Left Permanent Mandibular Teeth Research Articles

Age Estimation Using the Demirjian and Willems Methods in a Southern Thai Population

The objective of this study was to test the accuracies of the Demirjian and the Willems dental age estimation methods using the seven left permanent mandibular teeth (excluding the third molar tooth) in children in southern Thailand. Digital panoramic radiographs of 240 Thai children (120 males and 120 females) aged from 8 to 15 years were chosen and separated into eight age groups. Dental age was assessed using the Demirjian and the Willems methods. Differences between the dental age and the chronological age were statistically evaluated by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed that the Demirjian method overestimated age by 0.28 years and 0.24 years for males and females, respectively, while the Willems method underestimated age by −0.04 years and −0.23 years for males and females, respectively. Moreover, the mean absolute errors were 0.68 years in males and 0.56 years in females for the Demirjian method and 0.55 years in males and 0.60 years in females for the Willems method. In conclusion, the Willems method was more accurate for dental age estimation compared to the Demirjian method. However, both methods can be applied to estimate the age of children in southern Thailand since the mean error and mean absolute error values were less than one year. Keywords: Dental age estimation, Demirjian method, Tooth developmental stage, Thai population, Willems method

Comparison of Demirjian and Cameriere methods and development of modified Cameriere and Demirjian formula more efficient for North Indian population.

Accurate age estimation is of utmost importance in several branches of life, be it disaster victim identification (DVI), sports, fashion, education, and many more. Several studies/formulas have been proposed over the years from various parts of the world and amongst them, Cameriere's method of age estimation is now being accepted globally, and the related work is still one of the most thought about. The aim of this study was to access the relationship between dental age (DA) and chronological age using Cameriere and Demirjian age estimation method in the north Indian population and develop a population-specific regression formula and validate it in the north Indian population. Orthopantomograms (OPG) of 762 children of north India with age groups between 7 and 16 years were collected. Seven left permanent mandibular teeth were analyzed using both Cameriere and Demirjian's age estimation method. The resultant data were subjected to statistical analysis. The mean differences between CAge and DAge with age were 1.21 (males), 0.14 (males) and 1.72 (females), 0.28 (females) respectively, which shows significant disparity, wherein Demirjian follows overestimation and Cameriere follows the underestimation trend. Therefore, we modified these methods using the linear regression model. The modified Demirjian and Cameriere formula after validation shows a better fit in the north Indian state of the Uttar Pradesh population.

Application of Cameriere Method for Age Determination in the Deutero-Malay Population

Cameriere introduced a method for determining human age based on the length and width of the open apex from seven permanent left mandibular teeth on a panoramic radiograph. Therefore, this study aims to produce a formula for age determination using Cameriere’s method on panoramic radiographs in the Deutero-Malay subrace population. It was conducted using an analytical design on seven left permanent mandibular teeth from 240 panoramic radiographs with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The tooth length was measured from the incisal edge/cusp to the tip of the apex (L1-7), then the width of the open apex was measured (A1-7) in millimeters (mm) using open-source Fiji ImageJ. Furthermore, the value of was obtained by dividing the width of the open apex (A1-7) and tooth length (L1-7), while s was obtained from the sum of to . N0 is tooth with an apex tip that had closed perfectly. Data were collected and tabulated by gender (g) while the analysis was performed using a linear regression test with IBM statistical software, also, observer reliability was evaluated to determine the variability. The results showed a strong correlation between chronological age and Cameriere’s method variables g, , N0, s, and s*N0 (R=0.899) with the formula AGE = 10,845 + 0,140.g + 1,421. + 0,297.N0 – 1,284.s – 0,10.s*N0, R2=0.807 and SEE=0.756. Based on the results, Cameriere’s method can be used for age determination in the Deutero-Malay subrace population with panoramic radiographs.

Age Estimation in Children by the Measurement of Open Apices in Teeth: A Study in the Western Indian Population.

In forensic sphere and clinical dentistry, age estimation is a topic of utmost importance. Various techniques are employed in children to determine age; however, dental development has proven to be an appropriate method because of its low variability. Cameriere's method is a widely accepted method of age estimation in children, which is carried out by measuring the projections of open apices and also the heights of developing permanent teeth seen on panoramic radiographs. The aim of this study is to establish a new formula for age estimation in the Western Indian population by measuring the open apices of mandibular teeth using Cameriere's European formula. For this study, we included 311 panoramic radiographs of healthy children living in Western India (Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Goa) aged 4–15 years which were analysed by two independent researchers. Seven left permanent mandibular teeth were assessed for length and width of open apices. Dental maturity was evaluated using measurements of the left seven permanent mandibular teeth (xi = Ai/Li, i = 1,…, 7), the sum of the normalized open apices (s), and the number (N0) of teeth with complete root formation. A linear relationship between open apices, N0, age, and other factors was evaluated with the aid of a stepwise multiple regression model. A stepwise linear regression showed that all parameters, gender, s, N0, and x5, were significantly associated with age (R = 85%). No statistically significant difference was found between the predicted and actual chronological age of children in the age group of 4–13 years using the regression equation for the Western Indian population. The present research suggests that the new regression formula developed will be more accurate for age assessment in the Western Indian population.

Age estimation based on Willems method versus country specific model in Saudi Arabia children and adolescents

BackgroundThe aims of this study were to create a method for estimation of dental age in Saudi children and adolescents based on the Willems model developed using the Belgian Caucasian (BC) reference data and to compare the ability of the two models to predict age in Saudi children.MethodsDevelopment of the seven lower left permanent mandibular teeth was staged in 1146 panoramic radiographs from healthy Saudi children (605 male, 541 female) without missing permanent teeth and without all permanent teeth fully developed (except third molars). The data were used to validate the Willems BC model and to construct a Saudi Arabian-specific (Willems SA) model. The mean error, mean absolute error, and root mean square error obtained from both validations were compared to quantify the variance in errors in the sample.ResultsThe overall mean error for the Willems SA method was 0.023 years (standard deviation, ± 0.55), indicating no systematic underestimation or overestimation of age. For girls, the error using the Willems SA method was significantly lower but still negligible at 0.06 years. A small but statistically significant difference in total mean absolute error (11 days) was found between the Willems BC and Willems SA models when the data were compared independent of sex. The overall mean absolute error for girls was slightly lower for the Willems BC method than for the Willems SA method (1.33 years vs. 1.37 years).ConclusionsThe difference in ability to predict dental age between the Willems BC and Willems SA methods is very small, indicating that the data from the BC population can be used as a reference in the Saudi population.

New model for dental age estimation: Willems method applied on fewer than seven mandibular teeth.

Willems method measures the developmental stages of the seven left permanent mandibular teeth and is frequently used for dental age estimation. The aim of this study was to test its accuracy on a large sample of the Croatian population and to develop new models for estimation based on one to seven mandibular teeth. The developmental stages were evaluated on the digital, standardized orthopantomograms of 1868 Croatian children aged 5 to 16. Univariate regression was used for age estimation based on one tooth and regression with forward and backward elimination for selection of the best combination on two to six teeth. Tested in parallel with Willems method, the accuracy of the new models was assessed within intervals of ± 0.5, ± 1, ± 1.5 and ± 2years and shows the percentage of correct estimations. Using Willems method, the average overestimation was 0.41years for boys and 0.22years for girls. Newly developed models that use two to seven teeth proved to be significantly more accurate (p < 0.001). The accuracy of age estimation increases significantly with the number of teeth in a model. Predictably, within the interval ± 0.5years, a model with three teeth has 3% fewer accurate age estimations than a model including seven teeth. In both theory and practice, Willems method has been considered suitable for age estimation among Croatian children. However, these newly developed models significantly surpass its accuracy. Models using two to seven teeth represent a simple, reliable, and accurate method for age estimation, even in cases with missing mandibular teeth.

Applicability of Cameriere European formula for age estimation of 10-15 years legal threshold in South Indian population.

Aim:The aim of the present study is to assess the relationship between chronological age (CA) and the measurement of the open apices in teeth and also assess the accuracy of Cameriere methods on dental age (DA) estimation in the South Indian population.Subjects and Methods:A sample of 200 orthopantomographs of children aged between 10 and 15 years were collected. The seven left permanent mandibular teeth were evaluated with Cameriere method.Results:Regression analysis was carried out which derived the following linear regression formula: Age = 14.117 − 0.01 g − 1.732W3 + 0.016N0 − 0.289 × 5 − 0.099.s. N0. The equation explained 88.3% (R2 = 0.883) of the total deviance. The accuracy of the European formula and South Indian formula was determined by the difference between the estimated DA and CA. Cameriere formula produced 32% and 18% of absolute residuals falls within the range of ± 1 and ± 0.5 years, whereas the new regression formula produced 72% and 35% within range of ± 1 and ± 0.5 years.Conclusion:This further highlight the importance of population-specific formula keeping in mind about variation in dental maturation across different regions.

Age estimation by the Cameriere's normalized measurements (CNM) of the single permanent mandibular tooth on a panoramic radiograph.

In this study Cameriere's normalized measurements (CNM) of a single mandibular tooth were evaluated for age estimation on a sample of ortopantomographies (OPTs) of 2223 Italian children aged between 4 and 15years. Dental maturity was radiographically evaluated by CNM of the seven left permanent mandibular teeth (CNMi=Ai/Li, i=1,…,7); in monoradicular teeth, the distance (Ai, i=1,…,5) between the inner sides of the open apex was measured while in biradicular teeth (Ai, i=6, 7), the sum of the distances between the inner sides of the two open apices was calculated. Ai was normalized by the tooth length (Li, i=1,…,7). The intra- and inter-observer agreement of CNM measurements was almost perfect. Overall, analyzed mandibular teeth finished their development up to the age of 13, but the distribution of CNM varied among different locations. The final models included a tooth-specific CNM as the independent variable and explained from 76% (second molars) to 39% (first incisors) of the variance in chronological age. The bias and accuracy of these models, when applied to real-life data with no age limitation, were within acceptable range of differences in the forensic anthropology of children. Specifically, in all models mean of absolute differences between estimated and real age was within one year (0.67 for first incisors to 1.00 for canines). In conclusion this study showed that all mandibular teeth do not have equal applicability for age estimation suggesting that further evaluation on different samples is necessary to evaluate the usefulness of a single mandibular tooth for age estimation.

Age estimation in children by measurement of open apices in teeth: a study in North Indian population

Age estimation is a prerequisite in forensic medicine, paediatric endocrinology and orthodontic treatment. Dental development has been proven to be suitable for age determination in children because of its lower variability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of using the open apex method proposed by Cameriere et al. for age estimation in Indian children. Digitalized panoramic radiographs were retrieved from the Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology of 558 Indian children (261 girls, 297 boys) with an age range from 5 to 15 years. The seven left permanent mandibular teeth were evaluated for length and open apices. Dental maturity was evaluated using measurements of the seven left permanent mandibular teeth (xi = Ai/Li, i = 1,...,7), the sum of the normalized open apices (s) and the number (N0) of teeth with root development complete. Using a stepwise multiple regression model, a relationship between open apices, N0 and age was evaluated. Statistical analysis revealed high accuracy with the morphological variables explaining 88.5% of the variations in estimated chronological age. This research suggests an open apex method could be successful for age estimation in Indian children and could be applied in legal issues pertaining to forensic medicine.

Measurement of Open Apices in Teeth for Estimation of Age In Children

Background: Estimation of age has been a major factor in identification of an individual, either living or after death. Objective: To estimate and assess the dental age of children by measuring the open apices of the teeth using panoramic radiograph applying linear regression equation. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted on 50 children (25 boys and 25 girls) aged between 5-15 years. The seven left permanent mandibular teeth were assessed using panoramic radiographs which were collected from Medical Record Department, Manipal University, taken during the course of diagnosis and treatment. The number of teeth with closed apical and with open apical end of roots were examined and measured. The values were tabulated and placed on the linear regression equation proposed by Cameriere et al for the estimation of dental age. Result: The result showed no significant difference between the dental age (10.13±1.69 years) and the chronological age (10.31±1.75 years) (p=0.26). The method underestimated the mean age by 0.11 years and 0.23 years for the boys and girls, respectively. The paired sample t- test showed no significant difference between dental age and chronological age for boys (p=0.546) as well as for girls (p=0.351) Conclusion: The estimated age of children by measuring the open apices of the teeth using panoramic radiograph linear regression equation used in the European subjects closely matches with the chronological age in Asian subjects also. Keeping in context to validate more accurately the significance of linear regression equation, there is a need of larger sample size belonging to variety of ethnic and socioeconomic background.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v12i1.11983Health Renaissance 2014;12(1):33-37

Age estimation in northern Chinese children by measurement of open apices in tooth roots.

The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of Cameriere's methods on dental age estimation in the northern Chinese population. A sample of orthopantomographs of 785 healthy children (397 girls and 388 boys) aged between 5 and 15 years was collected. The seven left permanent mandibular teeth were evaluated with Cameriere's method. The sample was split into a training set to develop a Chinese-specific prediction formula and a test set to validate this novel developed formula. Following the training dataset study, the variables gender (g), x 3 (canine teeth), x 4 (first premolar), x 7 (second molar), N 0, and the first-order interaction between s and N 0 contributed significantly to the fit, yielding the following linear regression formula: Age = 10.202 + 0.826 g - 4.068x 3 - 1.536x 4 - 1.959x 7 + 0.536 N 0 - 0.219 s [Symbol: see text] N 0, where g is a variable, 1 for boys and 0 for girls. The equation explained 91.2 % (R (2) = 0.912) of the total deviance. By analyzing the test dataset, the accuracy of the European formula and Chinese formula was determined by the difference between the estimated dental age (DA) and chronological age (CA). The European formula verified on the collected Chinese children underestimated chronological age with a mean difference of around -0.23 year, while the Chinese formula underestimated the chronological age with a mean difference of -0.04 year. Significant differences in mean differences in years (DA - CA) and absolute difference (AD) between the Chinese-specific prediction formula and Cameriere's European formula were observed. In conclusion, a Chinese-specific prediction formula based on a large Chinese reference sample could ameliorate the age prediction accuracy in the age group of children.

Age estimation in children by measurement of open apices in tooth roots: Study of a Mexican sample

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to test the accuracy of Cameriere's European formula for age assessment in a large sample of Mexican children. The accuracy of dental age estimation was defined as how closely real age, measured as the difference between chronological age (CA) and dental age (DA), could be predicted. Digitalized orthopantomographs of 502 Mexican children (254 girls and 248 boys), aged between 5 and 15years, were analyzed. The seven left permanent mandibular teeth were evaluated using Cameriere's method. Intra- and inter-observer variability for this technique was tested on a small random sample. Dental age was estimated for each individual and compared with known chronological age. Accuracy was measured as the difference between known chronological age and dental age and tested for significance with the mean prediction error (ME). The standard deviation and 95% confidence interval of the mean difference were also calculated. ME was 0.63years for girls and 0.52years for boys. ME was found to be slightly overestimated by 0.10years for girls, but was correctly estimated for boys with an accuracy of 0.00. In conclusion, this method is very useful and may be recommended for practical application both in clinical dentistry and forensic procedures on the Mexican population.

Dental age estimation in Egyptian children, comparison between two methods

The need to estimate age of living individuals is becoming increasingly more important in both forensic science and clinical dentistry. The study of the morphological parameters of teeth on dental radiographs of adult humans is more reliable than most other methods for age estimation. Willems and Cameriere methods are newly presented methods. The aim of this work was to evaluate the applicability of using these methods for Egyptian children. Digitalized panoramas taken from 286 Egyptian children (134 boys, 152 girls) with age range from 5 to 16 years were analyzed. The seven left permanent mandibular teeth were evaluated using the two methods. The results of this research showed that dental age estimated by both methods was significantly correlated to real age. However, Willems method was slightly more accurate (98.62%) compared to Cameriere method (98.02%). Therefore, both methods can be recommended for practical application in clinical dentistry and forensic procedures on the Egyptian population.

The measurement of open apices of teeth to test chronological age of over 14-year olds in living subjects

Age determination in living subjects is a problem of increasing interest in our community, due to the increasing numbers of individuals without identification papers, who have immigrated illegally or committed crimes, and for whom it is necessary to verify whether they have reached the age of 14 years in order to be charged legally. Although the most widespread methods for age estimation refer to skeletal or dental analysis, these methods do present some drawbacks for identification of the age of 14. The aim of the present study is to discriminate between children who are or are not 14 years of age or older by measuring the open apices of teeth. We evaluated the OPGs of 447 persons aged between 12 and 16 years, of Italian, Croatian and Slovenian nationality. For each individual, dental maturity was estimated using the number of the seven left permanent mandibular teeth with root development complete, and normalized measurement of the open apices of the third molar. The results revealed that an individual is considered to be 14 years of age or older if all seven left permanent mandibular teeth have closed apices and the normalized measurement of open apices of the third molar is lower than 1.1.