Kicking Leg Research Articles

Effects of administering local anesthesia immediately before surgical castration on indicators of pain and discomfort of beef calves

Abstract Forty Hereford cross calves (mean and SD of 47.9 ± 10.43 d old) were used to assess the efficacy of lidocaine administered immediately before surgical castration on physiological and behavioral indicators of pain and discomfort. Calves were assigned by age to one of two treatments: surgical castration following subcutaneous injection of 2.5 mL/100 kg body weight of meloxicam (Metacam 20 mg/mL, Boehringer Ingelhein, Burlington, ON, Canada) per kg body weight (MEX, n=19); or the same treatment preceded 90 s before by a nerve block of the spermatic cord using 8 mL of buffered (1 mL:10 mL of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate USP, Hospira Inc., Lake Forest, IL, USA) lidocaine (4 mL per cord; 20 mg/mL, LIDO-2 with epinephrine, Rafter Products, Calgary, AB, Canada) (LID, n=21). During the castration procedure, two observers scored how much pain each animal was experiencing (visual analog score, VAS), number of body shakes and leg kicks for each calf. Blood samples and exit scores were collected the day of castration and on d 7, and 14 to assess the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (N:L) and calf temperament, respectively. Hair samples were collected the day of castration and on d 14 to determine cortisol levels. Scrotal circumference, swelling, and healing scores were determined on d 7 and 14 to assess healing. An accelerometer (HOBO Pendant® G Data Logger, Onset, Cape Cod, MA) was placed on the left hind leg to measure lying behavior until d 6 after castration. Calves were video recorded for one hour after the castration procedure to observe behaviors indicative of pain and discomfort. Surveillance cameras were also used to assess the mobility of the calves when cow-calf pairs were moved from the holding pen to the pasture. The VAS, number of tail flicks and foot stamps were greater (P < 0.01) in MEX than in LID calves. During the first hour after castration, LID calves spent more time lying (P = 0.03) and less time standing (P = 0.01) than MEX calves. When moved from the holding pen, LID calves moved faster (P < 0.01) and closer to their dams (P < 0.05) than MEX calves. Hair cortisol was greater (P < 0.05) in LID than MEX calves on d 14. Results suggest that using lidocaine for local anesthesia immediately before surgical castration reduced behaviors indicative of pain and improved mobility post-castration.

Strength and dynamic balance performance in soccer players in the United States: age, sex, and bilateral differences.

Quantification of asymmetries between the two limbs is informative in assessing the risk of injury and performance deficits, but there is a paucity of studies investigating the effects of age and sex on bilateral asymmetry in young soccer players. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the effects of age and sex on strength and dynamic balance in 7- to 24-year-old soccer players in the United States. A total of 174 young soccer players participated in the study (Age 7-9 years: 26 females and 16 males; Age 10-12 years: 32 females and 31 males; Age 13-17 years: 17 females and 25 males; Age >18 years: 13 females and 14 males). Jump displacement, peak force, and asymmetry during countermovement jump with arm swing and landing, peak force and asymmetry during push-up, and normalized reaching distances for upper and lower extremity reaching tests were quantified. Preferred legs and arms were defined as the preferred kicking leg or throwing arm. As age increased, both preferred and non-preferred sides demonstrated decreased landing forces, increased jump displacement, and increased normalized peak forces during push-ups in both males and females (p < 0.05). Males showed greater jump displacement, normalized landing forces, and normalized peak forces in push-ups compared to females in several age groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for asymmetry variables between ages or sexes, and on average, most bilateral asymmetry variables were less than 5%. Age was associated with strength but not dynamic balance performance in healthy soccer players in the United States. Male and female players demonstrated similar changes, and bilateral asymmetries were on average small. Soccer players may need more dynamic balance training over time as they progress to higher levels of competition. Landing technique training may be implemented for young soccer players to decrease the high impact landing forces and landing related injury risk. Asymmetries and their relationships with injury risk should be evaluated on an individual basis, as their relationships with age and sex were weak. Future longitudinal and cohort studies are warranted to further elucidate the relationship among strength, dynamic balance, and injury risk in soccer players.

The effect of fatiguing muscle contractions on kicking performance in experienced soccer players

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of fatiguing muscle contractions of the m. quadriceps femoris on kicking abilities of experienced soccer players. 16 male professional (n = 5) and amateur players (n = 11) performed kicking tests in two conditions (fatigue and control) on separate days in a randomised crossover design. The fatiguing protocol performed with the kicking leg consisted of 5 sets of 10 maximal voluntary concentric and eccentric knee extensions. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC), 15 hz/50 hz stimulation force ratio (force ratio), and kicking abilities were assessed before and after completion of the fatiguing protocol or rest (control). The fatiguing protocol successfully induced fatigue of 14.0 ± 2.7% (mean ± SE) reduced MVIC and 14.0 ± 3.7% reduced force ratio while no reductions occurred in the control condition. Between group difference showed ball speed declined 2.1 ± 0.95% more following the fatigue protocol compared to control condition. On the control day shooting accuracy improved by 13.3 ± 5.6% and was numerically impaired on the intervention day by 1.0 ± 9.2%. Despite this, no significant between group difference was observed in shooting accuracy (p = 0.18). The study demonstrated that fatigue induced by prior muscle contractions impairs maximal shooting speed, but we observed no significant impairment of shooting accuracy.

Acute effects of Nordic hamstring exercise on ultrasound shear wave elastography.

The Nordic hamstring curl appears effective in reducing the incidence of injury in physically active young adults, likely through its capacity as an eccentric exercise to increase muscle stiffness. Although eccentric exercises have been shown to increase muscle stiffness, medium- and long-term Nordic hamstring curl training programs have not demonstrated an effect on muscle stiffness. This study examined the acute effects of a single session of Nordic hamstring curls on the stiffness of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles using ultrasound shear wave elastography, an accepted method for measuring passive muscle stiffness. Twenty physically active adults (ages 19-27 years) were randomly assigned to either the Nordic hamstring curl group (n = 10) or the control group (n = 10). Shear wave elastography was performed on the dominant kicking leg for both groups. The exact location of the probe was marked to ensure the same area was assessed during post-testing. Both groups performed a 5-minute cycle ergometer warm-up followed by three 30-second standing static stretches. The Nordic hamstring curl group then performed three sets of six repetitions of the eccentric phase of the Nordic hamstring curl with 1-minute rest intervals between sets. All subjects then rested for five minutes before shear wave elastography was performed. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant main effects or interactions for the biceps femoris or semitendinosus (p >0.05). However, analysis of the semimembranosus was inconclusive due to variability of measurement values. These results are in agreement with findings indicating that long- and short-term Nordic hamstring curl training has no impact on hamstring stiffness, although the effects of Nordic hamstring curl on reducing the probability of hamstring injury are still valid.

Relationship Between Supporting Leg Stiffness and Trunk Kinematics of the Kicking Leg During Soccer Kicking.

The stiffness of the supporting leg may alter the energy transfer to the trunk and lower extremities of the kicking leg, which may affect kick performance. This study aimed to clarify whether the stiffness of the supporting leg affects the trunk kinematics during kicking and kicking performance in soccer players. Twenty-two male collegiate soccer players participated in the study. The data for the stiffness properties of the supporting leg and trunk kinematics were obtained and calculated using a 3-dimensional motion analysis system. The results showed that a greater leg stiffness of the supporting leg was associated with a lower trunk rotation angle during kicking. There were no significant correlations between the maximum swing speed and the stiffness of the supporting leg (P < .05). These results suggest that stiffness of the supporting leg may restrain trunk rotation during the kicking motion. However, the lack of a relationship with swing speed indicates the need for further investigation into its effects on kicking performance.

Biomechanical Insights in Ancient Greek Combat Sports: A Static Analysis of Selected Pottery Depictions.

Though ancient Greece preserves many pictures of combat sports, there is limited research in terms of biomechanical analysis of their sports. This research aimed to investigate the Pankration postures of ancient Greek athletics, expecting to bridge the gap between historical sports practices and contemporary biomechanical applications. This study employed computer vision (OpenPose) to analyze two images, one as readiness and another as kicking postures, from ancient Greek Pankration by constructing a static multi-segmental model. Using Newton's Laws, the models simulated the postures as presented in historical depictions, estimated joint forces and moments, and calculated weight distribution and ground reaction forces for these postures. For the readiness posture, it was found that the right hind leg experienced significant forces, with the highest moment at the knee joint, while the ankle and hip joints showed similar slightly lower moments. The front leg encountered lower forces and moments. For the kick posture, the supporting leg experienced the highest moment at the knee, while the kicking leg showed minimal moments at the ankle, knee, and hip. The static analysis provided quantitative estimates of joint forces and moments in the depicted Pankration postures, suggesting that these postures were biomechanically effective for their intended functions in combat. While the analysis cannot confirm whether ancient athletes deliberately applied biomechanical principles, the results highlight the potential of biomechanical modeling to enhance our understanding of ancient sports practices. The research demonstrates the possible benefits of integrating static analysis with historical elements to study the physical demands and techniques of ancient combat sports.

Difference in the contribution of the support leg to generating interaction torque in soccer instep kicking between female and male players

ABSTRACT The study aimed to clarify the difference in the support leg dynamics and its mechanical role in producing the interaction torque acting on the kicking leg knee between female and male soccer players. Three-dimensional motion (500 Hz) and the ground reaction force (1000 Hz) were captured during the instep kicking of twenty female and twenty male players. Powers due to the support leg knee joint torque and the interaction torque were computed. A significantly smaller positive power of the interaction torque due to the support leg action seen in female players concurred with a significantly smaller positive knee joint power in the support leg. In contrast, female players exhibited a comparable positive power of the interaction torque due to the kicking leg action. Female players had a unique, more inclined lower leg posture of the kicking leg to compensate for their lesser power of the interaction torque due to the support leg action, thereby achieving a comparable magnitude of the power of the total interaction torque. Based on the dynamic background, they maintain a comparable lower leg angular velocity to that of male players immediately before ball impact.

Effects of applying sports liniment with massage on muscular relative strength of hip flexion and knee extension among male Muay Thai athletes: a randomised control trial

Background: Muay Thai, Thailand’s national sport, widely practiced globally, is known for using sports liniment before training and fights. A popular product is ‘Namman Muay’, an iconic symbol of Thailand, though its direct impact on performance lacks research. Objectives: Investigate the impact of Namman Muay on the rectus femoris of the dominant leg. Focus on muscular strength exercises – seated hip flexion and supine knee extension – with relative strength as the primary outcome. Material and Methods: A randomised control trial with 24 male Muay Thai fighters, divided into 12 in the Baby Oil (BO) and 12 in the Namman Muay (NM) group. Both groups received effleurage massage on the dominant kicking legs, followed by a RAMP warm-up. Performance measurements using Lafayette Handheld Dynamometer evaluated two isometric strength tests. Results: NM intervention showed significant increases in hip flexion and knee extension strength. Within groups, a 3% decrease was seen in the BO and an 11.6% increase in NM for hip flexion strength, and 1% decrease in BO and 6.9% increase in NM for knee extension strength. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insight to Muay Thai fighters and trainers, showing that 5 ml NM boosts relative muscular strength of hip flexion and knee extension. This could improve male Muay Thai fighters’ performance particularly when using kicking techniques.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TECHNIQUE OF KICKING WITH THE LEFT FOOT TO THE SIDE FROM THE LEFT-HANDED STANCE OF HIGHLY SKILLED ATHLETES SPECIALISING IN HAND-TO-HAND COMBAT

The relevance of the research topic. A wide arsenal of technical actions and a wide range of potential conflict situations that regularly occur in the course of martial arts determine the peculiarities of operations, actions and mechanisms for their improvement. The aim of the research was to analyse the indicators of the spatial-temporal structure of the technique of a kick with the left foot to the side from the left- handed stand performed by highly skilled sportsmen. Research methods: analysis of literature sources, video recording and biomechanical video computer analysis using the optoelectronic system "Qualisys", methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The movement of the biolinks of the athletes' body during the phase of preparing for the impact is from 0.03 m to 0.25 m. During the kicking phase, the values of the average velocities of the right ankle and right knee joints are 4.23 m·s-1 and 2.26 m·s -1 respectively. Conclusions. The execution of a blow is effective from the point of view of biomechanical analysis, and the indicators of the kinematic structure of movements during the execution of this blow can be used both as a reference sample of sports technique and for the development of model characteristics of movements based on them. The values of the average velocities of the shoulder, elbow, and carpal joints of the right hand during the walking phase are 0.50 m·s-1, 1.10 m·s-1, and 0.95 m·s-1, respectively. The average speed of the shoulder joint of the left hand is 0.69 m·s-1, the left elbow joint - 0.97 m·s-1, and the left carpal joint - 2.03 m·s-1. Such high indicators of the average speeds of the hand joints during the walking phase indicate swinging movements to increase the force of the impact due to the use of inertial forces. The movement of the biolinks of the athletes' body during the walking phase ranges from 0.08 m to 0.63 m. The values of the indicators of the joints of the upper limbs during the two support phases when performing a left leg kick to the side from the left stance are: right shoulder joint - 0.65 m·s-1, left shoulder joint -0.52 m·s-1, right elbow joint – 2.73 m·s-1, left elbow joint – 1.71 m·s-1, right and left carpal joints – 1.84 m·s-1. In the two-support phase, the movement of the studied body points of the athletes is in the range from 0.08 m to 0.56 m. The values of the average velocities of the studied body points of the athletes during the contact phase when performing a left leg kick to the side from the left stance range from 0.23 m s- 1 to 2.53 m·s-1, and the displacement of the same points during this phase is from 0.02 m to 0.20 m

Effect of breathing conditions on relationships between impairment, breathing laterality and coordination symmetry in elite para swimmers.

The aim was to investigate the effect of breathing conditions and swimming pace on the relationships between the impairment, the breathing laterality and motor coordination symmetry in elite front crawl Para swimmers. Fifteen elite Para swimmers with unilateral physical impairment or with visual impairment and unilateral breathing preference performed eight 25m using four breathing conditions (every three strokes, every two strokes on preferred and non-preferred breathing side and apnea) at slow and fast paces in a randomized order. Multicamera video system and five sensors have been used to assess arm and leg stroke phases and to compute symmetry of arm coordination (SIIdC) and of leg kick rate (SIKR). Our findings emphasized motor coordination asymmetry whatever the breathing conditions and swimming paces, highlighting the influence of impairment. Multinomial logistic regression exhibited a high probability for motor coordination asymmetry (SIIdC and SIKR) to be present in categories of Para swimmers with impairment and breathing laterality on the same side, suggesting the joined effect of unilateral impairment and unilateral breathing. Moreover, unilateral physical impairment and breathing laterality could also occur on different sides and generate motor coordination asymmetry on different sides and different levels (arms vs. legs). Finally, visual impairment seems amplify the effect of unilateral breathing on motor coordination asymmetry.

Lower and upper extremity contributions to propulsion and resistance during semi-tethered load-velocity profiling in front crawl swimming

ABSTRACT The study estimated lower and upper extremity contributions to whole-body front crawl swimming using semi-tethered load-velocity profiling. Nine female and 11 male (inter)national-level swimmers performed 20 m semi-tethered sprints, each with five progressive loads for lower (leg kicking), upper (arm stroke), and whole-body front crawl movements. The theoretical maximal speed (v0) and load (L0), and active drag (Da) were expressed as a percentage of the sum of both extremities for the movements of each extremity to calculate their contributions. The difference of whole-body values minus the sum of both extremities was used to estimate whole-body reserves. Lower (upper) body contributions were 43.8 ± 2.8% (56.2%) for v0, 37.3 ± 7.1% (62.7%) for L0, and 39.6 ± 5.6% (60.4%) for Da. Statistically significant whole-body reserves were found for v0 (−30.9 ± 3.9%, p < 0.001) and Da (−5.7 ± 11.7%, p = 0.04). V0 reserves correlated very highly with whole-body v0 in males (r = 0.71, p = 0.014) and moderately in females (r = 0.47, p = 0.21). The lower extremities contribute substantially to front crawl load-velocity profiles of highly trained swimmers. Higher sprint swimming speeds are associated with an efficient speed transfer from lower- and upper- to whole-body movement.

Lower limb electromyographic characteristics and implications of taekwondo roundhouse kick "hit" and "miss" actions.

To compare the muscular characteristics of "hit" and "miss" actions in roundhouse kicks among taekwondo athletes, and explore the similarities, differences, and implications for training, motion tests were conducted on ten taekwondo athletes using Noraxon32 and VICON. The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in integrated electromyography (EMG) during the initiation and kicking phases between "miss" and "hit" actions. However, during the retraction phase, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the left rectus femoris, left peroneus longus, right biceps femoris, right semitendinosus, and right tibialis anterior muscles. The tibialis anterior muscle of the swinging leg was activated first in the "hit" action, while the biceps femoris was activated first in the "miss" action. The supporting-side rectus femoris was activated first in the "hit" action, whereas it was the biceps femoris in the "miss" action. In both techniques, the gluteus maximus was the last muscle to be activated. The "miss" action had a longer cycle, and the duration of muscle work was longer than in the "hit" action. During the retraction phase of the front leg roundhouse kick, the muscles worked more than during the kicking phase, with the erector spinae and tibialis anterior being the core force-producing muscles in both techniques, characterized by high EMG values and long activation times. In the "miss" action, the thigh muscles drove the calf muscles, while the "hit" action exhibited the opposite pattern. "Hit" actions had a faster cycle compared to "miss," with greater force generation in "miss." The hip flexors and knee extensors of the kicking leg were the core force-producing muscles during the kicking process, determining the effectiveness and completion of the action.

Multiplanar lumbar, pelvis and kick leg sequencing during soccer instep kicking from different approach angles

Multiplanar kinematic and kinetic sequencing from different approach angles can highlight how soccer players perform fast and accurate kicks. This study therefore aimed to a) determine multiplanar torso, pelvis and kick leg sequencing during instep kicks and b) highlight the effect of different approach angles on these sequencing patterns. Twenty male soccer players (mass 77.9 ± 6.5 kg, height 1.71 ± 0.09 m, age 23.2 ± 3.7 years) performed kicks from self-selected (∼30−45°), straight (0°) and wide (67.5°) approaches and multiplanar lumbo-pelvic, hip and knee angular velocities, moments and powers were derived from 3D motion analysis. The results suggest tension arc release between the upper and lower body functions as a two-stage mechanism. The first phase of arc release was characterised by increases in concentric hip flexion and transverse lumbo-pelvic velocities towards the ball. The second phase was characterised by increasing concentric lumbo-pelvic flexion and knee extension work to angularly accelerate the kicking knee towards foot-to-ball contact. Further, alterations in kinematic and kinetic sequencing helped maintain performance (ball and foot velocities at ball contact) and accuracy at approach angles other than self-selected. These findings can help coaches and practitioners design effective training practices.

KINEMATIC STRUCTURE OF SIDE KICK TECHNIQUE BY RIGHT LEG STARTING FROM FRONT STANCE PERFORMED BY HIGHLY QUALIFIED ATHLETES SPECIALIZING IN HAND-TO-HAND COMBAT

The aim is to analyze the kinematic structure of side kick technique by the right leg starting from the front stance by highly qualified athletes specializing in hand-to-hand combat. Research methods. To fulfil the set tasks, particular research methods were used, namely, analysis of scientific and methodological literature sources and documentary materials, methods of registration and analysis of athlete movements (“Qualisys Motion Capture”, a system of video recording and analysis of athlete’s movements and 3D registration of human movements). The research findings were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics. We registered the technique of performing the studied motor action by 12 highly qualified athletes. Results. The analysis of the kinematic structure of side kick technique by the right leg starting from the front stance (like most kicks) consists of 7 phases: the phase of preparation for the kick, the phase of encroachment, the double-support phase, the phase of the striking/kicking movement, contact phase, the phase of returning of the kicking leg to the support, and phases of returning to fighting stance. All the studied phases of the kick can be generally divided into two periods, i.e., the period of active actions, which consists of the following phases: preparation for the kick, encroachment, the double-support phase, kicking movement, contact; and the period of return to the initial position (fighting stance). The total duration of technique performance is 1.83 s, the duration of the active period is 0.84 s, and the period of return to the initial position is 0.99 s, respectively. Thus, the duration of the active period is 45.9% of the total duration of technique performance, and the period of return to the original position comprises 54.1%, respectively. That is, the duration of the period of return to the original position is almost 10% longer within the total duration of technique performance. Sufficiently long duration of the kick execution, 1.83 s, and the return to the initial position of 0.99 s determine the specificity of this action application during the match. The movement indicators of the kicking biolink (the one of right tibial joint) were analyzed. It was established that the shape of the trajectory has only a slight curvature, especially when viewed from the side, and the shape of the trajectory when viewed from above is S-shaped, with a slight curvature. Conclusions. It was determined that the side kick by the left leg starting from the front stance is performed by highly qualified athletes specializing in hand-to-hand combat with high efficiency.

Discriminative validity of summarized hip and knee angular accelerations for lower extremity training load quantification in male soccer players during a standardised training drill

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the discriminative validity of summarized hip and knee angular accelerations during a standardized training drill. Twenty-eight soccer players performed a standardized training drill that mimics game demands. Discriminative validity was examined by assessment of between-group differences of summarized preferred kicking leg hip and knee angular accelerations, and Playerload between national and regional soccer players for the full training drill, and parts based on locomotor intensity, or additional pass and jumping header activities. Furthermore, relationships were assessed between the summarized hip and knee angular accelerations and conventional load indicators derived from a local positioning measurement system, such as high-intensity running distance and Playerload. National players had higher summarized hip (Mean difference: 62.7 A.U. ES = 0.77, p = 0.049) and knee (Mean difference: 137.1 A.U. ES = 1.06, p = 0.008) angular accelerations. Significant interaction effects were observed during high-intensity running (Hip: 0.2 A.U./m, ES = 0.98, p = 0.005; Knee: 0.61 A.U./m, ES = 1.52, p < 0.001), and sprinting (Hip: 0.3 A.U./m, ES = 1.01, p < 0.02; Knee: 0.56 A.U./m, ES = 1.57, p < 0.001). Between-group differences were not present for additional passing or jumping header activities. Compared to summarized hip and knee angular accelerations, Playerload had less ability to discriminate between players and activities. Moreover, the lower extremity training load indicators were unrelated to conventional load indicators. Together these results confirm discriminative validity of summarized hip and knee angular acceleration training load indicators during a standardised training drill.

Nonlinear Analysis of the Hand and Foot Force-Time Profiles in the Four Competitive Swimming Strokes.

Human locomotion on water depends on the force produced by the swimmer to propel the body forward. Performance of highly complex motor tasks like swimming can yield minor variations that only nonlinear analysis can be sensitive enough to detect. The purpose of the present study was to examine the nonlinear properties of the hand/feet forces and describe their variations across the four competitive swimming strokes performing segmental and full-body swimming. Swimmers performed all-out bouts of 25 m in the four swimming strokes, swimming the full-body stroke, with the arm-pull only and with the leg kicking only. Hand/foot force and swimming velocity were measured. The Higuchi's fractal dimension (HFD) and sample entropy (SampEn) were used for the nonlinear analysis of force and velocity. Both the arm-pull and leg kicking alone were found to produce similar peak and mean hand/foot forces as swimming the full-body stroke. Hand force was more complex in breaststroke and butterfly stroke; conversely, kicking conditions were more complex in front crawl and backstroke. Moreover, the arm-pull and kicking alone tended to be more complex (higher HFD) but more predictable (lower SampEn) than while swimming the full-body stroke. There was no loss of force production from segmental swimming to the full-body counterpart. In conclusion, the number of segments in action influences the nonlinear behavior of the force produced and, when combining the four limbs, the complexity of the hand/foot force tends to decrease.

PSX-21 Evaluation of the Effect of Extended-Term Delivery of Local Anesthetic on Mitigating the Pain Caused By Castration

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the extended-term delivery of anesthesia on the physiological and behavioral signs of pain caused by band castration in 1-month-old bull calves. Forty-eight calves (37.04 ± 8.98 days of age) were homogenously assigned by age to one of three band castration protocols (n = 16/protocol); 1) regular elastrator bands (REG), 2) regular elastrator bands preceded by two 2-mL injections of lidocaine (REG+L; LIDO-2 with epinephrine, Rafter 8 Products Inc, Calgary, Canada), and 3) lidocaine elastrator bands (LBAND; Care-Ring, Chinook Contract Research Inc., Calgary, Canada). During the castration procedure, two observers scored (from 1 to 10) how much pain each animal was experiencing (visual analog score, VAS), number of body shakes and leg kicks for each calf. Calves were weighed on d -1, 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Hair cortisol concentration was measured on d -1, 28, and 56. Saliva cortisol concentration was measured right after castration, 60, 120, 240 minutes after castration, on d 1 and weekly thereafter until d 56. Flight speed (FS) was recorded on d -1, right after castration, 60, 120, 240 minutes after castration, d 1, and weekly thereafter until d 56. Calf behaviors in the pen indicative of pain and discomfort were recorded on d 0, 1, and weekly thereafter until d 56. The REG+L calves tended to have decreased (P = 0.09) VAS scores than REG calves. The average daily gain was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) from d 42 to 56 than from d 1 to 42, and from d 1 to 28 compared with d 28 to 42 in all treatment groups. The REG calves had decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) hair cortisol concentrations than both REG+L and LBAND calves. Saliva cortisol concentrations were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) 60 minutes after castration than any other sample time in all treatment groups. There was an interaction between treatment and time (P = 0.04), where only LBAND had a greater FS immediately after castration compared with d -1. When calves were observed in the pen there were no treatment effects (P &amp;gt; 0.10) but only time differences (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the frequency of head turns, oral behaviors, tail flicks, and number of standing and walking bouts. The behavioral and physiological parameters assessed showed expected results on the effects of band castrating calves, while the administration of lidocaine via REG+L or LBAND did not show any pain mitigation effect compared with the standard industry banding method (REG).

Correlation between momentum and ball speed in shooting movements of female futsal players

The purpose of this study was to find a correlation between momentum and ball speed in the shooting movements of female futsal players. This study used a correlational research design. Five female futsal players (aged 19) participating in this study performed shooting movements, which were recorded on video for analysis. The shooting movements of female futsal players were analyzed based on swing movements, foot contact with the ball, and body position. Pearson correlation test was used for data analysis. The results showed that the average magnitude of momentum (impact from foot contact with the ball) was 8.14±4.68 Ns and resulted in an average ball speed of 18.51±10.63 m/s. There is a relationship between the amount of momentum and the resulting ball speed (sig &lt; 0.05). The correlation was positive, which shows the direction of a positive relationship so that the greater the momentum, the faster the ball speed. The greatest momentum is 16.49 Ns resulting in the highest ball speed of 37.48 m/s. To generate great momentum and the highest ball speed, the shooting movement is carried out with a backswing flexion angle of 106°, a kicking leg angle of 57°, and a hip and shoulder tilt angle of 14°.

Pelatihan Menggunakan Kaki Bagian Dalam Pada Permainan Sepak Bola Untuk Siswa/I Madrasah Ibtidaiyah [MI] Mathlaul Anwar Pangkalan Kelas 1 Dan 2

The foot kick method is generally the inside leg kick technique used to provide short passing that suits them. the most dominant movement in running, the main goal is to score as many goals as possible towards the opponent's goal. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of deep kick training on shooting accuracy in soccer matches. The research method used is a literature search covering several sources such as primary and secondary sources. With the results of research from various sources to be able to conclude that the method of practicing kicking the inside of the leg affects the accuracy of the shot. "There is an effect of training to kick the ball with the inside of the foot, which affects shooting accuracy in soccer matches, using this method of oblique training. Thus, it can be concluded that how to kick the inside of the leg has a significant effect on shooting accuracy in a soccer match

ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMBS OF KARATEKAS DURING THE PERFORMANCE OF A FRONT KICK

Subject. The study was aimed at analyzing the processes of muscles activation of Kyokushin karate practicioners during the kick performance. The process of skeletal muscle activation was studied by the analysis of their electrical activity. Our study aimed at the examination of the electrical activity of the muscles of the lower extremities of karate athletes during kick performance. Methods. The study involved 3 highly qualified karatekas (I Dan), aged 18-21 years, with a training experience of 12-15 years. Surface electromyogram (sEMG) was recorded during the Mae geri performance from Zenkutsu dachi stance for the following muscles: m. gluteus maximus, m. rectus femoris, m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus, m. gasterocnemius (caput lateralis), m. tibialis anterior. The activity period (AP, ms), mean amplitude (MA, % from maximal), and mean frequency (MF, % from maximal) were determined by sEMG analysis. Results. It was found that the duration of AP of different muscles ranges from 0.19 to 2.02 s during a Mae geri kick performance. The shortest AP was found for the m. gluteus maximus and m. rectus femoris. The highest MA values were registered for the m. tibialis anterior sinister (55%) and m. gasterocnemius dexter (47%), MF - for the anterior tibialis muscles (41-56%), right m. gasterocnemius (caput lateralis) (52%), and the m. rectus femoris dexter (47%). In many cases, the AP, MA, and MF of the supporting leg muscles exceeded those of the symmetrical muscles of a kicking leg. For many muscles, including the m. gluteus maximus, m. rectus femoris, and m. biceps femoris, the increase in MF of sEMG during kick significantly exceeds the MA changes. Conclusions. The main features of the activation of the muscles of the kicking and supporting leg of karate practitioners during the performance of the Mae geri kick were revealed. Most probably, one of the important mechanisms of muscles activation during the kick is the increase in the firing rate of motoneurons.