Left Temporoparietal Region Research Articles

Alopecia Mimicking Lichen Planopilaris in a Patient with Mycosis Fungoides

Introduction: Mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, can present with diverse clinical manifestations, including alopecia that mimics conditions such as alopecia areata (AA) and lichen planopilaris (LPP). The folliculotropic variant (FMF) poses diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical features, necessitating histopathological evaluation for accurate diagnosis. Case Report: A 58-year-old woman with a 21-year history of stage IB MF developed alopecic patches in the left temporoparietal region, accompanied by pruritus and trichodynia. Physical examination revealed scarring and non-scarring alopecic patches, while trichoscopy showed characteristic features of follicular involvement. Histological analysis confirmed a diagnosis of FMF, characterized by atypical lymphocytic infiltrate and follicular destruction. Treatment included maintenance of NB-UVB and isotretinoin, with the addition of monthly intralesional corticosteroid injections, resulting in symptomatic improvement. Discussion/Conclusion: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by FMF mimicking AA and LPP. The overlap in clinical and trichoscopic findings underscores the necessity for histopathological evaluation to confirm FMF and differentiate it from other alopecic conditions. Early recognition and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with this aggressive variant of MF.

A rare case report on solitary pigmented neurofibroma over scalp region

Neurofibromas are benign proliferations that are made up of all nerve elements, and arise as fleshy and nontender, sessile or pedunculated masses on the skin. Pigmented (or melanocytic) neurofibroma constitutes only 1% of cases and is considered a rare variant of neurofibroma containing melanin-producing cells. Our patient has solitary pigmented neurofibroma over scalp region which is very rare and only few cases were reported. Here we present a case of 25 year old female patient who had brown colored swelling since birth over left temporo-parietal region which gradually increased in size with age. Patient had no any other swelling or pigmentation over any other regions of body. Patient underwent excision for the same with skin grafting. Her recovery was uneventful.

Two-dimensional neural geometry underpins hierarchical organization of sequence in human working memory.

Working memory (WM) is constructive in nature. Instead of passively retaining information, WM reorganizes complex sequences into hierarchically embedded chunks to overcome capacity limits and facilitate flexible behaviour. Here, to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying hierarchical reorganization in WM, we performed two electroencephalography and one magnetoencephalography experiments, wherein humans retain in WM a temporal sequence of items, that is, syllables, which are organized into chunks, that is, multisyllabic words. We demonstrate that the one-dimensional sequence is represented by two-dimensional neural representational geometry in WM arising from left prefrontal and temporoparietal regions, with separate dimensions encoding item position within a chunk and chunk position in the sequence. Critically, this two-dimensional geometry is observed consistently in different experimental settings, even during tasks not encouraging hierarchical reorganization in WM and correlates with WM behaviour. Overall, these findings strongly support that complex sequences are reorganized into factorized multidimensional neural representational geometry in WM, which also speaks to general structure-based organizational principles given WM's involvement in many cognitive functions.

The Neurofunctional Correlates of Morphosyntactic and Thematic Impairments in Aphasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Lesion-symptom studies in persons with aphasia showed that left temporoparietal damage, but surprisingly not prefrontal damage, correlates with impaired ability to process thematic roles in the comprehension of semantically reversible sentences (The child is hugged by the mother). This result has led to challenge the time-honored view that left prefrontal regions are critical for sentence comprehension. However, most studies focused on thematic role assignment and failed to consider morphosyntactic processes that are also critical for sentence processing. We reviewed and meta-analyzed lesion-symptom studies on the neurofunctional correlates of thematic role assignment and morphosyntactic processing in comprehension and production in persons with aphasia. Following the PRISMA checklist, we selected 43 papers for the review and 27 for the meta-analysis, identifying a set of potential bias risks. Both the review and the meta-analysis confirmed the correlation between thematic role processing and temporoparietal regions but also clearly showed the involvement of prefrontal regions in sentence processing. Exploratory meta-analyses suggested that both thematic role and morphosyntactic processing correlate with left prefrontal and temporoparietal regions, that morphosyntactic processing correlates with prefrontal structures more than with temporoparietal regions, and that thematic role assignment displays the opposite trend. We discuss current limitations in the literature and propose a set of recommendations for clarifying unresolved issues.

Rapid Spontaneous Regression of Traumatic Subdural Hematoma

Abstract Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is a type of intracranial hemorrhage and is due to the collection of blood below the inner layer of the dura but external to the brain and arachnoid membrane. It tends to occur in the temporal parietal regions. Early intervention is the key for better outcome of the patient. Management depends on neurological status and imaging. Large SDH collects along the convexity of the brain causing compression over the brain stem with midline shift. In cases of conservatively managed ASDH, spontaneous resolution usually takes weeks to months depending on the size of the bleed. In rare cases, spontaneous rapid resolution of the SDH occurs. So here, we are presenting an 11-month-old baby girl who was brought to our Emergency room/department (ER) with a history of fall and computed tomography scan was suggestion of an ASDH in the left temporoparietal region which resolves on its own in 6 h which is a rare phenomenon and needs to be highlighted.

Relationship evolution shapes inter-brain synchrony in affective sharing: The role of self-expansion.

The development of social relationships influences a person's self-concept, which in turn affects their perceptions and neural correlates in social interactions. This study employed an EEG-based hyperscanning technique and a longitudinal design to investigate how the evolution of interpersonal relationships impacts inter-brain synchrony during nonverbal social-emotional interactions. The framework for this study is based on the self-expansion model. We found that dyads exhibited enhanced affective sharing abilities and increased brain-to-brain synchrony, particularly in the gamma rhythm across the frontal, parietal, and left temporoparietal regions, after seven months together compared to when they first met. Additionally, the results indicate that inter-brain coupling evolves as relationships develop, with synchrony in nonverbal social-emotional interactions increasing as self-expansion progresses. Crucially, in the deep learning model, interpersonal closeness can be successfully classified by inter-brain synchrony during emotional-social interactions. The longitudinal EEG-hyperscanning design of our study allows for capturing dynamic changes over time, offering new insights into the neurobiological foundations of social interaction and the potential of neural synchrony as a biomarker for relationship dynamics.

Eye of the beholder: Neural synchrony of dynamically changing relations between parent praise and child affect.

In this study, we aimed to determine the role of parental praise and child affect in the neural processes underlying parent-child interactions, utilizing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning. We characterized the dynamic changes in interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) between parents and children (4-6 years old, n=40 dyads) during a cognitively challenging task. We then examined how changes in parent-child INS are influenced by parental feedback and child affect. Parent-child INS showed a quadratic change over time, indicating a decelerated decline during the interaction period. The relationship of parental praise, in the form of positive feedback, to change in INS was contingent upon the child's positive affect during the task. The highest levels of INS were observed when praise was present and child affect was positive. The left temporo-parietal regions of the child and the right dorsolateral prefrontal and right temporo-parietal regions of the parent demonstrated the strongest INS. The dynamic change in INS during the interaction was associated with children's independent performance on a standardized test of visuospatial processing. This research, leveraging fNIRS hyperscanning, elucidates the neural dynamics underlying the interaction between parent praise and child positive affect, thereby contributing to our broader understanding of parent-child dynamics. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The level of interpersonal neural synchrony between parents and children dynamically varies during a cognitively challenging (tangram) task. The left temporo-parietal regions of the child and the right dorsolateral prefrontal and right temporo-parietal regions of the parent demonstrate the strongest parent-child neural synchrony. The relationship between parental praise (positive feedback) and parent-child neural synchrony is contingent upon child positive affect during the task. Change in parent-child neural synchrony relates to children's performance on an independent visuospatial processing measure.

Acquired Ptosis in Patient with Suspect Meningiomatosis

Background: Ptosis is abnormally low positioned upper eyelid. It can be classified as congenital and acquired. Meningiomas are mostly benign tumors originating from meningothelial (arachnoid) cells (MECs). A subset of meningioma patients bears two or more spatially separated synchronous or metachronous tumors termed “Multiple Meningiomas” (MM) or meningiomatosis. Case: A 51-year-old female complained the dizziness was associated with nausea and emetic episodes. She reported any blurred vision and woke up with the dropped eyelid. Prior to this she had double vision and light headedness that she had 3 months before. The ophthalmic examination presented partial left ptosis and the patient's left eye was shifted towards the lateral edge at rest. CT scan with contrast presented multiple solid masses, extra axial, homogeneous, strong contrast enhancement with calvaria hyperostosis and perifocal edema in the left frontal region and left temporoparietal region. Discussion: Ptosis in the left eye and exotropia is consistent with a left oculomotor nerve palsy. CT scan with contrast confirmed multiple solid masses leaning towards meningiomatosis. In this case, patient-acquired ptosis could be caused by direct oculomotor compression of the frontal lobe tumor, the tumor site being close to the superior orbital fissure. Conclusion: Stemming from third cranial nerve dysfunction, multiple solid masses in the left frontal region indicate meningiomatosis. Acquired ptosis may result from direct compression of the oculomotor nerve by the frontal lobe tumor. While surgery is the primary treatment for meningiomas, corticosteroids may be considered in acute conditions to alleviate perifocal edema.

Study protocol for identifying resting brain functional connectivity markers of response to continuous Theta Burst Stimulation and cathodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in patients with schizophrenia with persistent auditory hallucinations

Background Schizophrenia is one of the most burdensome psychiatric disorders. Novel neuromodulatory techniques including cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (c-tDCS) and continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are increasingly being used in alleviating the auditory verbal hallucinations that are persisting despite adequate antipsychotic treatment. Brain connectivity modulation by stimulating the left temporoparietal junction is thought to mediate these effects. The differential neurobiological mechanisms and efficacy of these two neuromodulation techniques are not known. We are unaware of any systematic studies that can guide clinicians in choosing between the two techniques. This protocol describes a parallel-arm, double-blind, randomized cross-over study to identify resting brain functional connectivity markers of response to cTBS and c-tDCS persistent auditory hallucinations to improve the efficacy of interventions. Methods Two hundred and ten consenting patients with schizophrenia with persistent auditory hallucinations will be randomly assigned to receive 15 days (30 sessions) of c-tDCS+sham-TBS or sham-tDCS+cTBS over the left temporoparietal region at three study centres. After a gap of 2-4 weeks, non-responders to the intervention will cross-over to the other arm. Clinical assessments, neurocognitive assessments, and multimodal investigations (magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, heart rate variability, investigative transcranial magnetic stimulation-transcranial direct current stimulation, gene polymorphisms) will be conducted at baseline and repeated after the end of both phases of the trial. A differential pre-treatment resting brain functional connectivity signal will identify responders to cTBS or c-tDCS. Registration Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2021/05/033783) registered on 25/05/2021.

Osteolytic lesion in primary intracranial meningioma: A case report

Background: Hyperostosis of the skull is one of the characteristics of intracranial meningioma. In contrast, osteolytic lesions are very rarely discovered in meningioma. This study presented a rare instance of intracranial meningioma accompanied by significant osteolytic lesions. Case presentation: A 70-year-old male patient presented with a chief complaint of a left-sided scalp lump which developed progressively within two years. Seizures and right-sided weakness have been reported. A mass of approximately 8 cm in diameter with a smooth surface was noted during a physical examination. The brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed an ± 10 x 9.6 x 8.6 cm lobulated homogeneous mass on the left temporoparietal region and heterogeneously enhanced after intravenous contrast injection. A localized osteolytic lesion was detected extending from the left temporal region to the left parietal region. A craniectomy was performed to obtain the pathological diagnosis and for complete removal of the mass. Histopathological evaluation revealed the presence of an atypical meningioma. Conclusion: Bone destruction by meningioma may occur because of either neoplastic infiltration or pressure erosion.

Clinical Manifestations.

Semantic cognition requires both semantic representation (conceptual knowledge), and semantic control (the ability to shape and manipulate information for a particular context/task) (Lambon Ralph, Jefferies, Patterson, & Rogers, 2017). Prior investigations have contrasted the semantic representation loss in semantic dementia with semantic control deficits in post-stroke semantic aphasia (SA) (Jefferies & Lambon Ralph, 2006; Thompson et al., 2022). The logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA) has neuroanatomical commonalities with SA, including damage centred on the left temporoparietal and inferior frontal regions, and neuropsychological commonalities including executive and language impairments. Accordingly, we investigated whether lvPPA impairs semantic control. We compared 12 individuals with lvPPA, 9 with typical amnestic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 12 age-matched healthy controls on a battery of verbal and non-verbal semantic, language, memory and executive functioning tests. The lvPPA patients spanned multiple levels of performance across the different tests and showed the characteristic features of a semantic control deficit: (i) They showed impairments in tests that require greater semantic demand (e.g., semantic association knowledge test more than straightforward word-picture matching); (ii) only lvPPA patients showed strong correlations between semantic and executive tests; (iii) an effect of item familiarity was not found in lvPPA patients; and (iv) both lvPPA and AD patients benefited from phonemic cueing on the Boston Naming Test. LvPPA patients' performance on semantic tests is similar to that of previously reported SA, suggesting an impairment of semantic control. Imaging analysis is underway and will be available at the AAIC conference.

Dislexia e as vantagens de ser bilíngue: um estudo sobre a neurobiologia da leitura com o uso de RMf

The objective of the present study was to investigate reading performance and brain activation associated with reading for bilingual and monolingual dyslexics (DDB-DDM), and typical bilinguals as Controls (C). The behavioral results showed that DDB outperformed DDM in all reading components in Portuguese. In the tasks applied in English, there was no significant difference in the performance of DDB compared to C. The results of the brain imaging for the task in Portuguese showed C presented significant activation of the left occipitotemporal and left inferior frontal gyrus while reading words. DDB and DDM, in turn, showed deactivation of left temporoparietal region and no significant activation in the left occipitotemporal region or left inferior frontal gyrus. For the FAST LOC task, DDB showed hypoactivity in the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) during word reading, both in English and Portuguese. The findings provide evidence for a possible positive impact of bilingualism on the reading performance of dyslexics.

Alterations in brain connectivity patterns in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations during low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

ObjectiveAuditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a characteristic symptom of schizophrenia. Although low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been demonstrated to alleviate the severity of AVH, its exact neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the alterations in brain connectivity patterns in schizophrenia patients with AVH after low frequency rTMS. Furthermore, the relationship between these alterations and clinical outcomes was examined, thereby identifying potential biomarkers for rTMS treatment efficacy. MethodsA total of 30 schizophrenia patients with AVH and 33 healthy controls were recruited. The patients received 1 Hz rTMS applied to the left temporoparietal junction region over 15 days. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were conducted for all participants. Subsequently, degree centrality (DC) and seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analyses were employed to identify specific alterations in brain connectivity patterns after rTMS treatment. ResultsAt baseline, patients exhibited divergent DC patterns in the frontal, occipital, and limbic lobes compared to healthy controls. In addition, prior to treatment, patients demonstrated altered FC from the superior frontal gyrus seeds that linked to the frontal, temporal, and somatosensory regions. Following rTMS treatment, these abnormalities were notably reversed, correlating with improved clinical outcomes. ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that schizophrenia patients with AVH exhibited atypical interactions within the frontal and temporal lobes. These alterations might be crucial biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of low frequency rTMS.

Bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss due to subcortical cerebral hemorrhage in a patient with Moyamoya disease: case report

BackgroundMoyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disease that can results in a variety of neurological deficits. We describe a very rare presentation of MMD in the form of bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss after a second attack of subcortical cerebral haemorrhage.Case presentationA 44-year-old female presented with bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) secondary to an acute intracerebral haemorrhage in the left temporoparietal region. She had a previous haemorrhagic event in the right temporoparietal region two years ago. The two haemorrhagic events have apparently led to interruption of the auditory pathways bilaterally, resulting in sudden complete deafness. Digital subtraction angiography was done, and it showed bilateral occlusion of the internal carotid arteries, with the abnormal anastomotic vascular network at the base of the brain characteristic for MMD.ConclusionsSubcortical hemorrhage due to MMD is a potential cause of bilateral SSNHL that can be diagnosed with early proper imaging. Bilateral damage of the auditory pathways is the likely cause of cortical deafness in this clinical scenario.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Mimicking Brainstem Death Following Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage (P12-7.006)

<h3>Objective:</h3> NA <h3>Background:</h3> NA <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> NA <h3>Results:</h3> A 73-year-old man attended the ED following an assault where he sustained multiple traumatic blows to the head. He was alert, complained of headache but provided a detailed account. There were facial injuries but no clinical signs of cranial or skull base fractures. There was injury to the right eye, in which he had pre-existing visual impairment from previous injury. Vision was normal in the left. Right pupillary light reflex was absent but left was normal. The remainder of the neurological examination was unremarkable. CT-Head identified a small traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage over the left cerebral convexity and a small contusion in the left temporo-parietal region. Vitreous hemorrhage was evident in the right eye. Clinically stable, follow-up CT on day 3 showed small intra-cerebral haemorrhage within the contusion, with minimal mass effect. However, on day 8, his GCS dropped and he was admitted to the ITU for airway management. Both pupils were non-responsive to light. Expansion of haemorrhage was suspected, however repeat CT was stable. EEG showed slowing over the left hemisphere without epileptiform activity. MRI excluded alternative causes for his neurological status such as brainstem ischaemia. With no clinical improvement, formal brainstem death testing was initiated. No potential confounders were recognised. The pupillary, corneal, oculocephalic, cough and gag reflexes were absent. Unexpectedly, deep tendon reflexes were absent in all limbs. A peripheral nerve stimulator using a train-of-four test protocol found no response. Post-traumatic Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was suspected. Intravenous immunoglobulin was commenced. Nerve conduction studies found absent motor and sensory responses in all limbs. EMG showed fibrillation potentials and sharp waves. These findings were consistent with acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) variant of GBS. Serum Anti-GM1 antibodies were identified. After multiple rounds of plasmapheresis the patient was weaned from the ventilator. Nevertheless, severe neurological disability remained. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> NA <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Finegan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ryan has nothing to disclose. Michael J. Hennessy has nothing to disclose. Kevin Murphy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Crowley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elamin has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche .

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Psychiatry.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Psychiatry.

The Static and dynamic functional connectivity characteristics of the left temporoparietal junction region in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations during low-frequency rTMS treatment.

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a core symptom of schizophrenia. Low-frequency (e.g., 1 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting language processing regions (e.g., left TPJ) has been evident as a potential treatment for AVH. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of the rTMS treatment effect remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 1 Hz rTMS on functional connectivity (FC) of the temporoparietal junction area (TPJ) seed with the whole brain in schizophrenia patients with AVH. Using a single-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 55 patients with AVH were randomly divided into active treatment group (n = 30) or placebo group (n = 25). The active treatment group receive 15-day 1 Hz rTMS stimulation to the left TPJ, whereas the placebo group received sham rTMS stimulation to the same site. Resting-state fMRI scans and clinical measures were acquired for all patients before and after treatment. The seed-based (left TPJ) static and DFC was used to assess the connectivity characteristics during rTMS treatment in patients with AVH. Overall, symptom improvement following 1 Hz rTMS treatment was found in the active treatment group, whereas no change occurred in the placebo group. Moreover, decreased static FC (SFC) of the left TPJ with the right temporal lobes, as well as increased SFC with the prefrontal cortex and subcortical structure were observed in active rTMS group. Increased dynamic FC (DFC) of the left TPJ with frontoparietal areas was also found in the active rTMS group. However, seed-based SFC and DFC were reduced to a great extent in the placebo group. In addition, these changed FC (SFC) strengths in the active rTMS group were associated with reduced severity of clinical outcomes (e.g., positive symptoms). The application of 1 Hz rTMS over the left TPJ may affect connectivity characteristics of the targeted region and contribute to clinical improvement, which shed light on the therapeutic effect of rTMS on schizophrenia with AVH.

Post Herpetic Anti-NMDA- Receptor Encephalitis in an 18-month-old Infant.

The article pertains to the presentation of an 18-month-old infant with a primary diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis who was re-admitted to the hospital shortly after discharge with restlessness, speech disorder, and abnormal movements. The movements were predominantly choreiform and disappeared during sleep. Brain MRI revealed abnormal predominance in the left temporoparietal regions with encephalomalacic changes in some areas in favor of sequella of previous encephalitis in addition to recent right temporal involvement of sequella of previous encephalitis. The polymerase chain reaction test of cerebrospinal fluid for herpes simplex infection was negative. Therefore, the possibility of autoimmune encephalitis was raised. More laboratory examinations revealed that the Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antibody level was significantly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, the diagnosis of Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis was established. Relapsing symptoms after herpes simplex virus encephalitis, especially with movement disorders, should raise a high clinical suspicion of Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis in children. Therefore, clinicians should be cautious of its occurrence in infants; despite its rarity in that age group.

The effect of low-frequency rTMS on auditory hallucinations, EEG source localization and functional connectivity in schizophrenia

BackgroundLow-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) diminishes auditory hallucinations (AHs). The aims of our study were a) to assess the efficacy of LF-rTMS in a randomized, sham-controlled double-blind alignment, b) to identify the electrophysiological changes accompanying the LF-rTMS, and c) to identify the influence of LF-rTMS on brain functional connectivity (FC). MethodsNineteen schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic-resistant AHs were randomized to either active (n = 10) or sham (n = 9) LF-rTMS administered over the left temporo-parietal region for ten days. The clinical effect was assessed by the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale (AHRS). The localization of the differences in electrical activity was identified by standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) and FC was measured by lagged phase synchronization. ResultsAHRS scores were significantly improved for patients receiving active rTMS compared to the sham (median reduction: 40 % vs 12 %; p = 0.01). sLORETA revealed a decrease of alpha-2, beta-1,-2 bands in the left hemisphere in the active group. Active rTMS led to a decrease of the lagged phase connectivity in beta bands originating in areas close to the site of stimulation, and to a prevailing increase of alpha-2 FC. No significant differences in current density or FC were observed in the sham group. LimitationsLimitations to our study included the small group sizes, and the disability of LORETA to assess subcortical neuronal activity. ConclusionsLF-rTMS attenuated AHs and induced a decrease of higher frequency bands on the left hemisphere. The FC changes support the assumption that LF-rTMS is linked to the modulation of cortico-cortical coupling.

Socioeconomic dissociations in the neural and cognitive bases of reading disorders

Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) strongly predicts disparities in reading development, yet it is unknown whether early environments also moderate the cognitive and neurobiological bases of reading disorders (RD) such as dyslexia, the most prevalent learning disability. SES-diverse 6–9-year-old children (n = 155, half with RD) completed behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tasks engaging phonological and orthographic processing, which revealed corresponding double-dissociations in neurocognitive deficits. At the higher end of the SES spectrum, RD was most strongly explained by differences in phonological skill and corresponding activation in left inferior frontal and temporoparietal regions during phonological processing—widely considered the “core deficit” of RD. However, at the lower end of the SES spectrum, RD was most strongly explained by differences in rapid naming skills and corresponding activation in left temporoparietal and fusiform regions during orthographic processing. Findings indicate that children’s early environments systematically moderate the neurocognitive systems underlying RD, which has implications for assessment and treatment approaches to reduce SES disparities in RD outcomes. Further, results suggest that reliance on high-SES convenience samples may mask critical heterogeneity in the foundations of both typical and disordered reading development.