Left Antimere Research Articles

The anatomical descriptive pattern of the greater occipital nerve in identified Brazilian cadavers and its clinical implications for scalp anesthesia and migraine treatment

Among the measures instituted for the treatment of migraine, the greater occipital nerve (GON) block is described as being an effective, safe, easy to perform and useful technique for the treatment of this condition. However, the measures used to block the GON vary, and there is a lack of information data about the Brazilian population. Therefore, a morphometric study was carried out on 22 identified cadavers, in which the distances were measured on both sides of the following anatomical points: EOP, MP, and GON with anatomical references of the nuchal ligament, Trapezius muscle aponeurosis and MSEC perforation. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, with Tukey post-hoc and Eta Square (η2) for effect size. Significance was adopted when p ≤ 0.05. The ANOVA found a significant effect of ethnicity regarding the distances in the GON measurements of the EOP on the line between the EOP and MP – Left antimere; subsequent univariate analysis showed differences between white and oriental ethnicity (pTukey= 0.02); horizontal distance of the GON about the nuchal line – Right antimere; Subsequent univariate analysis showed differences between white and brown ethnicities (pTukey= 0.02); horizontal distance of the GON about the nuchal line – Left antimere. Subsequent univariate analyses showed differences between white and brown ethnicities (pTukey= 0.02). There are morphometric differences in some anatomical points used to block the GON when comparing the two antimeres, as well as in white, brown, and oriental ethnicities.

Evaluation of angular, linear, and body index measures of pêga donkeys (Equus Asinus) from southeast of Brazil

The objective of this study was to perform body evaluation of Pêga donkeys (40 females and 10 males) from the Southeast Region of Brazil. Hippometer, measuring tape, and arthrogoniometer were used, considering the left antimere of the animals in a forced quadrupedal position. The analysis of variance showed a difference (p<0.05) between males and females for chest width, CPr, withers height, croup height, body length, back-loin length, posterior pastern length, and the angle of the tibiometatarsal joint. The values for body length, anterior pastern length, scapulohumeral angle, and metacarpophalangeal joint differed (p<0.05) between farms. Compactness index 1 and conformation index classified the animals as suited for saddle activities, and compactness index 2 classified them as suited for light drafting. The dactylothoracic index classified the animals into eumetric. Cannon load index was similar between sexes and between states. The load on the back by step index was 167.9±12.6 kg, and the LGI was 95.9±6.0 kg, equal between sexes and higher for the animals from RJ. It is concluded that the Pêga breed has sexual dimorphism and regional selection, interfering with morphometry and aptitude for saddle and light draft.

Aspectos clínicos, cirúrgicos e radiográficos em um Gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) com hérnia diafragmática traumática.

This is the case of a specimen of Didelphis albiventris with signs of respiratory difficulty after a dog attack. Thoracic radiographic examination revealed pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, and rib fracture, but no alteration compatible with diaphragmatic hernia was observed. Pneumothorax was reduced and the other alterations were treated. However, clinical manifestations persisted, and thus a contrast-gastrointestinal radiographic study was performed, showing abdominal organs in the thoracic cavity and loss of diaphragmatic line. The surgical approach was instituted, with access to the diaphragm through median laparotomy. Through the diaphragmatic rupture, present in the left antimere, there were herniated liver and gastric portions, intestinal segments, and omentum. After inspection and repositioning of the abdominal organs, the diaphragm raffia was performed with single sutures interrupted with 3-0 Nylon thread. The patient’s complete recovery occurred 14 days after the surgical procedure, with remission of clinical manifestations and normality of thoracic images in radiographic studies.

Dimensões e esqueletopia dos rins em duas populações de Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766)

Cerdocyon thous is the South American canid with great geographic distribution. To the south of Ecuador, two isolated populations have been identified, living in different average temperatures and food availability. The objective was to measure the length, width, thickness and volume of the kidneys, length of renal vessels, and verify the renal skeletopy in two populations of C. thous. Kidneys and renal vessels were measured from 34 cadavers collected on highways in the Brazilian territory. From the Atlantic Forest biome (latitude 22º), 14 specimens (seven males and seven female) were analyzed, and from the Pampa biome (latitude 29º), 20 specimens (eight males and twelve female). On average, in the right antimere the kidneys measured 49.9 ´ 25.2 ´ 24.4 mm, had a volume of 16.5 cm3, the renal artery measured 21.3 mm and the renal vein 19.4 mm. In the left antimere, the kidneys measured 49.3 ´ 24.4 ´ 22.8 mm, with a  volume of 14.6 cm3 and the artery and vein measured 21.0 mm and 28.4 mm, respectively. The right kidney was always cranial and predominantly positioned ventrally to vertebrae L1–L3, while the left one was positioned ventrally to vertebrae L2–L4. There was no difference in the comparison between sexes or antimeres. Most renal dimensions were significantly higher in the specimens from the Pampa biome, possibly due to the body size and type of diet. This result warns of interpreting diagnoses that depend on the evaluation of the normal renal dimensions in this species.

Pyothorax in Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Brazil

Background: Manatees are the most endangered aquatic mammals in Brazil. The current conservation scenario, together with their biological characteristics, raises concern with the future of this species. Pyothorax, also known as septic pleural effusion or pleural empyema, is characterized by the accumulation of a septic purulent exudate within the pleural space. Although this infection often has a multifactorial etiology, it is most commonly associated with respiratory tract disorders and trauma. Here, we report a case of pyothorax in a Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus) held in captivity for acclimatization in Brazil.Case: A young, male Antillean manatee, aged 4 years and 11 months, measuring 227 cm in total length, and weighing 258 kg was held in captivity for acclimatization (natural environment) in Porto de Pedras in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. The animal died in February 2013 and was sent for necropsy at the CMA/ICMBio laboratory. The study was developed with authorisation from the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (License number 020/2009) and under the license SISBIO/ICMBio number 20685-1. Externally, the carcass of the animal showed swelling and bulging of the right antimere and purulent secretion from the right nostril. After external examination, a window was opened in the layers of skin, fat, and muscles from the level of the anus to the navel. Subsequently, the abdominal cavity was opened for inspecting the internal organs. The subcutaneous muscles had a slightly friable, swollen, and pale texture, in addition to petechial hemorrhage, suffusions, and marked edema of the subcutaneous tissue. The right hemidiaphragm was elevated, filling the abdominal and thoracic spaces. Depending on the elevation, all organs were moved to the left antimere. After dissecting the surrounding structures and analyzing the causes for the increase in volume, it was observed that the right lung formed a structure containing a large amount of purulent exudate, which was delimited by the right hemidiaphragm. It had a length of 111 cm, width of 40 cm, and wingspan of 137 cm, starting from the first thoracic rib to the last lumbar rib, near the peduncle region. After making an incision in the right hemidiaphragm and visceral pleura, approximately 70 L of purulent exudate and caseous material were removed. Since the right lung was severely damaged, visualizing the pulmonary parenchyma was not possible, and only remains of the main right bronchus could be seen.Discussion: Domestic species, such as dogs and cats, when affected by pleural empyema, usually have a restrictive breathing pattern (shallow and rapid breaths) and fever. Interpreting the clinical signs may be difficult for manatees because of their slow metabolism. In the United States, 44 (6%) cases of pleural empyema were recorded in manatees from a total of 731 animals evaluated, and shock with boats was determined as the primary cause. In the present animal, no signs of bone fractures were found, suggesting that the infection may have been caused by the use of an orogastric tube or even acquired in the environment prepared for acclimation. Based on the pathognomonic macroscopic findings, one can conclude that the animal had a characteristic clinical picture of pleural empyema (pyothorax) associated with an infection of unknown origin. This situation resulted in complete degeneration of the right lung and massive thoracic and abdominal distensions, resulting in decreased expansion capacity of the left lung, making breathing impossible, thus leading to death.

Systematization, Description and Territory of The Middle and Rostral Cerebral Arteries in Broad-Snouted Caimans (Caiman latirostris)

Background: Information on the arterial vascularization of the broad-snouted caimans’ brain (Caiman latirostris), a specie from the Brazilian fauna, is inexistent and the literature consulted yielded only one description about the development of embryonic circulation and post-birth cerebrovascular alterations in the brain of three caymans. The objective of this study was to describe and systematize the cerebral arterial vascularization of this reptile, by providing a standard irrigation model with its major variations, in addition to determining its territorial vascular areas. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty heads of male broad-snouted caimans (Caiman latirostris), with the neck segment, were used in the study. Additionally, two whole female and male specimens, with approximately 3 years of age and weighing between 8 to 10 Kg were also used. The animals were sacrificed according to routine slaughterhouse norms. The heads were sectioned at the third cervical vertebra level and the azygos carotid artery was cannulated. The arterial system was washed with 0.9% saline solution and filled with red-colored latex. The pieces were fixed in formaldehyde and the encephalon removed through a window made in the cranial vault, which was followed by removal of the dura mater and dissection of the arteries. The internal carotid arteries displayed an intercarotic anastomosis in the samples examined, continuing rostrally in 100% of the cases, exiting from the skull as the internal ophthalmic artery. The internal carotid arteries divided into a rostral branch and a short caudal branch at the hypophysis level, which continued naturally as the caudal cerebral artery. The rostral branch from both right and left antimeres was shown as a single branch in 86.7% and as double branch in 13.3% of the samples, and it formed the middle cerebral artery network. The rostral cerebral artery represented the terminal branch of the internal carotid artery’s rostral branch, and an osculum anastomosis between its terminal end and its contralateral homologous artery occurred, forming the rostral communicating artery and thus closing the cerebral artery circle rostrally. Discussion: To support the results of the discussion, we used information available on the encephalic vascularization of turtles, lizards, iguanas and crocodiles, due to the absence of important publications about Caiman latirostris. One single source of blood supply, solely originated from the left aortic arch, was observed in the two whole specimens. This source was called the azygos carotid artery. Such denomination was given because these species did not show a typical common carotid artery, as the ventral part of the neck, up to the mandible, was vascularized by branches from the subclavian arteries. Therefore, we named this single and unique source as the azygos carotid artery. The cerebral arterial circle was rostrally closed by an anastomosis between the terminal ends of the rostral cerebral artery. Consequently, the blood supply to the brain was made exclusively by the carotid system. The main differences of the cerebral vascularization observed in caymans were: a network formation of the middle cerebral artery.

Descrição anátomo-topográfica do coração da paca (Agouti paca)

Background : : : : The domestic animals heart is a conical hollow viscera, surrounded by pericardium, laterally compressed, accompanying the thorax shape. Atriums constituted the heart basis and their auricles partially bound the initial portion of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. In mammals, heart is kept suspended in the thoracic cavity and the pericardic sac is fixed dorsally by great veins and arteries roots, and ventrally fixed to the sternum, although its fixation to the diaphragm varies among species. This paper aimed to describe morphological aspects of the heart of the paca, the second biggest Brazilian rodent. Materials, Methods & Results : There were used 12 hearts of adult pacas for this study, obtained from the UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, which died due fights or anesthesia during bandages or radiograph exams. The thoracic aorta was filled with colored latex and the animal was set in a 10% formaldehyde solution for at least 72 hours. The thoracic cavity was dissected and hearts individualized and measured with a paquimeter, lateromedially, craniocaudally and dorsoventrally. The paca heart is placed between the first and fifth intercostal space (ICS), in a craniocaudal oblique position; its basis is craniodorsally positioned, on the middle third between the first and second ICS and its apex is located near the sternodiaphragmatic joint, on the fifth ICS, tilted to the left antimere. The heart is surrounded by pericardium, which from ventrocaudally is originated the sternopericardic ligament, that continues as phrenopericardic ligament. At the heart basis, the rising of the pulmonary trunk was observed and the conus arteriosus formed a typical projection. The aorta also rised from the heart basis and its arch, which was caudally curved, crossed dorsally the pulmonary trunk; the right cranial and caudal cava veins drained to the right atrium. There is a left cranial cava vein, which surrounded the left atrium and joined the right caudal cava vein on the right atrium. The azygos vein joins the right cranial cava vein and four pulmonary veins drained to the left atrium. At palpation, a hard structure on the rising of the aorta was observed, similarly to a cartilaginous tissue, which would be part of the cardiac skeleton. The left and right coronary arteries were observed in all hearts. Discussion : The paca heart is anatomica and topographically similar to those of domestic mammals, differing from them for being placed one intercostal space more cranial and due to the presence of two cranial cava veins, the left and the right ones, besides the presence of the caudal cava vein. This vascular description is similar to that of small rodents, as rats and mice. In paca heart, the sinus venous, the terminal crest, the oval fossa, the atrioventricular valvae, the papillary muscles and tendinous cords, besides smooth atriums and auricles covered by pectinate muscles, were observed. The sternopericardic ligament, which is dorsally elongated as phrenopericardic ligament, is similar to the one present in humans, pigs, castors, and different from the one observed in carnivorous, that presents the phrenopericardic ligament and from the one of horses and ruminants, which present the sternopericardic ligament.

Resistance of the Collateral Ligaments of the Femorotibial Joint in Domestic Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris LINNAEUS, 1758)

Introduction This work aimed to demonstrate the resistance of the femoral-tibial joint collaterals of 60 dogs of undefned breed, euthanized at the Zoonoses Control Centre of the city of Petrolina (PE), North-Eastern Brazil. Materials and Methods The femur-tibial articulation was dissected to expose the collateral ligaments. Bones were cut on the distal third of the femur and the proximal third of tibia and fibula. The knee joint was kept bound only by the collateral ligaments and then submitted to destructive mechanical tests, evaluating the deformation of the ligaments (mm) per unit of time, (seconds), and the joint resistance. Results We could observe no side effects of contralateral joints. In a destructive mechanical assay, we detected that the medial collateral ligaments ruptured earlier than the lateral ones. The resistance of the lateral and medial ligament of the right limb of females was respectively 537.1N ± 413.6 and 360.1N ± 228.6; while in males, were of 632.4N ± 333.4 e 440.4N ± 227.1. About the left antimere, the females presented 442.4N ± 288 resistance on the lateral ligament and 417.4N ± 190.6. In males, the resistance was 605.8N ± 316.1 e 548.6N ± 2,333.7, respectively. Conclusion The results of our research will allow the development of synthetic tissues to replace the natural ligament of dogs in cases of rupture or degeneration.

Morphology and biometry of the thymus in Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the isa brow lineage

The anatomy of the thymus was described in thirty chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) of the Isa Brow line. Samples were prepared by fixation and preservation in 10% formalin solution and analyzed by subsequent dissection. The thymus lobes were found along the ventral region of the neck from the third cervical vertebra to the proximity to the clavicular bones in relation to the vagus nerve, the common artery of the vagus nerve and the jugular vein. The number of lobes ranged from four or five to the right antimere and three to five to the left. The mean lobe size was 0.80 x 0.43 x 0.38 cm for the cranial lobe, 1.53 x 0.81 x 0.42 cm for the middle cranial lobe, 2.10 x 0.64 x 0.46 for the middle lobe, 2.29 x 0.89 x 0.59 for the middle caudal lobe and 3.82 x 1.39 x 1.11 cm for the caudal lobe in the right antimere. In the left antimere, 0.80 x 0.41 x 0.37 cm was recorded for the cranial lobe, 1.55 x 0.80 x 0.44 cm for the middle cranial lobe, 2.37 x 0.87 x 0.56 for the middle lobe, 2.37 x 0.85 x 0.60 for the middle caudal lobe and 3.89 x 1.43 x 1.08 cm for the caudal lobe. The thymus of birds from the Isa Brow lineage presented characteristics similar to those found in other lineages with respect to the division of lobes and topography. However, skeletal, syntopic and holotopic disparities were observed that indicate some unique characteristics of the thymus in this lineage.

Mast cell concentration and skin wound contraction in rats treated with Ximenia americana L.

To evaluate wound contraction and the concentration of mast cells in skin wounds treated with wild plum (Ximenia americana) essential oil-based ointment in rats. Sixty rats were submitted to two cutaneous wounds in the thoracic region, on the right and left antimeres. Thereon, they were divided into three groups: GX (wounds treated once a day with hydro alcoholic branch extract of Ximenia americana), GP (wounds that received vehicle), and GC (wounds without product application). Wounds were measured immediately after the injury as well as 4, 7, 14 and 21 days post-topical application of the extract. At these days, five rats from each group were euthanatized. Thereafter, samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed for paraffin embedding. Sections were stained with H.E, Masson's Trichrome and toluidine blue for morphological, morphometrical and histopathological analysis, under light microscopy. The degree of epithelial contraction was measured and mast cell concentrations were also evaluated with an image analyzer (Image Pro-plus®software) . The extract treated group showed lower mast cell concentrations in the 4th day of lesion, as compared to GP (GX<GP=GC, p=0.029), as well as with increased contraction at 7th and 14th days, respectively (7th and 14th days, GX > GP = GC; p<0.05) . Ointment containing 10% X. americana induces a decrease in mast cell concentration, at the beginning of the healing process, and promotes early skin wound contraction in rats.

Dental Anomalies and Gender Dimorphism in Tooth Size of Malay Patients

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of dental anomalies, sexual dimorphism and antimere differences of tooth size of Malay in Malaysia.Methods: Orthodontic patients for the years 2008-2010 were selected. Among these two hundred patients’ were selected based on file records. Their panoramic radiographs were examined. The prevalence of various dental anomalies was determined. Mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters of the teeth were measured using electronic calipers with accuracy of up to 0.01mm. Analysis was carried out using SPSS statistical package version 18.0 (2009).Results: In the Malay patients the frequency of hypodontia was 7.5%, followed by hyperdontia (2%), microdontia, dens evaginatus and short root were 1%, respectively. In addition, their macrodontia, germination and dilaceration were 0.5% , while the remaining 86% did not display any dental anomalies. This study demonstrated greater tooth sizes in male compared to female subjects except for buccolingual site of upper canine and lower incisors. Greatest dimorphism in mesiodistal dimension was noted in the lower canine while buccolingual dimension was presented by upper lateral incisor. It was found that there was no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) in tooth measurements for right and left antimeres observed for the majority of tooth classes.Conclusion: In the Malay subjects, hypodontia was the commonest dental anomaly. The Malay males had greater tooth sizes than their female counterparts. There were almost no significant antimere differences in tooth sizes.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.16(1) 2017 p.115-121

Hemimelia transversa terminal umeral bilateral em um cão – relato de caso

Hemimelia is a rare congenital anomaly, characterized by the absence of a part or the whole distal segment of a body member. It is usually unilateral and is classified according to the affected bone segments. In the transverse terminal hemimelia, there is the absence of the whole distal part of a body member, what is defined as congenital amputation. Several studies about cats and dogs concluded that radial hemimelia is the most usual. However, other types of this anomaly are rarely observed in dogs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report a case of transverse terminal humeral bilateral hemimelia in a mixed-breed dog. In the physical exam was observed a bilateral malformation of the thoracic members. The radiographs revealed the presence of a well-developed scapula, humeral vestiges and the absence of other appendicular segments on the right and left antimeres, what made the hemimelia diagnosis possible. Consanguinity was the probable cause of the anomaly. Because of the scarcity of scientific reports about this pathology in dogs, further studies are needed to investigate the here observed.

Trend Toward Individualization of the Endocrine and Exocrine Portions of the Giant Anteater Pancreas (Myrmecophaga Tridactyla, Xenarthra).

Considering the physiological importance of the pancreas as an endocrine and exocrine organ, this study described the characteristics of the gross and microscopic morphology of this organ using 16 Myrmecophaga tridactyla individuals. The pancreas was located in the left antimere of the body, was pale in colour and exhibited an elongated shape with a central body and lobulated surface. It was positioned in the abdomen, following the curvatura ventriculi major of the stomach, and was attached to the initial portion of the duodenum. The corpus pancreatis was elongated and showed a caudal curvature of 45°. The pancreas exhibited a facies dorsalis (related to the spleen and stomach) and a facies ventralis (related to the renal capsule and intestine). Macroscopically, a craniodorsal, medial, and caudoventral regions were identified, in addition to the left lobe. Structurally, the organ exhibited two distinct parts: the first had exocrine characteristics, consisting of acini and ducts; the second, which was the endocrine portion, consisted of the pancreatic islets, which were located in the medial, caudoventral and left lobe regions. Ultrastructural analysis identified secretory vesicles containing zymogen granules, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum in pancreatic centroacinar cells. Morphological data on the anatomy of members of the Xenarthra have revealed important peculiarities of several organs and systems, adding great biological value to the representatives of this group. In addition, these studies significantly contribute not only to knowledge of the biology, taxonomy and, consequently, preservation of these animals but also to the discovery of new experimental models. Anat Rec, 300:1104-1113, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Anatomia do tubo digestório de tucano toco

A study was made of the anatomy of the digestive tract of 12 specimens of Ramphastos toco captured by IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) of Uberlândia, MG. The birds comprised seven males and five females, six adults and six juveniles, with an average total length of 476.33 ± 103.49 mm. The birds’ thoracic-abdominal cavity was opened to examine and identify the components of the digestive tube. The cervical esophagus, situated dorsolaterally to the trachea in the right antimere of the neck, continues as the thoracic esophagus in view of the absence of an ingluvium (craw) in this species. The thoracic esophagus leads ventrally to the lungs, joining the proventricle dorsally to the heart. The proventricle is cylindrical and is located in the left antimere of the cavity. The ventricle, in turn, is rounded and in close contact with the dorsal side of the left hepatic lobe through an impression. The duodenum forms a U-shaped loop and is connected to the ventricle, the right hepatic lobe, and the jejunum-ileum and colon-rectum loops. The largest intestinal segment, the jejunum-ileum, is arranged in loops distributed along the caudal third of the thoracic-abdominal cavity. The large intestine consists solely of the colon-rectum, which circumvents the left kidney ventrally to the cloaca. The cervical esophagus, thoracic esophagus, proventricle, ventricle, duodenum, jejunum-ileum and colon-rectum represent, on average, 17.82%, 12.90%, 5.67%, 6.82%, 27.64%, 30.06% and 11.57%, respectively, of the bird’s total length.

Morfologia do estômago e do duodeno da paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766)

Considerando a importância da paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus, 1766), tanto como fonte proteica alternativa para a população quanto pela possibilidade de vir a se tornar um animal de experimentação e pela falta de informações sobre a sua anatomia, objetivou-se descrever a morfologia macroscópica e histológica do estômago e do duodeno desse roedor, reconhecendo as relações, forma e posição que esses órgãos estabelecem entre si e com outros órgãos. O estômago da paca é unicavitário, está no plano médio mais voltado para o antímero esquerdo, transversalmente, na região hipocôndrica em posição ventrocaudal, interposto entre o esôfago e o duodeno. O duodeno da paca se inicia em sequência ao estômago, segue caudalmente até o nível da quinta ou sexta vértebra lombar, na altura das quais se curva e toma direção cranial, dirigindo-se até o nível da transição entre a última vértebra torácica e a primeira vértebra lombar, onde se continua como jejuno. Histologicamente, o estômago e o duodeno da paca possuem o padrão característico da arquitetura dos órgãos ocos, apresentando as seguintes túnicas: mucosa, submucosa, muscular e serosa. Da forma que se conduziu este estudo, conclui-se que o estômago e duodeno da paca, de forma geral, possuem características morfológicas macroscópicas e histológicas semelhantes às dos animais domésticos e de outros roedores selvagens.

Análise quantitativa da ecogenicidade testicular pela técnica do histograma de ovinos da baixada ocidental maranhense

A ultrassonografia é um método de diagnóstico por imagem que permite a avaliação de diferentes órgãos e estruturas corpóreas de maneira não invasiva. No entanto, a avaliação subjetiva das imagens caracteriza um dos grandes entraves na utilização desta técnica de diagnóstico, havendo necessidade de mecanismos que minimizem a subjetividade do exame e a divergência na interpretação dos achados ultrassonográficos. Desta forma este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a ecogenicidade do parênquima e mediastino testicular de ovinos utilizando a técnica do histograma escala-cinza. Foram utilizados 30 animais divididos em três grupos de acordo com a faixa etária (FE): de três a seis meses (FE1), sete a 12 meses (FE2), 13 a 18 meses (FE3) e realizadas varreduras testiculares nos planos frontal, sagital e transversal, elaborando ao final um histograma a partir das imagens ultrassonográficas. Observou-se que tanto a ecogenicidade do parênquima quanto a do mediastino testicular aumentaram gradativamente com a progressão das idades dos animais, com média e desvio-padrão de 95,00±19,05 e 94,35±18,82 para a ecogenicidade do parênquima do antímero direito e esquerdo, respectivamente, e 127,95±12,97 para o mediastino direito e 126,59±11,78 para o esquerdo. A técnica do histograma escala-cinza demonstrou ser um método eficiente na determinação da ecogenicidade testicular, possibilitando o estabelecimento de padrões de normalidade que venham a auxiliar pesquisas futuras no monitoramento do desenvolvimento testicular bem como na detecção de patologias. Para a regimes exclusivos de criação extensiva, como na baixada maranhense, representa ferramenta valiosa para sua utilização em projetos sociais do Estado que atendem a agricultura familiar.

Effects of angico extract (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil) in cutaneous wound healing in rats

To study the effects of the angico extract (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil) on the healing of rat skin. Twenty adult rats were divided into four groups of five animals each, the G4, G7, G14 and G21, which corresponds to the respective postoperative days. Each group received two incisions on skin and subcutaneous tissue in the right and left antimere of the thoracic region, separated by a distance of 2 cm. The right lesion was treated daily with saline and the left with the angico alcoholic extract (5%). At the end of each experimental period, animals were euthanized and fragments of the wound area, together with the edges were removed, fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and processed for paraffin embedding. In the histological sections with 5 µm of thickness, were carried out immunohistochemical methods for detection of blood vessels (VEGF) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphological analysis. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). Morphological analysis showed larger fibroblasts and a higher concentration of collagen fibers in days 7 and 14 in wounds treated with the angico extract. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the number of blood vessels in both the seventh and 14th days (p<0.01) in wounds treated with the angico extract. The angico alcoholic extract (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil) induces the acceleration of wound healing in skin wounds of rats.

Artérias mesentéricas cranial e caudal em mocós Kerodon rupestris (Wied, 1820)

No estudo sobre a origem e ramificações das artérias mesentéricas cranial (AMCr) e caudal (AMCa) do mocó, foram utilizados 20 animais (18 machos e 2 fêmeas) de diferentes idades, que, após morte natural, foram dissecados rebatendo-se as paredes torácica e abdominal, pelo antímero esquerdo, expondo-se a aorta que foi então canulada em seu trajeto pré-diafragmático, procedendo-se a injeção de neoprene látex corado, no sentido caudal. A seguir, foram fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10%, durante 48 horas, e posteriormente dissecados. Os resultados mostraram que em 18 animais (90%), a AMCr originou-se da aorta abdominal isoladamente, logo após a artéria celíaca, emitindo as artérias cólica média (CoM), pancreaticoduodenal caudal (PDC), duodenojejunal (DJ), jejunal (J) e ileocecocólica (ICeCo). Em um mocó (5%), as AMCr e AC se originaram da aorta abdominal em um tronco comum. Neste caso, a AMCr originou às artérias CoM, PDC, ICeCo e J. Em uma observação (5%), as artérias AMCr e AMCa surgiram em tronco comum. Neste animal, as artérias PDC, DJ, ICeCo, CoM e J foram originadas da AMCr, enquanto as aterias cólica esquerda (CoE) e retal cranial (ARCr) derivaram da AMCa. Dois animais (10%) apresentaram como colaterais da AMCr as artérias CoM, PDC, DJ, J e o tronco ICeCo, que originou às artérias CoD e ileocecal (ICe). No que diz respeito a AMCa, nos 20 casos (100%) originou as artérias CoE e RCr.

Anatomia dos ramos linguais do nervo hipoglosso em &lt;em&gt;Sus scrofa domesticus&lt;/em&gt;, L., 1758

We studied the ramifications and distribution of the hypoglossal nerve after it penetrated the root of the tongue (36 antimeres) of adult swines (Sus scrofa domestica, L. 1758) from both sexes slaughtered in frigorific (metropolitan region of Goiânia, Goiás - Brazil). The material was chilled for transportation (4°C); placed in aqueous solution of formaldehyde (7%) for 72 hours; submerged in aqueous solution of nitric acid (15%) for 72 hours; dissected under magnifying glass (RASOR, II-20). The trunk and the primary, secondary and tertiary nervous branches were observed in the antimeres (method of Bittencourt et al., 1987). We followed the topography of the nerve starting from the posterior mandibular region between the myofascial structures of the mylohyoid and hypoglossal. On the root of the tongue the nerve crosses the lingual artery, becoming medial in relationship to the latter. It subdivides into three orders of dimension towards the superior longitudinal muscle as follows: left antimere, 4 to 13 primary branches, 4 to 21 secondary branches and 0 to 16 tertiary branches; on the right antimere, 8 to 18 primary branches, 3 to 13 secondary branches and 0 to 12 tertiary branches. In 27.59% of the analyzed antimeres, the branches of the hypoglossal nerve established joints with fibers from the lingual nerve of the correspondent antimere.

Avaliação da atividade muscular na escoliose

INTRODUÇÃO: a escoliose é caracterizada por modificação tridimensional incluindo curvatura lateral no plano frontal, rotação lateral no plano transversal e retificação no plano sagital. A mensuração da curva escoliótica é utilizada para acompanhar seu caráter evolutivo e a avaliação do comportamento muscular através da eletromiografia pode ser um importante indicativo da predisposição em relação à progressão da escoliose. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento dos músculos envolvidos na biomecânica da escoliose através do exame de eletromiografia. MÉTODO: realizado estudo em uma voluntária de nove anos de idade portadora de escoliose em dupla curva tóraco-lombar de origem idiopática diagnosticada há seis meses com ângulo de Cobb de 20° nas duas curvaturas, que passou por exame eletromiográfico com avaliação dos músculos: multífidos, longo do tórax e íleo-costal bilateralmente. RESULTADOS: após análise dos valores de RMS (Root Means Square) obtidos durante o repouso em ortostatismo observou-se atividade da musculatura avaliada sendo que esta foi maior no antímero esquerdo, lado da convexidade da curvatura primária. CONCLUSÕES: observou-se assimetria da ativação muscular fato que pode contribuir para a progressão da curvatura escoliótica.