control differences – interlateral asymmetries – during static single leg stance and dynamic goal directed kicking with an emphasis of the asymmetrical stabilization and mobilization components of movements. Ten young, healthy, right-leg preferred individuals with minimal kicking experience completed both tests on each limb. During static single leg stance, participants were requested to stand as still as possible with one leg in contact with a force platform. Interlateral asymmetries of the standing leg were quantified using postural variability measures of the center of pressure (COP) standard deviation in the anterior-posterior (SD-COPAP) and medial-lateral (SD-COPML) directions, resultant COP length and velocity, and 95% COP elliptical area. During dynamic goal directed kicking, participants stood on two adjacent force platforms in a side-by-side foot position and kicked a soccer ball toward three different directions as soon as they received an auditory cue of kicking. Three targets were located −30°, 0° or 30° in front and 3.05 m away from the participants’ midline. Participants kicked the ball toward the targets with each of their feet. The vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) of the kicking leg was used to define the preparation (from above two standard deviations of vGRF baseline to toe-off) and swing (from toe-off to toe-return) phases of dynamic kicking. To determine the presence of interlateral asymmetries during dynamic kicking, the magnitude and timing of the anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) during the preparation phase of kicking were quantified using the lateral net COP (COPnet-ML) time series derived from both force platforms. Postural variability measures of the support leg and the kinematic joint range of motion (JROM) trajectories of the kicking leg were also used to examined interlateral asymmetries. During static stance, no between-leg significance was identified for all dependent measures of COP variability suggesting symmetrical stabilization. During the preparation phase of kicking, both right and left leg kicking exhibited a similar level of APA magnitude, although the left leg kicking was shown to reach its maximum APA magnitude earlier than the right leg. In the support leg role, the right leg showed greater COP variability in the ML direction as compared to the left support leg and greater COP variability was observed when kicking in the ipsilateral direction compared to the center and contralateral directions. For mobilization control, the left kicking leg showed greater JROM displacements at the distal (knee and ankle) joints and reduced JROM primarily with hip frontal plane movements compared to the right kicking leg. The reported interlateral asymmetries during kicking may reflect a behavioral adaptation that results in differential stabilization between the right and left legs. Overall, the findings suggest that novel tasks, such as dynamic goal directed kicking, appear to be more sensitive than static balance in identifying interlateral asymmetries.

SIDE- AND AGE-SPECIFIC POSTURAL ADAPTATIONS OF MALE ELITE JUNIOR SOCCER PLAYERS (UNDER 16, 17 & 19)

BackgroundPlaying soccer at professional level may induce functional and structural adaptations of the neuro-musculoskeletal system based on soccer specific movement coordination due to continuous asymmetrical loadings. This may predispose young...

A PREVIOUS HAMSTRING INJURY AFFECTS THE KICKING TECHNIQUE AND THIS IS INFLUENCED BY GENDER AND LIMB DOMINANCE

BackgroundAlthough the hamstring muscle group gets loaded during the kicking motion, the effect of a previous hamstring injury on the kicking skill has not been studied in detail.ObjectiveTo the study...

THE EFFECT OF FUNCTIONAL FATIGUE ON KNEE FORCE SENSE IN UNINJURED ADULT MALE FOOTBALL PLAYERS

BackgroundIntact proprioception (joint position sense (JPS), kinaesthesia, force sense (FS)) is critical for optimal neuromuscular control of knee functional joint stability. Fatigue is known to impair knee JPS and kinaesthesia,...

Commentary on "The Influence of Position on the Leg Movements and Kicks in Older Infants With Spina Bifida".

Commentary on "The Influence of Position on the Leg Movements and Kicks in Older Infants With Spina Bifida".

The Effects of Static Versus Dynamic Stretching on Average Power in the Young-Adult Athletic Population

Study design:Single-blind randomized study. Objectives:The purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of static and dynamic stretching in the young-adult athletic population in terms of average knee extensor and flexor muscle power. Background:Stretching prior to exercise is a common practice for many athletic persons, in which varying protocols frequently including static or dynamic stretches. Literature has shown deficits in muscle performance lasting up to one hour as a result of performing static stretching directly prior to activity; alternatively, dynamic stretching has been found to induce positive effects. Method:Forty young-adult athletes were systematically assigned to static or dynamic stretching groups and performed their respective quadriceps and hamstrings stretches according to their group assignment protocols. Pre-test and post-test measurements of hamstrings and quadriceps average power (Watts) at 60?/sec and 180?/sec were obtained using a Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Results:A mixed design ANOVA showed that there was a significant main effect for stretching type and time (pre-stretch, post-stretch) for dynamic stretching in knee flexor and extensor average power at 60?/sec (p 0.05). Conclusion:Dynamic stretching exercises in the form of straight leg kicks and butt kicks may increase quadriceps and hamstring muscle performance at “strength speed” in terms of average power and may be beneficial to young-adult athletes when performed prior to activity.

Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields alters the behaviour, physiology and stress protein levels of desert locusts

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are present throughout the modern world and are derived from many man-made sources including overhead transmission lines. The risks of extremely-low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields are particularly poorly understood especially at high field strengths as they are rarely encountered at ground level. Flying insects, however, can approach close to high field strength transmission lines prompting the question as to how these high levels of exposure affect behaviour and physiology. Here we utilise the accessible nervous system of the locust to ask how exposure to high levels of ELF EMF impact at multiple levels. We show that exposure to ELF EMFs above 4 mT leads to reduced walking. Moreover, intracellular recordings from an identified motor neuron, the fast extensor tibiae motor neuron, show increased spike latency and a broadening of its spike in exposed animals. In addition, hind leg kick force, produced by stimulating the extensor tibiae muscle, was reduced following exposure, while stress-protein levels (Hsp70) increased. Together these results suggest that ELF EMF exposure has the capacity to cause dramatic effects from behaviour to physiology and protein expression, and this study lays the foundation to explore the ecological significance of these effects in other flying insects.

Role of Vertical Jumps and Anthropometric Variables in Maximal Kicking Ball Velocities in Elite Soccer Players.

Kicking is one of the most important skills in soccer and the ability to achieve ma ximal kicking velocity with both legs leads to an advantage for the soccer player. This study examined the relationship be tween kicking ball velocity with both legs using anthropometric measurements and vertical jumps (a squat jump (SJ); a countermovement jump without (CMJ) and with the arm swing (CMJA) and a reactive jump (RJ)). Anthropome tric measurements did not correlate with kicking ball velocity. Vertical jumps correlated significantly with kicking ball velocity using the dominant leg only (r = .47, r = .58, r = .44, r = .51, for SJ, CMJ, CMJA and RJ, respectively) . Maximal kicking velocity with the dominant leg was significantly higher than with the non-dominant leg (t = 18.0 4, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that vertical jumps may be an optimal test to assess neuromuscular skills involved in kicking at maximal speed. Lack of the relationship between vertical jumps and kicking velocity with the non-dominant leg may reflect a difficulty to exhibit the neuromuscular skills during dominant leg kicking.

The Effects of Leg Kick on Swimming Speed and Arm-Stroke Efficiency in the Front Crawl.

To analyze the effects of swimming pace on the relative contribution of leg kick to swimming speed and to compare arm-stroke efficiency (ηF) assessed when swimming with the arms only (SAO) and while swimming front crawl (FCS) using individual and fixed adjustments to arm-stroke and leg-kick contribution to forward speed. Twenty-nine master swimmers (21 men, 8 women) performed SAO and FCS at 6 self-selected speeds from very slow to maximal. The average swimming speed (v), stroke frequency (SF), and stroke length (SL) were assessed in the central 10 m of the swimming pool. Then, a 2nd-order polynomial regression was used to obtain values of v at paired SF. The percentage difference in v between FCS and SAO, for each paired SF, was used to calculate the relative contributions of the arm stroke (AC) and leg kick (LC) to FCS. Then ηF was calculated using the indirect "paddle-wheel" approach in 3 different ways: using general, individual, and no adjustments to AC. The LC increased with SF (and speed) from -1% ± 4% to 11% ± 1% (P < .05). At the lower FCS speeds, ηF calculated using general adjustments was lower than ηF calculated using individual adjustments (P < .05), but differences disappear at the fastest speeds. Finally, ηF calculated using individual adjustments to LC in the FCS condition did not differ with ηF assessed in the SAO condition at all the investigated speeds. The relative contributions of the arm stroke and leg kick should be individually estimated to reduce errors when calculating arm-stroke efficiency at different speeds and in different swimmers.

Changes in kinematics and arm–leg coordination during a 100-m breaststroke swim

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare arm–leg coordination and kinematics during 100 m breaststroke in 26 (8 female; 18 male) specialist breaststroke swimmers. Laps were recorded using three 50-Hz underwater cameras. Heart rate and blood lactate were measured pre- and post-swim. Arm–leg coordination was defined using coordination phases describing continuity between recovery and propulsive phases of upper and lower limbs: coordination phase 1 (time between end of leg kick and start of the arm pull phases); and coordination phase 2 (time between end of arm pull and start of leg kick phases). Duration of stroke phases, coordination phases, swim velocity, stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and stroke index (SI) were analysed during the last three strokes of each lap that were unaffected by turning or finishing. Significant changes in velocity, SI and SL (P < 0.05) were found between laps. Both sexes showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in heart rate and blood lactate pre- to post-swim. Males had significantly (P < 0.01) faster swim velocities resulting from longer SLs (P = 0.016) with no difference in SR (P = 0.064). Sex differences in kinematic parameters can be explained by anthropometric differences providing males with increased propelling efficiency.

Groin Pain and Muscular Imbalance of Quadriceps and Hamstrings in an Elite Soccer Player – A Case Study

Soccer and football players are exposed to a high risk of groin pain. In some cases, the pubic symphysis is the origin of the problems.This article presents a case report of a young elite soccer player who, over a period of two years, suffered from pain in the groin and symphysis area. The right leg was the kicking leg. Imaging techniques did not reveal pathological findings. Sports hernia, osteomyelitis, enthesopathy, adductor tendonitis, and muscle sprains, as well as rheumatic or urogenital disorders were excluded.A 3 D posture analysis was performed to examine the statics of the body and pelvis. The maximum isometric strength of the left and right leg adductors and abductors, as well as the knee flexors and extensors were measured.We found a muscular imbalance resulting from the type of sport the athlete engaged in with an unfavourable ratio between the right knee extensor and flexor muscles. Comparing sides, an imbalance was also identified between the right and left knee extensor. This imbalance resulted in a one-sided forward tilt of the right hemi-pelvis. This pelvic torsion may lead to an increase in shear forces in the pubic symphysis, which we suspected to be the reason for the recurring problems.After three months of specific training exercises, the pelvic position was harmonised and the muscular imbalances were significantly reduced. Even 6 months after completion of the specific training exercises, the player remained without complaints despite his unvaried soccer training intensity.Causal treatment of functional pain in the groin or symphysis area should take into account the ipsilateral and contralateral strength ratios of the knee extensors and flexors as well as the three-dimensional position of the pelvis.

Neuromuscular performance of Bandal Chagui: Comparison of subelite and elite taekwondo athletes

With the aim of comparing kinematic and neuromuscular parameters of Bandal Chagui kicks between 7 elite and 7 subelite taekwondo athletes, nine Bandal Chaguis were performed at maximal effort in a selective reaction time design, simulating the frequency of kicks observed in taekwondo competitions. Linear and angular leg velocities were recorded through 3D motion capture system. Ground reaction forces (GRF) were evaluated by a force platform, and surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals were evaluated in the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, tensor fasciae lata, adductor magnus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gastrocnemius lateralis muscles of the kicking leg. sEMG data were processed to obtain the cocontraction indices (CI) of antagonist vs. overall (agonist and antagonist) muscle activity. CI was measured for the hip and knee, in flexion and extension, and for hip abduction. Premotor, reaction (kinetic and kinematic), and kicking times were evaluated. Timing parameters, except kinetic reaction time, were faster in elite athletes. Furthermore, CI and angular velocity during knee extension, foot and knee linear velocity, and horizontal GRF were significantly higher in elite than in subelite athletes. In conclusion, selected biomechanical parameters of Bandal Chagui appear to be useful in controlling the training status of the kick and in orienting the training goal of black belt competitors.

Field Position In Soccer Influencing Maladaptative Effect In Morphological And Body Composition Variables

Soccer players are divided into six field positions, and players in side positions (fullbacks, wide midfielders) often demonstrate distinct kicking leg preference in actions such as crossing and long distance passing. These preferences can lead to strength and morphological asymmetries (MA) which can result in large changes in myodynamic characteristics of the muscles, particularly in the preferred (kicking) leg. PURPOSE: To compare anthropometric parameters and body composition (BC), and to identify MAs in relation to field position (FP) in elite soccer players. METHODS: The monitored players (n = 104, age 18.2 ± 0.6 yrs) of the highest Czech league (U19) were divided according to FP into: goalkeepers (GK), fullbacks (FB), central defenders (CD), wide midfielders (WM), central midfielders (CM), and attackers (AT), and were tested using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. The following parameters were observed: Body Height (BH), Body Mass (BM), Lean Body Mass (LBM), relative Lean Body Mass (LBMr), percentage of Fat Mass (FM), the ratio Extra to Body Cell Mass (ECM/BCM), as well as segmental proportion of muscle mass in upper extremities, trunk, lower extremities and percentage differences between the upper extremities (ΔUE) and lower extremities (ΔLE). RESULTS: Multilevel analysis of variance revealed significant differences in means of the selected variables between the FPs (F(65.410) = 2.06, λ = .26, p < .01, η2 = .23). The criterion of “field position” had a significant effect on all screened variables apart from ECM/BCM, FM, LBMr, and ΔUE (p > .05). FBs and WMs are significantly smaller and lighter in comparison to other FPs (p < .01). We detected significant differences in ΔLE with respect to FPs (F(5.98) = 6.53, p < .01, η2 = .25). Significant differences were also found in FBs (3.54 ± 1.20 %) and WMs (3.58 ± 1.39 %) in comparison to CDs (2.19 ± 1.11 %), ATs (2.04 ± 1.62 %) and GKs (1.14 ± 0.96 %). CONCLUSION: Research has shown differences between anthropometric indicators and body composition parameters in players on the basis of division according to their FPs. Maladaptive effects in terms of different segmental muscle mass proportion between the preferred and non-preferred leg may represent a potential risk of a player’s injury, especially for FBs and WMs. Supported by PRVOUK P38.

Bilateral Fiber Type And Performance Differences In The Leg Muscles Of Resistance Trained Men

Structural and functional asymmetries exist between limbs. Previous research on cadavers and sedentary individuals indicates a possible link between these asymmetries and muscle fiber type composition. However, no study has utilized the highly accurate method of single fiber sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), nor addressed the question in exercise-trained humans. PURPOSE: Investigate differences in leg dominance and fiber type composition of the left and right vastus lateralis (VL) of resistance-trained men. METHODS: Five resistance-trained men (age=23.5±3.4yrs; height=180.2±8.7cm; mass=82.9±12.2kg) volunteered to undergo whole-muscle performance testing and muscle biopsies (at the identical location) of their left and right VL. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition (MHC I, I/IIA, IIA, IIA/IIX, IIX, I/IIA/IIX) of 141.9±36.2 isolated muscle fibers (per leg) was determined via SDS-PAGE. RESULTS: Paired sample T-tests revealed a significantly higher percentage of MHC I fibers in the right leg compared to the left leg (right=33.4±9.7% vs. left=25.0±14.3%). Four participants displayed no difference in MHC IIA distribution between the left and right VL. However, two participants showed a ≥13% difference in MHC I distribution, with one of the two also showing a 12% difference in MHC IIA/IIX (hybrid) fibers. Split file paired sample T-test revealed a significantly higher percentage of MHC I fibers in the dominant leg when dominance was identified as “Which leg do you prefer to kick a ball with?” All participants identified as right leg dominant while kicking. CONCLUSION: These observations indicate some individuals possess substantial differences in muscle fiber type composition between their left and right VL, yet others do not. This could be related to the amount of time each participant spends performing unilateral or bilateral physical activities. It is difficult to interpret the relationship between MHC I percentage and dominant kicking leg as all participants answered the question uniformly (right leg). Our findings may have important bearing on studies that use biopsies from the left and right VL interchangeably.

Performance Asymmetry in the Star Excursion Balance Test

The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is a common assessment used by clinicians to evaluate dynamic postural control. The SEBT incorporates aspects of strength, flexibility, and neuromuscular control. It often used to predict individuals at risk of certain lower extremity injury and to track rehabilitation progress. However, to better evaluate performance in clinical populations or identify injury risk, it is necessary to understand bi-lateral asymmetry in the SEBT in a healthy population. PUPROSE: To determine bi-lateral asymmetry in SEBT reach distances in healthy college aged individuals. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy male and female college aged students (Age: 19.8 ± 1.0 yrs, Ht: 171.4 ± 12.3 cm, Mass: 78.7 ± 22.6 kg) performed 3 practice and 3 successful trials for the three directions of the SEBT: anterior (ANT), posterior-medial (PM), and posterior-lateral (PL) on their dominate (D) and non-dominate (ND) legs. Successful trials were defined as trials for which the subject, while performing their maximal reach, kept hands on hips, the balancing foot flat, and maintained static balance for 3 seconds after returning to the start position. The dominate leg was defined as their preferred kicking leg. Reach distance was recorded to the nearest cm. A 3 trial mean was calculated for each subject, each distance, and each leg and used in all subsequent analyses. Bi-lateral asymmetries were evaluated using Bland-Altman Limits of Agreement analyses with 95% confidence intervals around the mean asymmetry. RESULTS: The anterior reach demonstrated the lowest mean asymmetry of the three reach distances but the greatest asymmetry variability (0.9 ± 4.3 cm) with a potential 7.6 to -9.4 cm asymmetry based on the 95% confidence intervals. The PM and PL demonstrated larger asymmetries (PM: 4.3 ± 2. 9cm, P: 3.6 ± 2.2 cm) with 1.3 to -10.0 cm and 7.9 to -0.8 cm asymmetries, respectively. Based on the LoA analysis, the PM asymmetry appeared to favor the dominant limb while the PL favored the non-dominant. CONCLUSION: Healthy college aged adults exhibited bi-lateral asymmetries during the SEBT when performing posterior reaches. These asymmetries appear to be limb dependent. Understanding asymmetries in healthy populations could lead to improved utilization of SEBT in clinical assessment.