Left Ovary Research Articles

Descriptive analysis of the genital tract of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) collected at a slaughterhouse

The dromedary is one of the few domestic animal species that multiply at a very slow rate. Several factors among others; very long gestation, simple and induced ovulation, contribute to the reduction of the reproductive efficiency of the camel. To help understand camel reproduction in Niger, this study aims to morphologically characterize the reproductive system of dromedary females slaughtered at the slaughterhouse. For this, a total of 132 genital tracts and 264 ovaries belonging to dromedaries were collected and categorized at the slaughterhouse between August and October 2019. Afterwards, these organs were weighed and measured. The average values ​​of the weight of the genital tract were estimated at 211.57±90.68 g; 596.50±38.15 g and 2357.38±296.10 g, respectively for young, not pregnant adult and pregnant adult females. However, the mean values ​​of the length of the right and left uterine horn were 3.95±0.003 cm vs 5.13±0.23 cm; 5.61±0.03 cm vs 8.78±0.24 cm and 18.40±5.86 cm vs 27.90±2.64 cm, respectively for the young, not pregnant adult and pregnant dromedary. The mean weight values ​​of the right and left ovaries were 1.96±0.4 g vs 2.67±0.43 g; 4.37±0.38 g vs 4.79±0.38 g and 6.56±0.67 g vs 5.46±0.51 g, respectively for the young, not pregnant adult and pregnant dromedary. For the average number of follicles per ovary, it was found 17.77±1.75 for the right side against 20.07±1.92 for the left side in young female while it was 27.80±1, 73 vs 28.44±1.71 for the not pregnant adult female and 29.61±2.97vs 29.67±2.95 for the pregnant female. On the other hand, the mean number of corpora lutea per ovary was 0.69±0.16 vs 0.56±0.15; 2.45±0.22 vs 2.56±0.21 and 2.86±0.52 vs 1.94±0.30, respectively for the right and left ovaries of the young, not pregnant adult and pregnant dromedary female. Statically, all these differences are significant (p˂0.05) for the factors considered, particularly the reproductive status of the female and the side of the ovary. The results obtained confirm that the anatomical and structural characteristics of the genital tract of the female dromedary depend on the reproductive status of the animal and the ovary side.

An unusual association of type II Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, turner mosaic syndrome and tubo-ovarian inguinal hernia– case report and review of literature

BackgroundHerniation of ovaries and Mullerian structures into inguinal canal is usually reported in infants and is rare among adults. We are presenting a rare case of Mullerian agenesis and Turner mosaic syndrome with tubo-ovarian inguinal hernia.Case presentationA 17-year-old girl presented with complaints of primary amenorrhea, phenotypical features of Turner syndrome with left inguinal hernia and severe hypertension. Baseline hormonal analysis was normal. Karyotype revealed Turner mosaic with 46XX (85%); 45XO (15%). MRI showed Mullerian agenesis with normally located right ovary in pelvis and left ovary prolapsed through deep inguinal ring into the canal of Nuck. Anti-hypertensives were started and patient optimized for surgery. Laparoscopic hernia repair and repositioning of left ovary into the pelvis was done. Patient had uneventful post-operative course and was discharged in stable condition on anti-hypertensive medication. Future reproductive issues and need of passive vaginal dilatation or vaginoplasty before marriage were explained to the patient and family.ConclusionThis is the first ever reported case with unusual association of atypical MRKH, Turner mosaic syndrome and tubo-ovarian hernia into the inguinal canal. The case emphasizes the need and importance of complete work up of these atypical cases as patients may have more than one cause of primary amenorrhea and complete evaluation is must before any medical or surgical intervention.

A Case Report of Uterine Body Constriction Precluding Normal Parturition Leading to Dystocia in a Mare

A 13-year-old multiparous Quarter Horse mare was presented to the Michigan State University's, Large Animal Emergency service for dystocia. Clinical evaluation revealed a minimally dilated cervix on vaginal examination, with a palpable deceased fetus. Postmortem evaluation following owner-elected humane euthanasia revealed a circumferential, tan, fibrous band at the base of the uterine body that constricted the uterus and was adhered to the left and right ovaries. A routine histologic section of the incarcerating cord attached to the ovary consisted predominately of dense fibrous connective tissue, large blood vessels, and a central oviduct suggestive of a rent in the broad ligament. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report to describe uterine body constriction that precluded vaginal delivery of a fetus in a late gestation mare.

A Case of Mitotically Active Cellular Fibroma of The Ovary Misdiagnosed Preoperatively as Pedunculated Subserosal Uterine Leimyoma

Cellular fibroma is the most common benign tumor of the ovary characterized by cellularity. Mitotically active cellular fibroma is a subtype of cellular fibroma showing mitotic activity, but no nuclear polymorphism or necrosis. These tumors are often misdiagnosed preoperatively as uterine myomas. A 42-year-old woman presented with pain in the right groin. Transvaginal ultrasound revealed a normal left ovary and a semisolid mass of approximately 4.5 x 5 cm originated from the right ovary. Pelvic MRI was reported as subserosal pedunculated uterine leiomyoma in the close antero-superior, right lateral proximity with the uterus fundus and the patient was scheduled for laparoscopic myomectomy. The excised mass was sent for the pathological examination, which resulted in the confirmed diagnosis of mitotically active cellular fibroma. The patient was informed about the local recurrence potential of cellular fibromas and frequent control visits were scheduled before the patient was discharged.

Morphogenesis of the ovary of a chicken embryo in the germinal period of embryonic ontogenesis

The article is devoted to the morphogenesis of the ovary of chickens in embryonic ontogenesis, namely, in the embryonic period, which lasts from the beginning of incubation to the 8-day age of the chicken embryo. The aim of the study was to study the morphology of the development of the ovary of chickens in early embryonic ontogenesis. The objectives of the study included: determining the timing of the onset of ovarian development in chicken embryos; determining the age of the chicken embryo in which the reduction of one of the gonads begins, namely the right one; determining the size of epithelial cells; describing the morphology of gonocytes. It has been established that the development of gonads in chicken embryos, in particular the ovary, begins on the fourth day of embryogenesis in the form of two strips. By the sixth day, the right and left gonads are already roller-shaped bodies with a covering epithelium and a capillary system. At the seven day age of the embryos, the reduction of the right ovary begins. At the eight day age of embryos, the thickness of the integumentary epithelium of the left ovary is 1,3 times higher than that of the right ovary, since the thickness of the epithelium in the left ovary was 6,9 microns, whereas in the right one 5,4 microns. By the end of the embryonic period, namely by the age of 8 days, there is no clear division of the organ into cortical and cerebral matter in the developing ovaries, there is an increase in vascularization of the organ and a decrease in the density of gonocyte placement. It should also be noted the intensive growth of the chicken embryo itself in the embryonic period, since the weight of the embryo increased 11 times from 4 to 8 days of age.

Selection of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in developing chicken embryonic ovary.

Normalization of the expression profiling of target genes, in a tissue-specific manner and under different experimental conditions, requires stably expressed gene(s) to be used as internal reference(s). However, to study the molecular regulation of oocyte meiosis initiation during ovary development in chicken embryos, stable reference gene(s) still need to be compared and confirmed. Six candidate genes previously used as internal references for the chicken embryo (Actb, Cvh, Dazl, Eef1a, Gapdh and Rpl15) were chosen, and their expression profiles in left ovaries dissected at five chicken embryonic days (E12.5, E15.5, E17.5, E18.5 and E20.5) were evaluated, respectively. Separately, GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Comparative ΔCt methods were used to assess the stability of candidate reference genes, and all results were combined to give the final rank by RefFinder. All methods identified that Eef1a and Rpl15 were the two most stable internal reference genes, whereas Cvh is the most unstable one. Moreover, expression levels of three marker genes for chicken oocyte meiosis entry (Stra8, Scp3 and Dmc1) were normalized, based on Eef1a, Rpl15, or their combinations, respectively. Our findings provide the most suitable internal reference genes (Eef1a and Rpl15), to investigate further molecular regulation of ovary development and oocyte meiosis initiation in chicken embryos.

The therapeutic effect of melatonin on female offspring ovarian reserve and quality in BALB/c mice after exposing their mother to methamphetamine during pregnancy and lactation.

Nowadays, methamphetamine (METH) abuse as a psychotropic drug is increasing. There is insufficient information about its adverse effects on the ovarian reserve of the next generation. Herein, we tried to investigate the effect of METH abuse during pregnancy and lactation and, subsequently, the therapeutic effect of melatonin on ovarian reserve in offspring. In the present study, BALB/c pregnant female mice were divided into 3 groups: Control, Saline, and METH (5mg/Kg). METH was injected during pregnancy and lactation, and the female offspring of each group was divided into 2 subgroups: A) treated with 10 mg/kg Melatonin daily until puberty (6 weeks old) and B) received distilled water. The animals were sacrificed at 6 weeks of age, and blood samples were collected for hormonal assessments; the right ovaries were removed and fixed for TUNEL and Hematoxylin & Eosin staining, and the left ovaries were removed and stored for gene expression and oxidative stress evaluation. In the MTEH group, two indicators of ovarian reserve (including anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and primordial follicle, and Cyclin D1 (CCND-1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) genes expression significantly decreased, and the oxidative stress and apoptosis significantly increased in comparison with other groups. After lactation in the MTEH group, melatonin treatment significantly improved the ovarian reserve and gene expression and declined apoptosis and oxidative stress. METH abuse during pregnancy and lactation decreased ovarian reserve in offspring. The administration of melatonin as an anti-oxidant agent after lactation can counteract the adverse effects of METH on offspring ovaries.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary accompanied by transition of a mucinous borderline ovarian tumor

This report describes a woman with a rare primary squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary accompanied by transition of a mucinous borderline ovarian tumor. A woman in her late 40s was referred for abdominal discomfort, which worsened during defecation. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed a multiloculated cystic lesion in the left adnexa measuring approximately 7.5 × 9.5 × 7.0 cm. An intraoperatively obtained frozen biopsy sample of the mass in the left ovary was positive for malignancy, resulting in a surgical staging operation. The tumor was composed of squamous cell carcinoma and mucinous borderline tumor. There was no evidence of capsular invasion or invasion of other internal organs, including pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes (0/41). Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor was diffusely positive for cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, Ki-67, and P40 but negative for P16. After a debulking operation, the patient has been monitored regularly without adjuvant therapy owing to final surgical staging of the tumor as stage IA.

Combination of microspheres and gadoteridol for the determination of non-target ovarian embolization during uterine artery embolization. A case series

Background. Uterine myoma is the most common benign tumor of the pelvic organs in women. One of the effective therapies for myomas is uterine artery embolization (UAE), which can be associated with unintended ovarian embolization. However, there is no certainty about the effect of unintended ovarian embolization on fertility and ovarian function since no precise evidence-based ways of identifying unintended embolization have been described.
 Aim. To develop a highly accurate method for identifying unintended ovarian embolization during UAE.
 Materials and methods. A series of clinical cases of the utilization of combined embolization material based on the paramagnetic contrast agent gadoteridol and saturable HepaSphere microspheres are presented.
 Results. On admission, patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic organs with contrast enhancement. After UAE with this combined embolization material, another pelvic MRI without contrast enhancement was performed on the in-hospital day 2. In the first clinical case, no hyperintensive zones were detected in the ovarian stroma. However, in the second case, a previously undetected hyperintensive signal up to 6 mm in diameter was seen in the stroma of the left ovary by repeat MRI.
 Conclusion. Using this combined material during UAE significantly increases the accuracy of possible unintended ovarian embolization detection as soon as in the early postoperative period.

A carcinoid arising within an ovarian teratoma: a case report

Benign teratoma is the most common germ cell tumour found in the ovary. One to three percent of these are found to harbour somatic neoplasms,1 of which squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and sarcoma account for 95%.2 The first report of a carcinoid presenting in bronchial mucosa, within a teratoma was made in 20183 and we present a similar rare case in a 54 year old female. The patient underwent a total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Macroscopically the left ovary measured 45 mm, with a smooth external surface and contained two cysts.

Anatomic Distribution of Benign Ovarian Tumors in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women.

Introduction We aim to report the histotypes and reassess the anatomic distribution of benign ovarian tumors in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Methods Medical and pathology reports of women with histologically confirmed benign ovarian pathology were investigated. Data were collected, retrospectively between 2000 and 2020, and analyzed from perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with benign ovarian tumors, after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) with or without total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). The ovarian masses histology and the distribution of locations were further evaluated. Results The total sample consisted of 1,355 women with benign ovarian tumors; 929 (68.6%) of the perimenopausal and 426 (31.4%) of the postmenopausal age. A dermoid cyst was prominent in the right ovary (52.8%), compared to the left side (41%) (p<0.01). Conversely, in patients with endometriomas and cysts of Morgagni, the observed proportion was more prominent in the left-sided ovary (61.8% vs 27%; p<0.001 and 52.3% vs 36.4%; p<0.01, respectively). Moreover, in the perimenopausal women, we mostly detected endometrioma (18.3%), dermoid cyst (15.5%) and cyst of Morgagni (4%) compared to postmenopausal women, where serous cysts (29.8%) and ovarian fibroids (8%) were the most common tumors. Conclusions Benign ovarian tumors are frequently seen in perimenopausal women and most histotypes present anatomical differences between the left and right ovaries. Serous cysts, followed by paraovarian, dermoid cysts and endometrioma present the commonest ovarian benign masses. Gynecologists should pay special attention to adnexal tumors in the postmenopausal period to choose the right operating setting for women at risk for ovarian cancer.

Cross Sectional Study of Small East African Goat Ovarian Morphology During Wet and Dry Seasons

Reproductive cycle of Small East African (SEA) goats in the tropics is characterized by a reduced fertility rate during the dry season. The reduced fertility rate has a negative impact on livestock sector development and the livelihood of rural communities. The current study was conducted to evaluate ovarian morphometric parameters and follicular atresia during dry and wet seasons. A total of 90 apparently healthy adult goats from Morogoro region in Tanzania brought for slaughter at Morogoro Municipal slaughterhouse were randomly selected for the study. Following the slaughter both left and right ovaries were collected for gross and histomorphological analysis. The results of morphometric analysis found that, length of right ovary was significantly higher than that of the left (p&lt;0.05). Histological analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of atretic follicles during the dry season when compared to the wet season (p&lt;0.05). These findings indicate that the reduced fertility rate in the SEA goat during the dry season could be contributed by an increased rate of follicular atresia

Anatomical distribution of endometriosis: Across-sectional analysis of transvaginal ultrasound in symptomatic patients.

The anatomical distribution of deep endometriosis (DE) is essential in treating patients with symptoms associated with the disease. There is an evidence gap in correlating clinical features and symptoms with disease patterns. The study aimed at determining DE anatomic distribution based on advanced transvaginal ultrasound and describe the relationship with symptoms obtained with the World Endometriosis Foundation Questionnaire. A cross-sectional study included 549 ultrasound results and 370 questionnaire responses between July 2018 and January 2021. Descriptive statistics are presented. Continuous variables were compared by a simple t-test and ANOVA and categorical variables by the chi-squared test. Logistic regression and R2 values summarised the relationship between positive ultrasound and possible predictor variables (software SAS version 9.4). The anatomical locations with signs of endometriosis on ultrasound were the right uterosacral ligament (USL) 23.3% (n=128), left USL 21.3% (n=117) and bowel 19.1% (n=105). Endometriomas in the right and left ovaries (14%, n=77, and 14.7%, n=81 respectively), superficial endometriosis in 15.5% (n=85), torus uterinus in 11.7% (n=64), Pouch of Douglas (POD) in 9.7% (n=53), rectovaginal septum in 4.2% (n=23), vaginal fornix in 3.5% (n=19). A negative 'sliding-sign' was noted in 25.3% (n=139), and ovarian medial immobility was noted frequently (left 20.2%, n=111 and right 16.9%, n=93). Dyspareunia, dysmenorrhoea, infertility and family history were associated with endometriosis lesions (P < 0.05). Prediction models based on symptomatology presented low discriminatory power. This large real-life cohort associating the description of the anatomical distribution of endometriosis as seen on advanced TVS in symptomatic patients confirmed that uterosacral ligaments, torus uterinus, ovaries and bowel represent the most common anatomical sites of endometriosis. Also, the dynamic abnormalities elicited via ultrasound, such as the uterus 'sliding-sign' and ovarian mobility, remain common. The knowledge of the general locations of identifiable endometriosis on ultrasound and the dynamic abnormalities is essential to sonologists and sonographers in implementing advanced TVS protocols to detect endometriosis. In addition, the different presentations of dyspareunia can be associated with USL and bowel endometriosis. Subfertility might also be associated with USL, ovarian and bowel endometriosis. Nevertheless, prediction models showed suboptimal results. Endometriosis is mainly distributed in USLs, bowel and ovaries. POD obliteration is frequent. Symptoms can be associated with anatomic locations; however, prediction models showed low clinical applicability.

True Prevalence of Diaphragmatic Endometriosis and Its Association with Severe Endometriosis: A Call for Awareness and Investigation

To identify characteristics indicating preoperatively the presence of diaphragmatic endometriosis (DE). Comparison of characteristics of patients with DE with characteristics of patients with abdominal endometriosis without diaphragmatic involvement, in a prospective cohort study. Tertiary referral center; endometriosis center. 1372 patients with histologically proven endometriosis. Surgery performed laparoscopically under general anesthesia. All patients with suspected endometriosis underwent a complete bilateral inspection of the diaphragm. Demographic and clinical pathologic characteristics were evaluated using basic descriptive statistics (comparison of the groups using the chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney t-test). A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship (hazard ratio) between symptoms and the presence of DE. DE was diagnosed in 4.7% of the patients (65/1372). There was no significant difference between the two groups (patients with abdominal endometriosis with or without DE) with regard to typical endometriosis pain (dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dysuria, and/or dyspareunia). However, in the DE group, diaphragmatic pain was present significantly more often pre-operatively (27.7% vs 1.8% p<.001). Four DE patients (6.1 %) were asymptomatic (with infertility the indication for surgery). In the DE group, 78.4 % had advanced stages of endometriosis (rAFS III° or IV°); the left lower pelvis was affected in more patients (73.8%). In cases of ovarian endometriosis, patients with DE showed a significantly higher prevalence of left ovaries involvement (left 63% vs right 35.7%, p<.001). Patients with DE had a significantly higher rate of infertility (49.2% vs 28.7%, p<.05). Patients with shoulder pain, infertility, and/or endometriosis in the left pelvis have a significant higher risk of DE and therefore need specific preoperative counseling and if indicated surgical treatment.

A case of rapid canine nephroblastoma presumed metastasis documented with advanced imaging

AbstractA 1.5‐year‐old, female, entire German shepherd dog was presented for evaluation of an abdominal mass. The dog had a 4‐month history of polydipsia, polyuria, diarrhoea, and weight loss despite polyphagia. Abdominal ultrasound confirmed a large abdominal mass suspected to be uterine in origin. An exploratory celiotomy revealed a 4.3 kg, 26 × 17 × 17 cm multinodular mass entirely encompassing the uterus, left ovary and left kidney. A combined ovariohysterectomy and left nephrectomy were undertaken. Histopathology confirmed stage ΙΙ renal nephroblastoma with favourable histology. Chemotherapy was declined and 86 days following surgery, significant abdominal metastases were identified on a computed tomography scan. The patient was euthanased 113 days after surgery due to progressive disease. This is the first report to display the rapid presumed metastasis of a canine nephroblastoma, without gross metastasis at initial surgical resection, through advanced imaging. This is also the first reported case of polyphagia despite weight loss as a presenting clinical sign.

Torsion of an Ovarian Endometrioma: About an Uncommon Case Report

Endometrioma, when its size is ≥ 5 cm, can be complicated by a torsion of the ovary. In this case it is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency with respect to the many complications of ovarian torsion including necrosis. We report a case of endometrioma diagnosed by a torsion of the ovary. The context clinic was dominated by acute pelvic pain; the ultrasound showed a huge left cystic ovary, and the laparotomy revealed a torsion of the left adnexa. A detorsion and cystectomy was performed and the confirmation of the endometrioma was provided by the histology of the surgical specimen. The difficulty lies in the diagnostic and therapeutic choice to preserve or not the ovary. The indications are therefore discussed on a case-by-case basis and depend on many parameters, the most important of which is the intraoperative viability of the ovary after its detorsion.

Ultrasonographic Assessment of Ovarian Volume: A Cross-sectional Study to Evaluate Ovarian Reserve and Its Impact on Reproductive Potential

Introduction: Ovarian Reserve (OR) serves as an important indicator of a female’s reproductive potential and remaining reproductive lifespan. With the societal shift towards delayed marriages and increased career focus among women, there is a growing need to understand the impact of age on fertility and the role of assisted reproductive techniques. Aim: To evaluate the volume of both left and right ovaries in asymptomatic females using ultrasonographic measurement of various morphometric parameters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, in association with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George’s Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India, from September 2016 to June 2017. Total 100 non pregnant females aged 19-49 years were included in the study. Ultrasonography was used to measure the Longitudinal Length (LL), Transverse Diameter (TD), and Anteroposterior Diameter (APD) of both ovaries (right and left). The volume of each ovary was calculated using the formula: 0.523×LL×TD×APD. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 24.0 was used to assess the maximum, minimum, and mean±Standard Deviation (SD) for all the morphometric parameters of the right and left ovaries. A paired t-test was used to compare these morphometric parameters, and a p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean±SD age of the study participants was 34.06±9.35 years. The mean±SD of LL, TD, APD, and volume for the right ovary were 3.12±0.29 cm, 2.37±0.24 cm, 1.76±0.19 cm, and 6.78±1.08 cm³, respectively. The mean±SD of LL, TD, APD, and volume for the left ovary were 3.08±0.45 cm, 2.32±0.25 cm, 1.76±0.18 cm, and 6.61±1.06 cm³, respectively. A comparison between these morphometric parameters of the right and left ovaries did not reveal any statistically significant differences. Conclusion: The use of sonography is rapidly increasing nowadays in the field of gynaecology and reproductive medicine, and ovarian parameters are of great importance in diagnosing ovarian abnormalities in adolescents, PCOS, and ovarian cancer. In the field of reproductive medicine, ultrasound is helpful in serial follicular monitoring of females on ovulogens to assess their ovarian reserve.

Chistadenom mucinos gigant recidivat – caz clinic

Giant ovarian mucinous cystadenoma is a benign tumor in most cases and usually appears in adult or middle-aged women. The mucinous cystadenoma is a noncancerous type of ovarian tumor. The ovarian mucinous cystadenoma is the second most frequent benign ovarian tumor and re­pre­sents approximately 15% of all ovarian tumors. This pa­per presents the clinical case of a 35-year-old patient ad­mit­ted to our hospital, in the gynecology department, with a history of repetitive menometrorrhagia, for about six months, diffuse abdominal pain, radiating in the lum­bar region and the lower limbs, fatiguability, asthenia, dys­pa­reu­nia and the voluminal growth of the abdomen in the previous two months. The physical examination, the gyne­co­lo­gi­cal examination, the laboratory tests focused on ova­rian tumor markers (CA125, HE4, ROMA score) and the echo­gra­phic examination revealed the existence of a giant ova­rian tumoral growth on the only remaining ovary, the left ovary. A particularity of this clinical case is the fact that, five years before, the patient had undergone another surgery for a giant ovarian cyst on the right ovary (mucinous cyst­ade­no­ma), when both a cystectomy and a right adnexectomy had been performed. In our case, we paid special attention to the values of the ovarian tumor markers, since our goal was to surgically intervene for the excision of the intact cyst, but also to keep the left ovary (a reason why we also asked for an extemporaneous examination), taking into account the mis­sing right ovary and the age of the patient, who was only 35 years old.

Insulin Ameliorates Folliculogenesis in An Experimental Model of PCOS Mice.

Insulin is an essential factor that controls female reproductive system. Insulin signaling via Foxo1 and Akt1 can improve steroidogenesis, cell proliferation, and protein synthesis. We aimed to determine the effect of insulin on possible changes in gene expression, hormonal status, and histological aspects of the ovary following the induction of the animal model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this experimental study, 24 adult female NMRI mice weighing 25-30 g were randomly placed in three groups: control, PCOS (60 mg/kg dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 20 days, and PCOS+insulin (60 mg/kg DHEA for 20 days+100 μL insulin diluted in water twice a week for 30 consecutive days). Blood specimens were obtained from the heart and the serum levels of testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol were measured. Right, and left ovaries were removed for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and stereological study. DHEA injection significantly amplified the concentration of testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol. While insulin treatment amended the level of reproductive hormones. DHEA injection significantly reduced the expression levels of Irs1-4, Pdk1, Pi3k, and Akt1-3 and raised the expression level of Caspase-3. However, insulin administration amplified expression levels of Irs1-4, Pdk1, Pi3k, and Akt1-3, and reduced Caspase-3. The total volume of ovarian tissue in mice receiving DHEA significantly declined compared to the control group. Besides, a substantial decrease was detected in the number of ovarian antral, Graafian, and primordial follicles and also in the total number of corpus luteum following DHEA administration. Comparison of structural alterations in ovarian tissue between the PCOS+insulin and the PCOS groups displayed that insulin administration improved the total number of Graafian, primordial, and antral follicles and also corpus luteum. In general, short-term insulin treatment showed improvement in hormonal balance, folliculogenesis, and insulin resistance in the ovaries of the PCOS mice model.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ ПРИ СКЛЕРОЗЕ ЯИЧНИКОВ НА МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЯЙЦЕПРОВОДОВ У КОРОВ

The article presents the research findings of the effect of pathological changes caused by ovarian sclerosis on the morphofunctional parameters of oviducts in cows. The primary reason for symptomatic infertility in cows is functional disorders of the ovaries. The epithelial tissue of the reproductive organs in animals plays a vital role in their reproductive function. Histological and morphological changes in a cow's uterus are closely connected to changes in the ovaries. Specifically, ovarian sclerosis can disrupt the functional activity of the uterine horn's epithelial cells. When studying the morphofunctional state of oviducts damaged by ovarian sclerosis in cows, we found histological and morphofunctional changes therein associated with changes in the ovaries. The left ovary was more often sclerotized than the right one. The total wall thickness of the left and right oviducts in the setting of ovarian sclerosis thickened compared to the norm. In this scenario, the submucosa in the left oviduct measures 22.3% below the standard thickness, whereas in the right one, it is notably thicker by 38.4%. The muscular layer of the left and right oviducts is thicker than norm by 38.7% and 104.2% respectively. The area of protoplasm and the nuclei of the surface epithelium in the left oviduct decreased by 12.95% and 22.2%, respectively, compared with the norm. The functional activity of the surface epithelium cells in the left oviduct damaged by ovarian sclerosis was lower than that in clinically healthy cows.