Left Branch Research Articles

Impact of anesthesia on micromagnetic stimulation (μMS) of the vagus nerve

To treat diseases associated with vagal nerve control of peripheral organs, it is necessary to selectively activate efferent and afferent fibers in the vagus. As a result of the nerve’s complex anatomy, fiber-specific activation proves challenging. Spatially selective neuromodulation using micromagnetic stimulation(μMS) is showing incredible promise. This neuromodulation technique uses microcoils(μcoils) to generate magnetic fields by powering them with a time-varying current. Following the principles of Faraday’s law of induction, a highly directional electric field is induced in the nerve from the magnetic field. In this study on rodent cervical vagus, a solenoidal μcoil was oriented at an angle to left and right branches of the nerve. The aim of this study was to measure changes in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) following μMS of the vagus. The μcoils were powered by a single-cycle sinusoidal current varying in pulse widths(PW = 100, 500, and 1000 μsec) at a frequency of 20 Hz. Under the influence of isoflurane, μMS of the left vagus at 1000 μsec PW led to an average drop in MAP of 16.75 mmHg(n = 7). In contrast, μMS of the right vagus under isoflurane resulted in an average drop of 11.93 mmHg in the MAP(n = 7). Surprisingly, there were no changes in HR to either right or left vagal μMS suggesting the drop in MAP associated with vagus μMS was the result of stimulation of afferent, but not efferent fibers. In urethane anesthetized rats, no changes in either MAP or HR were observed upon μMS of the right or left vagus(n = 3). These findings suggest the choice of anesthesia plays a key role in determining the efficacy of μMS on the vagal nerve. Absence of HR modulation upon μMS could offer alternative treatment options using VNS with fewer heart-related side-effects.

On the Absence of Certain Island Effects in Mende

The distinction between weak and strong islands has been extensively explored in the literature from both a descriptive and analytical perspective. In this paper, I document and analyze island constructions and constraints in Mende, an understudied Mande language spoken in Sierra Leone. Mende has both weak islands (left branch and wh-islands) and strong islands (adjunct clauses, sentential subjects, and coordinate structures). Intriguingly, it has a third class of islands, that I call mixed islands which show a subject–non-subject asymmetry in allowing for movement out of relative clauses, only when they modify the subject. As such, subject-modifying RCs cannot be classified as (strong/weak) islands in Mende. This is the first systematic work on islands and island constraints in the Mande language family, and, as such, it brings novel data from an understudied language family to bear on our understanding of A-bar dependencies and the study of island escape in African languages. It also calls into question a neat paradigm of cross-linguistic island constraints. Importantly, this work also lays down a baseline for future research on island constraints in the broader Mande language family. In order to discuss island constraints, this paper also lays out the first analysis of relative clauses in Mende, while integrating new research on the left periphery, focus constructions, and wh-constructions.

ISSUES OF CREATING A SYSTEM FOR EARLY DETECTION OF FOREST FIRES BASED ON UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

The urgent importance of the task of monitoring the state of forests lies in the danger of forest fires. Forest fires are a frequent occurrence in almost all continents. Despite the high information content of the spectral signs of a forest fire, the corresponding functionality is not fully used in the known implementations of the forest fire early detection system. The spectral region in which it is possible to distinguish forest areas in a state of fire from their usual state is quite wide and covers the middle and thermal zone of the infrared part of the spectrum. The installation of spectral equipment (multi- and hyperspectrometers) on board the UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) can certainly expand the functionality of unmanned equipment in the early detection of forest fires. The optimal procedure for using UAVs equipped with hyperspectral equipment for early detection of forest fires is proposed. An optimization problem has been formulated and solved to determine the most appropriate mode of changing the UAV flight altitude with an increase in the wavelength of the measurements being carried out. According to the proposed method, on the right branch of the Planck curve, with increasing wavelength, the flight altitude should be increased, and on the left branch it should be reduced. This order corresponds to the case of increasing the wavelength on both branches and follows from the integral restriction set on the function of the dependence of the flight altitude on the wavelength, which comes from the limited real energy resources on board the UAV. Based on the developed method, a new technique for early detection of forest fires based on the use of hyperspectral method is proposed.

Polyarteritis Nodosa Confined to the Kidneys in a Patient with Proteinuria and Mild Renal Impairment

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis predominantly involving medium- or small-sized arteries, typically of the kidneys and other internal organs. Given the rarity of PAN and the variable clinical presentation, diagnosis is challenging and, to date, no definitive diagnostic marker has been identified. A patient diagnosed with immunoglobulin A nephropathy was observed to exhibit deterioration in renal function. To determine whether new structural abnormalities had developed, computed tomography scans of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder were obtained. Both kidneys exhibited multiple cortical defects, and a renal angiogram was performed to determine the cause. Angiography revealed partial obliteration of the left distal renal artery branches and multifocal extensive infarctions in both kidneys, and the patient was diagnosed with renal-limited PAN. Following steroid monotherapy, an improvement in renal function was observed. We believe that this case report may be helpful to physicians who assess and treat patients with suspected renal-limited PAN.

Correlation between the exchange bias effect and antisite disorder in Sr2−xLaxCoNbO6 (x=0, 0.2)

We unravel the effect of La substitution and hence antisite disorders on the exchange bias (EB) mechanism in Sr2−xLaxCoNbO6 (x=0, 0.2) double-perovskite samples using the detailed analysis of the field cooled magnetization isotherms (M−H) and training effect. The field dependence of the freezing temperature deviates from both Gabay-Toulouse and de Almeida-Thouless lines and the analysis suggests that the x=0 sample follows a different universality class with moderate anisotropy in the frozen spins. Interestingly, we find that the EB effect is significantly suppressed in the x=0.2 sample due to increase [decrease] in the size of ferromagnetic (FM) [cluster glass (CG)] domain, which reduces the effective disordered interface responsible for the EB. The changes in fraction of FM, antiferromagnetic, and CG-like interactions with the La substitution and applied magnetic field are found to be crucial in governing the EB effect in these samples. Furthermore, the training effect measurements show the unequal shift in the left and right branches of the M−H loops and their different evolution with the field cycles (n). The analysis reveals that the rotatable spins relax approximately one order of magnitude faster than the frozen spins at the disordered interface. We find a possible correlation between the observed EB effect and the antisite disorders in these samples. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Digital subtraction angiography of intrahepatic portal vein as the key visualization for mesoportal shunting in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction

Аn early consideration in pediatric patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is to be given for mesoportal shunt. A careful investigation is required to prove intrahepatic portal system patency. Conventional noninvasive imaging is not adequately reliable in assessing patency of the intrahepatic portal venous system. Retrograde portography in children brings additional invasive procedure. Antegrade, direct intraoperative digital subtraction angiography for mesoportal shunt feasibility assessment is poorly presented in literature. Aim - to improve the rate of success of mesoportal shunting in children with EHPVO by analyzing our own experience in intraoperative digital subtraction angiography of the intrahepatic branches of the portal vein for the final assessment of the mesoportal shunting feasibility. Materials and methods. 7 pediatric patients with EHPVO were selected for the study. Angiographies and surgeries in selected patients were performed within single center in a period from May 2022 to July 2023. Mean follow up of successful mesoportal shunting was 12.38±1.46 months. Results. All patients were males. Men age at surgery was 8.71±1.72 years. 5 (71.4%) patients manifested bleeding episodes as the first sign of portal hypertension. In all patients ultrasound revealed splenomegaly and suspected portal hypertension for reduced volumetric portal flow. All 7 patients had high grade. Liver function was normal in all patients, and in none thrombophilia was confirmed. CT scans suspected patent left intrahepatic branch (Rex-zone). Digital subtraction angiography approved mesoportal shunt feasibility in 4 (57.1%) patients. The follow up period was 13.5±2.9 months. Conclusions. Digital subtraction angiography of intrahepatic portal vein is effective visualization method to achieve with radiologic evidence of intrahepatic portal branches patency and make the decision on mesoportal shunting when favorable anatomy proved. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Association between Portal Vein Thrombosis after Umbilical Vein Catheterization and Neonatal Asphyxia

Introduction: Neonatal portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is frequently related to umbilical venous catheterization (UVC), but risk factors remain unclear. This study aims to analyze the variables associated to PVT in near- to full-term newborns with UVC, with a focus on newborns exposed to controlled therapeutic hypothermia (CTH) for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods: This is retrospective cohort study of infants delivered at or after 36 weeks and with a birthweight over 1,500 g. All infants were assessed for UVC location and PVT using ultrasonography performed between day 5 and day 10 after catheterization. Results: Among 213 eligible patients, PVT was diagnosed in 57 (27%); among them, 54 (95%) were localized in the left portal vein branch. With all significant factors in univariate analysis considered, higher gestational age at birth (adjusted OR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.12–1.64, p = 0.002) and duration of UVC placement (adjusted OR 1.36; 95% CI: 1.11–1.67, p = 0.004) were the main risk factors of PVT. Among 87 infants who were cooled for HIE, 31 (36%) had PVT compared to 26 (21%) in infants without CTH. Using a multivariate model including variables linked to treatment procedures only, an increased PVT incidence was statistically associated with UVC duration (adjusted OR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.08; 1.63, p = 0.01) and CTH (adjusted OR 1.94; 95% CI: 1.04–3.65, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Left PVT was frequently observed in near- to full-term neonates with UVC. Among factors linked to treatment procedures, both duration of UVC and CTH exposure for HIE were found to be independent risk factors of PVT.

The influence of global climate change on the hydromorphological regime of river waters in the Sabirabad and Ujar regions

In recent decades, climate change has caused impacts on the natural systems of all rivers. Since in the Sabirabad and Ujar regions, which are the objects of the study, the impact of global climate change on river waters has not been studied on such a large scale, the topic is considered very relevant. The article presents some results of a study of the influence of climatic factors on the hydromorphological structure of the Araz rivers, the right branch of the Kura, and the left branch Turyanchay.

Study on the related factors of TCM constitution and hemodynamics in patients with coronary heart disease.

The concepts of "individualization" and "preventive treatment" should be incorporated into the precise diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). Both hemodynamics and Chinese medicine constitution studies align with these two concepts. This study utilized data from 81 patients with CHD, including 12 patients with balanced constitution (BC), 20 patients with blood stasis constitution (BSC), 17 patients with phlegm-dampness constitution (PDC), 15 patients with qi-deficiency constitution (QDC), and 17 patients with other constitutions. Clinical data provided information on the patients' blood property, heart function, degree of coronary stenosis, coronary hemodynamics, and so on. These parameters were compared between patients with balanced constitution vs. biased constitutions as well as between those with blood stasis constitution, phlegm-dampness constitution, and qi-deficiency constitution. Compared to biased constitution (BC), patients with balanced constitution exhibited lower total cholesterol (TC) levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Additionally, they had lighter stenosis degrees in the Left anterior descending branch (LAD) and Left circumflex branch (LCX) branches. The hemodynamic condition of the LAD and LCX was better for those with balanced constitution; however there was no difference in heart function. Among the groups categorized by blood stasis, phlegm dampness or qi deficiency constituions, patients classified under phlegm dampness had higher levels of LDL compared to those classified under blood stasis or qi deficiency, while patients classified under qi deficiency had higher levels of blood glucose compared to those classified under blood stasis or phlegm dampness. Hemodynamic environments also differed among the LAD and LCX for each group but there were no significant differences observed in heart function or degree of coronary stenosis among these three groups. The balanced constitution demonstrates superior blood property, degree of coronary artery stenosis, and coronary hemodynamics compared to the biased constitution. Furthermore, among the three constitutions with CHD, variations in blood property and certain hemodynamic parameters are observed. These findings emphasize the significant clinical value of incorporating physical factors into the diagnosis and treatment of patients with CHD.

Hemodynamics in left coronary artery with ramus intermedius: A patient-specific computational study

Clinical studies based on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) images suggest that the presence of ramus intermedius (RI) in the left coronary artery (LCA) may aggravate the atherosclerotic depositions in the furcation region. In this study, computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed in patient-specific coronary models consisting of bifurcating LCA and two models having trifurcating LCA. Three-dimensional patient-specific coronary models are constructed from CCTA images obtained from North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, India. Results indicate that the flow redistribution happens in the left coronary branch due to the presence of RI and the flow to left anterior descending artery (LAD) is reduced significantly. Recirculation and flow separation regions are observed in the proximal parts of the LAD and left circumflex artery for trifurcation geometries. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of wall shear stress-based descriptors suggests that the presence of the intermediate branch may affect the atherosusceptibility of the proximal region of LAD. The study indicates that the presence of RI may act as a contributing factor for plaque development and progression in the furcation region and proximal parts of LAD.

Target Vessel-Related Outcomes in Patients Managed With Branch Thoracic Aortic Endovascular Repair.

Data on target vessel (TV)-related outcomes in patients managed with branched thoracic endovascular aortic repair (BTEVAR) are limited. This study aimed to present the TV-related outcomes of BTEVAR in patients managed for aortic arch pathologies at 30 days and during follow-up. A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients, managed between September 1, 2011, and June 30, 2022, with custom-made aortic arch endografts (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA), presenting at least one branch configuration, were eligible. Primary outcomes were technical success, TV-related patency, and reinterventions at 30 days. In total, 255 TVs were revascularized using branches: 107 innominate arteries (IAs), 108 left common carotid arteries (LCCAs), and 40 left subclavian arteries (LSAs). Covered stents were used as bridging stents of which 10.2% were balloon expandable. Relining, using bare-metal stents (BMS), was performed in 14.0% of IAs, 35.2% of LCCAs, and 22.5% of LSAs. Technical success on case basis was 99.2%; no failure was related to unsuccessful TV bridging. At 30 day follow-up, no TV occlusion was detected. In 5.6% of cases, a type Ic or III endoleak, attributed to TVs, was recorded. Two patients needed early branch-related reintervention. The mean follow-up was 18.3±9.2 months. Freedom from TV instability was 94.6% (standard error [SE] 2.5%] at 12 months. No TV stenosis or occlusion was detected up to 48 months of follow-up. Freedom from TV-related reinterventions was 95.4% [SE 2.4%] at 12 months. TV stenosis or occlusion in BTEVAR cases is rare and TV-related reinterventions and instability events are mainly attributed to type Ic and III endoleak formation. Previous studies focusing on target vessel (TV) outcomes after endovascular aortic arch repair are limited. In this study, including 255 TVs revascularized using branched arch devices, bridging was performed with covered stents, of which 90% were self-expanding. Relining was at the discretion of the operator and was 14% for the innominate, 35.2% for the left common carotid and 22.5% for the left subclavian artery branches. No 30-day occlusion was detected. The freedom from TV instability was almost 95% at 12 months. TV instability and reintervention were mainly attributed to endoleaks type Ic and IIIc.

Long-term all-cause death prediction by coronary, aortic, and valvular calcification in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

To determine the prognostic value of cumulative calcification score of coronary artery calcification (CAC), thoracic aortic calcification (TAC) and aortic valve calcification (AVC) in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study. A total of 332 STEMI patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) were enrolled in this study between January 2010 to October 2018. We assessed the calcification in the left anterior descending branch (LAD), left circumflex branch (LCX), right coronary artery (RCA), thoracic aorta, and aortic valve. Calcification of each part was counted as 1 point, and the cumulative calcification score was calculated as the sum of all points. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine association of cumulative calcification score with end points. The performance of the score was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and absolute net reclassification improvement (NRI), compared with the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score. The overall population's calcification score was 2.0 ± 1.6. During a mean follow-up time of 69.8 ± 29.3 months, the all-cause mortality rate was 12.1%. Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the score was significantly associated with mortality (log-rank p < 0.001). The multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses showed that a calcification score of 4-5 was independently associated with all-cause death in STEMI patients [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-5.31, p = 0.046]. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the calcification score was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.61-0.72), and the AUC of the GRACE score was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75-0.84). There was no statistical difference in the predictive value between both scores for 3-year mortality in STEMI patients after PPCI (p = 0.06). Based on the NRI analysis, the calcification score showed better risk classification compared with the GRACE score (absolute NRI = 6.63%, P = 0.027). The cumulative calcification score is independently associated with the long-term prognosis of STEMI patients after PPCI.

Differentiation of acute coronary syndrome with radiomics of pericoronary adipose tissue.

To assess the potential values of radiomics signatures of pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) in identifying patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In total, 149, 227, and 244 patients were clinically diagnosed with ACS, chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), and without coronary artery disease (CAD), respectively, and were retrospectively analysed and randomly divided into training and testing cohorts at a 2:1 ratio. From the PCATs of the proximal left anterior descending branch, left circumflex branch, and right coronary artery (RCA), the pericoronary fat attenuation index (FAI) value and radiomics signatures were calculated, among which features closely related to ACS were screened out. The ACS differentiation models AC1, AC2, AC3, AN1, AN2, and AN3 were constructed based on the FAI value of RCA and the final screened out first-order and texture features, respectively. The FAI values were all higher in patients with ACS than in those with CCS and no CAD (all P < .05). For the identification of ACS and CCS, the area-under-the-curve (AUC) values of AC1, AC2, and AC3 were 0.92, 0.94, and 0.91 and 0.91, 0.86, and 0.88 in the training and testing cohorts, respectively. For the identification of ACS and no CAD, the AUC values of AN1, AN2, and AN3 were 0.95, 0.94, and 0.94 and 0.93, 0.87, and 0.89 in the training and testing cohorts, respectively. Identification models constructed based on the radiomics signatures of PCAT are expected to be an effective tool for identifying patients with ACS. The radiomics signatures of PCAT and FAI values are expected to differentiate between patients with ACS, CCS and those without CAD on imaging.

Quantitative analysis of the impact of respiratory state on the heartbeat-induced movements of the heart and its substructures

PurposeThis study seeks to examine the influence of the heartbeat on the position, volume, and shape of the heart and its substructures during various breathing states. The findings of this study will serve as a valuable reference for dose-volume evaluation of the heart and its substructures in radiotherapy for treating thoracic tumors.MethodsTwenty-three healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study, and cine four-dimensional magnetic resonance images were acquired during periods of end-inspiration breath holding (EIBH), end-expiration breath holding (EEBH), and deep end-inspiration breath holding (DIBH). The MR images were used to delineate the heart and its substructures, including the heart, pericardium, left ventricle (LV), left ventricular myocardium, right ventricle (RV), right ventricular myocardium (RVM), ventricular septum (VS), atrial septum (AS), proximal and middle portions of the left anterior descending branch (pmLAD), and proximal portion of the left circumflex coronary branch (pLCX). The changes in each structure with heartbeat were compared among different respiratory states.ResultsCompared with EIBH, EEBH increased the volume of the heart and its substructures by 0.25–3.66%, while the average Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) increased by − 0.25 to 8.7%; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Conversely, the VS decreased by 0.89 mm in the left–right (LR) direction, and the displacement of the RV in the anterior–posterior (AP) direction significantly decreased by 0.76 mm (p < 0.05). Compared with EIBH and EEBH, the average volume of the heart and its substructures decreased by 3.08–17.57% and 4.09–20.43%, respectively, during DIBH. Accordingly, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the volume of the heart, pericardium, LV, RV, RVM, and AS. The average DSC increased by 0–37.04% and − 2.6 to 32.14%, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) found in the right ventricular myocardium and interatrial septum. Furthermore, the displacements under DIBH decreased in the three directions (i.e.,− 1.73 to 3.47 mm and − 0.36 to 2.51 mm). In this regard, the AP displacement of the heart, LV, RV, RVM, LR direction, LV, RV, and AS showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The Hausdorff distance (HD) of the heart and its substructures under the three breathing states are all greater than 11 mm.ConclusionThe variations in the displacement and shape alterations of the heart and its substructures during cardiac motion under various respiratory states are significant. When assessing the dose-volume index of the heart and its substructures during radiotherapy for thoracic tumors, it is essential to account for the combined impacts of cardiac motion and respiration.

Evaluation of the mesenteric arterial vasculature by computed tomography angiography and its implications for colorectal cancer surgery.

To determine the branching patterns of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and to describe the clinical applicability of computed tomography (CT) angiography in the evaluation of these vessels to facilitate the planning of colorectal cancer surgery. We included 100 patients who underwent CT angiography of the abdomen and pelvis. The branching patterns of the IMA were examined and classified as type 1 (bifurcated), including 1A (sigmoid and left colic arteries arising from a common trunk), 1B (sigmoid and superior rectal arteries arising from a common trunk) and 1C (sigmoid arteries arising from both trunks); type 2 (trifurcated); and type 3 (no left colic branch). Among the 100 patients evaluated, we found the variant to be type 1A in 9%, type 1B in 47%, type 1C in 24%, type 2 in 16%, and type 3 in 4%. Preoperative CT angiography for evaluating the IMA branching pattern could inform decisions regarding the surgical approach to colorectal cancer.

Internal iliac debranching in combination with abdominal aortic stent graft to treat bilateral common iliac aneurysms

Introduction&#x0D; Common iliac artery aneurysms are often diagnosed during routine screening for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. Preserving the internal iliac artery helps avoid colonic ischemia and buttocks claudication. Hybrid surgery combining internal iliac artery transposition and endovascular treatment is a method with good early and long-term results.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; We report of a case of bilateral common iliac artery aneurysm treated by hybrid surgery and endovascular intervention at Dong Nai General Hospital&#x0D; Results&#x0D; A 69 year-old male, diagnosed with bilateral common iliac artery aneurysm and left internal iliac artery occlusion. Surgical transposition was performed to repimplant the right internal iliac artery into the right external iliac artery, folowed by endovascular treatment, the right branch of the graft was placed at the external iliac artery, the left branch of the graft was placed at the common iliac artery. Postoperative condition was stable, no early complications recorded&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Hybrid surgery to treat iliac aortic aneurysms and common iliac artery aneurysms has quite good mid- and long-term results. The initial successful implementation of this technique at Dong Nai General Hospital contributes to team development, reduces the load on central hospitals and brings practical benefits to patients.

Tracheobronchial variations in Pneumoconiosis cases: multidetector computed tomography diagnosis.

Tracheobronchial variations (TBVs) are more common than previously believed due to the increasing use of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). This study aimed to assess TBVs in cases of pneumoconiosis, one of the oldest occupational diseases that still poses a threat to public health. This was a descriptive study that involved reviewing chest MDCT images of 34 cases of pneumoconiosis and 34 control cases retrospectively from January 2020 to April 2022. Variations in the trachea, right main bronchus, left main bronchus, lobar and segmental branches of the cases in the patient and control groups were evaluated according to Boyden's nomenclature. The frequency of TBV was 32.4% in pneumoconiosis cases. Although the frequency of TBV was higher in the patient group than in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.086). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in terms of TBV classification between the patient and control groups (p=0.407). Additionally, the presence of TBV did not affect the distribution of International Labour Organization categories in pneumoconiosis cases (p=0.360). Although our study provides initial insights into the occurrence of TBVs in pneumoconiosis cases, further research is needed to clarify the relationship between these variations and the disease.

A Case Report of Follow-up about a Yorkshire Dog with Multinodular Bone Tumor with Development of Pulmonary Metastasis

The multinodular bone tumor is a slow-growing, locally invasive malignant tumor capable of metastasizing. Its occurrence is greater in the flat bones of the skull and hard palate. The clinical signs depend on the location of tumor and are generally related to compression of adjacent structures. This report describes the follow-up of a case of multinodular bone tumor in a currently thirteen-year-old dog, Yorkshire Terrier breed, which was initially treated with neoformation in a region overlapping the topography of the left zygomatic arch and the caudal portion of the left mandibular branch. After performing a skull radiographic evaluation, computed tomography and laboratory investigation, surgical removal and histopathological examination were performed, which confirmed the suspicion of a multinodular bone tumor. Two years after surgery, pulmonary metastasis was found on the left side of the lung. At the time of this publication, the animal is in good general condition and without respiratory symptoms, despite progressive metastatic growth.

The Left Anterior Descending Branch Showed A Brush-Like Appearance in the Context of Hypoplastic Coronary Artery Disease Accompanied By Chest Pain.

The Left Anterior Descending Branch Showed A Brush-Like Appearance in the Context of Hypoplastic Coronary Artery Disease Accompanied By Chest Pain.

ОПИСАНИЕ РЕДКОГО СЛУЧАЯ ОТХОЖДЕНИЯ АБЕРРАНТНОЙ ЛЕВОЙ ПОЗВОНОЧНОЙ АРТЕРИИ ОТ ДУГИ АОРТЫ С МОРФОМЕТРИЧЕСКИМ АНАЛИЗОМ БРАХИОЦЕФАЛЬНЫХ АРТЕРИЙ

Individual variability or variant anatomy is most common in blood vessels, among which brachiocephalic arteries should be distinguished. The article presents a case of the detection of one of these variations – an aberrant left vertebral artery branching off from the aortic arch in a 68-year-old patient. This artery was identified in him after a CT scan of the aortic arch and brachiocephalic arteries for pronounced vertebral-basilar insufficiency. In studying the angiogram, the authors carried out a morphometric analysis of all arteries branching off from the aortic arch.