LED Light Research Articles

Exploring a metal/base-free porphyrin involving a carboxyl-functionalized pyridine moiety for photocatalytic N-arylation of benzamide validated using RSM.

A porphyrin comprising a carboxyl-functionalized pyridine moiety was synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, powder-XRD, BET, ICP-MS, SEM and EDAX. The proton level (H0 = 1.19) and energy band gap (1.39 eV) were determined via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The UV-visible and fluorescence emission spectra indicated the absorption window of the porphyrin photocatalyst with a distinct Soret band at 424 nm and four Q-bands at 517, 558, 595, and 649 nm. The existence of four Q-bands, the powder XRD data and the ICP-MS analysis supported the absence of metal in the porphyrin photocatalyst. The best photocatalytic conditions generated using Box-Behnken design of RSM (0.2 mol% PcCFP, 5 W LED, 1 : 1.2 ArX : ArCONH2, 24 h) were confirmed through the model reaction of benzamide and 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene. The N-arylation of benzamide was achieved in a custom-built photoreactor at ambient conditions under exposure to 5 W LED light. Different ArX compounds comprising electron-repelling and electron-attracting groups were assessed to test the potential of the photocatalyst. The porphyrin was found to exhibit significant catalytic activity for C-N bond formation, resulting in 21-73% yields of the substituted benzanilide products. The N-arylated benzamide formation was confirmed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HR-MS and SC-XRD. Additionally, heteroaryl halides such as 2-bromo-, 3-bromo-, and 4-bromo-pyridine, as well as 2-chloro-4-methylpyridine, were also found to be compatible and provided admirable yields (28-67%). The stability and heterogeneous nature of the porphyrin photocatalyst were confirmed using FT-IR. The stability of the photocatalyst after the sixth run was demonstrated by the slight decline in the yield of the product from 71 to 67%. The formation of an aryl radical was detected using the scavenger TEMPO, which led to the achievement of N-arylated benzamides containing intermediates of industrial drugs.

RED light promotes flavonoid and phenolic accumulation in Cichorium spp. callus culture as anti-candida agent

Chicory species, particularly Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum, also, known as Egyptian chicory, are globally recognized for their rich content of bioactive secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and phenolics. These metabolites are highly valued for their pharmaceutical, dietary, and commercial applications. Light exposure, particularly through red and blue wavelengths, is a potent natural elicitor that influences the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and impacts plant morphology. This study investigates the effects of red and blue LED light exposure on the callus culture of Egyptian chicory (Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum), with the aim of enhancing flavonoid accumulation for potential use as an anti-Candida agent. Callus cultures of Cichorium intybus, Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum, and Taraxacum officinale (Italian chicory) were grown on MS media supplemented with 4 mg/L 2iP and 0.5 mg/L NAA for 4 weeks. The cultures were then exposed to 12 days of red and blue LED light. After extraction using liquid nitrogen and methanol, the resulting callus extracts were tested against Candida albicans NRRL477 at various concentrations (1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 MIC) for 20 to 120 min. The antifungal activity was assessed by determining the effects on acid-soluble phosphorus, total lipids, and soluble proteins in the Candida cells. Our results demonstrate that the red LED light-exposed Cichorium endive Supp. Pumillum callus extract exhibited the most potent antifungal activity, significantly inhibiting the growth of Candida species compared to blue light and control treatments. Notably, the red light-treated callus culture accumulated higher concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which contributed to its effectiveness as an anti-Candida agent. These findings suggest that LED red light elicitation is an effective method for enhancing the production of bioactive compounds in Egyptian chicory, offering potential for its use in natural antifungal therapies. Future research will explore the mechanistic pathways of flavonoid accumulation under different light conditions and investigate the broader applications of this elicitation technique for other medicinal plants.

Metal-Modified Zr-MOFs with AIE Ligands for Boosting CO2 Adsorption and Photoreduction.

The design and synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with outstanding light-harvesting and photoexcitation for artificial photocatalytic CO2 reduction is an attractive but challenging task. In this work, a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active ligand, tetraphenylpyrazine (PTTBPC) is proposed and utilized for the first time to construct a Zr-MOF photocatalyst via coordination with stable Zr-oxo clusters. Zr-MOF is featured by a scu topology with a two-fold interpenetrated framework, wherein the PTTBPC ligands enable strong light-harvesting and photoexcitation, while the Zr-oxo clusters facilitate CO2 adsorption and activation, as well as offer potential sites for further metal modification. Consequently, the Zr-PTTBPC and its Co/Ni derivatives not only exhibit exceptional stability and high CO2 adsorption capability (73cm3 g-1 at 273 K and 1 atm), but also demonstrate a CO production rate of up to 293.2µmolgh-1 under 420nm LED light that can be reused for at least three cycles. With insights from charge-carrier dynamics and theoretical calculations, the underlying mechanism is revealed, confirming that the single-phase multi-component synergy is the key for the outstanding photocatalytic CO2 reduction. This work showcases a brand-new type of MOF photocatalyst based on AIE ligands and their promising applications in photocatalytic C1 conversion.

Optimizing Growth Conditions and Biochemical Properties of Chondracanthus acicularis (Rhodophyta) in Laboratory Settings

This study aimed to evaluate the laboratory cultivation of Chondracanthus acicularis, focusing on key environmental parameters such as nutrient levels and light exposure. The results provide insights into the optimal growth conditions and biochemical composition of C. acicularis, which are crucial for its sustainable exploitation in industrial applications. Significant differences in the relative growth rate (RGR) and productivity (Y) were found between the different treatments. Seaweed grown on Provasoli (PES) Medium with white LED light and red LED light showed the best growth rates. Negative growth was observed in treatments with Nutribloom plus®, and blue LED light. The proximate composition analysis revealed a high moisture content across all treatments, with significant differences in ash and organic matter content between the treatments. The use of LED light played a crucial role in optimizing growth by influencing photosynthetic efficiency and pigment production. The proximate composition varied significantly between treatments, especially ash and organic matter. Light and nutrient conditions also influenced pigmentation and colour characteristics, with significant changes in phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and chlorophyll concentration. PES treatments consistently showed the highest colour variation. These findings highlight the influence of environmental conditions on seaweed growth, productivity, pigmentation, and proximate composition, and provide valuable insights for optimized cultivation strategies.

Stress Granule Induction in Rat Retinas Damaged by Constant LED Light.

Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic biocondensates formed in response to various cellular stressors, contributing to cell survival. Although implicated in diverse pathologies, their role in retinal degeneration (RD) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate SG formation in the retina and its induction by excessive LED light in an RD model. Rat retinas were immunohistochemically analyzed for SG markers G3BP1 and eIF3, and SGs were also visualized by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. Additionally, SGs were induced in primary retinal cell and eyeball cultures using sodium arsenite. Light exposure experiments used LED lamps with a color temperature of 5500 K and 200 lux intensity for short-term or two- to eight-day exposures. SGs were predominantly detected in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and inner nuclear layer (INL) cells, with arsenite-induction verified in RGCs. SG abundance was higher in animals exposed to light for 2-8 days compared to light/dark cycle controls. RGCs consistently exhibited more SGs than INL cells, and INL cells more than outer nuclear layer (ONL) cells (Scheirer-Ray-Hare test: H = 13.2, P = 0.0103 for light condition, and H = 278.2, P < 0.00001 for retinal layer). These observations were consistent across four independent experiments, each with three animals per light condition. This study characterizes SGs in the mammalian retina for the first time, with increased prevalence after excessive LED light exposure. RGCs and INL cells showed heightened SG formation, suggesting a potential protective mechanism against photodamage. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the role of SGs in shielding against light stress and their implications in retinopathies.

Redox and Photochemical Reactivity of Cerium(IV) Carbonate and Carboxylate Complexes Supported by a Tripodal Oxygen Ligand.

The protonolysis and redox reactivity of a Ce(IV) carbonate complex supported by the Kläui tripodal ligand [(η5-C5H5)Co{P(O)(OEt)2}3]- (LOEt-) have been studied. Whereas treatment of [Ce(LOEt)2(CO3)] (1) with RCO2H afforded [Ce(LOEt)2(RCO2)2] (R = Me (2), Ph (3), 2-NO2C6H3 (4)), the reaction of 1 with PhCH2CO2H resulted in formation of a mixture of Ce(IV) (5) and Ce(III) (6) carboxylate species. In benzene in the dark, 5 was slowly converted into 6 via Ce(IV)-O(carboxylate) homolysis. Recrystallization of a mixture of 5 and 6 from hexane led to isolation of yellow crystals of 6 that were identified as [Ce(LOEt)2(PhCH2CO2)]. Treatment of 1 with sulfamic acid, trifluoroacetamide, and trifluoromethanesulfonamide gave [Ce(LOEt)2(SO3NH)2] (7), [Ce(LOEt)2(CF3CONH)2] (8), and [Ce(LOEt)2(CF3SO2NH)2] (9), respectively. The crystal structures of 2, 4, and 6-8 have been determined. H atom transfer (HAT) of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and 9,10-dihydroanthracene (DHA) with 1 afforded 3,3',5,5'-tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinone and anthracene, respectively. The oxidation of DHA with 1 under air yielded anthracene and anthraquinone. While 1 is stable in acetonitrile, it is readily reduced to a Ce(III) species in tetrahydrofuran. In air, 1 reacted with tetrahydrofuran to produce tetrahydrofuran hydroperoxide that can reduce the Ce(IV) carbonate rapidly. Upon irradiation with blue LED light, the Ce(IV)-LOEt carboxylate complexes underwent facile decarboxylation via Ce-O homolysis. 1 proved to be an efficient catalyst precursor for decarboxylative oxygenation of arylacetic acids. For example, irradiation of phenylacetic acid with blue LED light in the presence of 5 mol % of 1 under air afforded benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde in 10 and 90% yield, respectively.

Eustress responses of Musa acuminata cv. red banana using LED spectra.

This study examined the impacts of different LED spectra on the growth of in vitro cultures of Musa acuminata cv. red banana and their biochemical profile, including the antioxidant enzymes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, photosynthetic pigment and accumulation of total carbohydrate content. The far-red LEDs significantly increase shoot elongation (10.04cm). The greatest number of shoots (2.97) and the greatest multiplication rate (80%) were obtained under the treatment with blue + red LEDs. The formation of microshoots were also enhanced by blue and white LED exposure in a range of 2-2.57 shoots per explant. Root formation was also stimulated by dichromatic blue + red (6.00) LED using MS medium with 2µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The enzymes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly up-regulated by irradiation with far-red (0.11 ± 0.02 CAT, 0.18 ± 0.04 APX U/mg) and blue (0.08 ± 0.01CAT, 0.10 ± 0.01APX U/mg) LED light. Total chlorophyll (0.45 to 0.80mg/g) was elevated significantly by blue, blue + red and mint-white LED. On the other hand, carotenoids (12.08-14.61mg/g) were significantly boosted by blue + red, red and mint-white LED light. Meanwhile, porphyrin (294.10-350.57mg/g) was highly synthesised after irradiation with mint-white light. Irradiation with LED light significantly increased the accumulation of carbohydrates with the highest carbohydrate content under blue + red LED light (102.22 ± 2.46mg/g) and blue light (91.69 ± 2.10mg/g). In conclusion, these results confirm that the vegetative properties and biochemical profile of red banana in vitro are eustress response to LED spectra.

Influence of light quality on the profiling of metabolites and the status of Lactobacillus community in the phyllosphere of hydroponically grown ginseng

BackgroundThe microbial community within the phyllosphere plays a critical role in plant health and growth by facilitating nutrient uptake, inducing resistance and enhancing tolrance to stress. Environmental factors, such as light intensity and quality, are known to influence the composition and function of phyllosphere microbiota. In hydroponic systems, these interactions are particularly relevant, as they can significantly affect plant growth and yield. Based on the potential of controlled environments to shape both plant and microbial responses, the impact of different light conditions on the phyllosphere microbiota is crucial for plant health and productivity.MethodsThis study evaluated two Korean ginseng varieties exposed to different LED light treatments in a hydroponic system. Metabolite profiling and ginsenoside content were analysed, while bacterial abundance in the phyllosphere was quantified. Detailed insights into the microbial community were obtained through 16S rRNA sequencing. A multivariate analysis was performed to distinguish the effects of different LED treatments of the phyllosphere microbiota.ResultsCarbohydrates were most abundant in treatments with flouresence light (FL), blue light (BL), and red light (RD), while treatments with dark (DK), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV) light exhibited higher levels of amino acids and organic acids. Minor ginsenoside content was significantly higher in Gumpoong (V2) variety compared to the Yunpoong (V1). Light intensity had a direct impact on the composition of the phyllosphere microbiota, with specific microorganisms being associated with each ginseng variety under different LED light exposures. Organic acids and amino acids positively influenced the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Ni-trospirae, while Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Cyanobacteria correlated significantly with carbohydrate levels. Proteobacteria remained stable under IR treatment, constituting over 80% in V2 and 60% in V1, while UV light promoted microbial stability in V2 and fostered more diverse ecosystems in V1, both characterized by richness in organic acids and amino acids. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was the only lactic acid bacterium detected in both varieties, with higher abundance in V2, indicating its potential ubiquity across different ginseng types.ConclusionsCurrent findings showed that LED light treatments significantly influenced the metabolite profiles and phyllosphere microbiota of hydroponically grown Korean ginseng. Specific light conditions, such as blue, red, and infrared, promoted distinct microbial communities and enhanced the production of key metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and ginsenosides. The presence L. plantarum, highlights the potential of ginseng as a functional food with probiotic properties. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing ginseng cultivation for both enhanced metabolite production and microbiome health.Graphical

Boosting Energy Harvesting Performance in Piezoelectric Composites with Aligned Porosity via a Dual Structure Design Strategy.

Porous piezoelectric materials have attracted much interest in the fields of sensing and energy harvesting owing to their low dielectric constant, high piezoelectric voltage coefficient, and energy harvesting figure of merit. However, the introduction of porosity can decrease the piezoelectric coefficient, which restricts the enhancement of output current and power density. Herein, to overcome these challenges, an array-structured piezoelectric composite energy harvester with aligned porosity was constructed via a dual structure design strategy to enhance the output current and power density. Silver metal particles were introduced into a porous barium calcium zirconate titanate (BCZT) ceramic matrix as a secondary phase to regulate the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties. The optimal addition of silver particles can reduce the size of ferroelectric domains, which leads to an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient and energy harvesting figure of merit. Combined with the design of the array structure, the maximum output voltage and current of the piezoelectric composite energy harvester can reach 76 V and 340 μA, respectively, with a peak power density of 0.97 mW/cm2. Furthermore, the array-structured piezoelectric energy harvester can light 40 blue LED bulbs and power commercial low-power electronic devices. This work provides a strategy to boost the output current and power density of porous piezoelectric materials via a micro-macro structure design strategy for energy harvesting applications.

Balancing Yield and Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of Supplemental Lighting in Commercial-Scale Cucumber Cultivation

Lighting is a fundamental driver of plant productivity in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), directly affecting physiological processes, resource efficiency, and sustainability. This study evaluates the effects of distinct lighting systems, industrial Light-Emitting Diodes (iLEDs), horticultural LEDs (hLEDs), high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, and controls (no supplemental light), each providing unique light spectra, on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) growth, physiology, and environmental impact under a controlled light intensity of 250 µmol m−2 s−1 in a commercial CEA setup. The results indicated that iLEDs enhance intrinsic water use efficiency (35.65 µmol CO2/mol H2O) and reduce transpiration, reflecting superior physiological resource use. Electrophysiological measurements indicated significantly more stable stress responses in plants subjected to iLEDs and hLEDs as compared to HPS and control treatments, indicating the effectiveness of LED light spectra in mitigating stress-related physiological impacts. Furthermore, compact growth and shorter stem internodes were observed under iLEDs as well as hLEDs, highlighting the spectral effects on photomorphogenesis, likely caused by a balanced light spectrum. HPS lighting achieved the highest yield (42.86 kg m−2) but at a significant environmental cost, with 342.65 kg CO2e m−2 emissions compared to 204.29 kg CO2e m−2 for iLEDs, with competitive yield of 38.84 kg m−2. Economic analysis revealed that iLEDs also offered the most cost-effective solution due to lower energy consumption and extended lifespan. This study focused on the interaction between light spectra, photosynthetic performance, stress resilience, and resource efficiency, advancing sustainable strategies for energy-efficient food production in CEA systems.

Upcycling Poly(vinyl chloride) and Polystyrene Plastics Using Photothermal Conversion.

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) are among the least recycled plastics. In this work, we developed a simple and novel strategy to valorize PVC and PS plastics via photothermal conversion to (1-chloroethyl)benzene, a commodity chemical with excellent versatility. As PVC is known to release HCl gas and decompose into conjugated polyenes, we envisioned a dual role for PVC plastics. While the in situ-generated HCl serves as a chlorine source, the resulting dehydrochlorinated-PVC (DHPVC) functions as a photothermal agent to accelerate the hydrochlorination of styrene. We converted PVC and styrene in up to 89% (1-chloroethyl)benzene in less than 1 h of white light irradiation. Subsequent nucleophilic substitution on the chloro-adduct formed 1-phenylethanol (a fragrance additive) and fendiline (a heart disease drug) in high yields. The PVC photothermal hydrochlorination system is applied to various alkenes and is compatible with post-consumer waste PVC plastics and plasticizers. Ultimately, PVC upcycling with photothermally recycled styrene achieved 84% (1-chloroethyl)benzene under white LED light in 1 h, and co-upcycling of PS and PVC achieved 42% yield under focused sunlight irradiation in just 4 min.

Green LEDs lighting enhances vigorous growth and boosts bacoside production in hydroponically cultivated Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.

Green LEDs lighting enhances vigorous growth and boosts bacoside production in hydroponically cultivated Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.

Powering Down Hospitality Through a Policy-Driven, Case-Based and Scenario Approach

The hospitality sector is a substantial energy consumer, driven by the demands of heating, cooling, lighting and guest amenities. This study explores energy consumption patterns across different hotel types, highlighting luxury hotels’ higher usage compared to mid-range and budget establishments. Key energy drivers include HVAC systems, lighting and hot water. Legislative frameworks, such as the Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals and European Union directives, set ambitious energy efficiency and emissions targets for the sector. Through case studies on Marriott, Hilton and Hotel Verde, the study demonstrates effective energy-saving practices, including LED lighting, smart HVAC systems and renewable energy integration, which can reduce energy use by 10–20%. The findings show the dual benefits of these measures, which enhance environmental sustainability and reduce operational costs. By adopting these practices, hotels can align with evolving regulatory standards and cater to the growing demand for eco-friendly accommodations.

Desain dan Prototipe Integrasi IoT dalam Pertanian Hidroponik Cerdas Berbasis Energi Terbarukan

This research aims to develop a prototype for an Internet of Things-based automation system powered by renewable energy, specifically solar panels, to enhance the efficiency and productivity of hydroponic farming. The study addresses critical challenges, including high energy costs and the intensive monitoring demands of conventional hydroponic systems. The experimental methodology involves designing hardware featuring Arduino Uno as the central control unit, environmental sensors (DHT22) for real-time monitoring, and automated actuators such as water pumps, fans, and LED lights. The system integration process encompasses linking the hardware to an IoT interface, followed by rigorous functional testing to evaluate system stability, energy efficiency, and operational performance under varying environmental conditions. The results demonstrate that the prototype successfully operates the entire hydroponic system using energy exclusively from solar panels, eliminating reliance on conventional electricity. The system achieves precise control over critical plant growth parameters such as temperature, humidity, and lighting, with high operational stability observed during trials. This research makes a notable contribution by innovatively integrating IoT, automation, and renewable energy, thereby enhancing energy efficiency while delivering a sustainable and environmentally friendly hydroponic farming solution. The findings have significant practical implications, particularly for implementation in remote areas with limited access to electricity. Furthermore, the study paves the way for future developments, including applications in other agricultural systems and the integration of artificial intelligence to enhance predictive analytics and automated control.

Kinetics, central composite design and artificial neural network modelling of ciprofloxacin antibiotic photodegradation using fabricated cobalt-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles

Cobalt-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were fabricated and examined in this study as a potential photocatalyst for the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIPF) degradation when exposed to visible LED light. The Co-precipitation technique created Cobalt-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles that were 5, 10, and 15% Co-loaded. Different known techniques have been used to characterize the synthesized ZnO and cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Compared to ZnO and other Cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles, the experiments showed that 10% Cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles were a very effective catalyst for CIPF photodegradation. According to XRD, these NPs have a hexagonal Wurtzite structure with an average size of between 38.47 and 48.06 nm. Tauc plot displayed that the optical energy band-gap of ZnO NPs (3.21) slowly declines with Co doping (2.75 eV). The enhanced photocatalytic activity of Cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles, which avoids electron-hole recombination, is brought on by the implantation of Co. Within 90 min, a 30 mg/L solution of ciprofloxacin was destroyed (> 99%). The kinetics studies demonstrated that the first-order model, with R2 = 0.9703, is appropriate for illuminating the pace of reaction and quantity of CIPF elimination. The recycled Cobalt-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles enhanced photocatalytic performance toward CIPF for 3 cycles with the same efficiency. Furthermore, optimization of the 10% Cobalt-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using a Central composite design (CCD) was also studied. The optimal parameters of pH 6.486, 134.39 rpm shaking speed, 54.071 mg catalyst dose, and 31.04 ppm CIPF initial concentration resulted in the highest CIPF degradation efficiency (93.99%). Artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to simulate the experimental data. The backpropagation technique was used to train the networks with 152 input-output patterns. After experimenting with various configurations, the best results with a correlation value (R2) of 0.9780 for data validation were obtained using a three-hidden layered network that included five, five, and eight neurons, respectively.

2D Titanium Carbide MXene-Interfaced Zinc Oxide/Tungstite Architectures Adorned Mixed Matrix Polymer Membranes for Oily Wastewater Treatment.

An exceedingly porous and interwoven fibrous structure was achieved in this study by interlocking titanium carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes onto the electrospun mats using poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) as the base polymer. The fibrous membrane was further modified with the inclusion of zinc oxide (ZnO) and tungstite (WO3·H2O) nano/microstructures via annealing and hydrothermal approaches. Through these strategic interfaced morphological developments in novel Ti3C2/ZnO/WO3·H2O heterostructures, our findings reveal enhanced wettability and charge-segregation desirable for promoting oil-water separation and photoreactivity, respectively. The superhydrophilic hierarchical architectures offer optimal separation potential for stable oil-water emulsions with a higher flux. Additionally, when exposed to LED light, the composite membrane demonstrated an enhanced photocatalytic capacity for the removal of organic contaminants. This simple, inexpensive, and eco-friendly approach may thus promote the route for the fabrication of 2D MXene-based multifunctional membranes for effective treatment of complex oily wastewater.

A randomized prospective study to compare the efficacy of 308-nm light-emitting diode and 308-nm excimer lamp in the treatment of facial vitiligo.

Previous studies have proven that 308-nm light-emitting diode(308-nm LED)and 308-nm excimer lamp(308-nm MEL) are effective in treating vitiligo, but there is a lack of comparison of their efficacy for facial lesions. To evaluate and contrast the treatment success rates of 308-nm LED versus 308-nm excimer lamp in managing facial lesions among patients suffering from stable non-segmental vitiligo. The enrolled 119 patients with 145 lesions were randomly assigned to receive 308-nm LED or 308-nm MEL for two months. Two independent investigators graded repigmentation at the end of the 2-month treatment period. There were 76 lesions in the 308-nm LED group and 69 in the 308-nm MEL group. After 1 month, the average repigmentation grade of the 308-nm LED group was 1.34, with an efficacy rate of 11.84%, and the average repigmentation grade of the 308-nm MEL group was 1.17, with an efficacy rate of 7.24%.After two months of phototherapy, the average repigmentation grade of the 308-nm LED group was 2.38, and the effective rate was 42.1%. The average repigmentation grade in the 308-nm MEL group was 2.19, and the effective rate was 39.12%. The two light sources had similar effects on facial vitiligo lesions after 1 month and 2 months of treatment(P =.349, P =.416), and the incidence of side effects was also comparable between the two groups (P =.332). The 308-nm LED is as effective and safe as 308-nm MEL in treating stable non-segmental facial vitiligo lesions.

Kajian Teknis Penerangan Jalan Umum Kawasan Industri dan Pergudangan di Jalan Margomulyo Surabaya

Street lighting is infrastructure that the community needs at night, as a support for improving the safety, comfort and security of motorists. Street lighting sometimes still does not comply with the standards determined by the National Standards Body 7391:2008, so sometimes it requires recalculation according to the standard requirements determined by the National Standards Body. Jalan Margomulyo Surabaya is an arterial road with a width of 11 meters and a length of 4000 meters. This road is an industrial and warehouse area which is passed by large trucks of cars, motorbikes and the surrounding community every day. The lighting on Jalan Margomulyo is still found to be less than optimal and there are still black spots at several points, so re-planning needs to be done to produce maximum lighting. On Jalan Margomulyo there are around 90 ornamental poles with 120 Watt LED lights. Which produces an average illumination of 13.9 lux and consumes energy of 129.6 Kwh/day. However, the results of the lights installed in the field produced an average illumination that was less than optimal, so re-planning was carried out using 150 Watt LED lights with an ornamental handlebar angle of 19.19 for 90 light points along the road, which would produce an average illumination of 19.09 lux, light intensity 1863.05 cd which is in accordance with the National Standards 7391:2008.

Direct Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Deoxyglycosides via Visible-Light-Induced Photoacid-Catalyzed Activation of Glycosyl o-[1-(p-MeO-Phenyl)vinyl]benzoates (PMPVBs) as Donors.

The photoacid-catalyzed synthesis of 2-deoxy glycosides is presented using stable glycosyl o-[1-(p-MeO-Phenyl)vinyl]benzoate (PMPVB) donors and employing the eosin Y and diphenyl disulfide (PhSSPh) catalytic system in the presence of blue LED lights. The remote activation of the alkene functionality under the photoacid catalysis followed by a 5-exo-trig cyclization led to the generation of oxocarbenium ions that were trapped to provide the glycosylated products in excellent yields and decent selectivities under mild conditions. This method is also useful for the photoacid-catalyzed synthesis of p-methoxybenzyl-alkyl ethers.

Rancang Bangun Pillbox dengan Fitur Pengingat Minum Obat

The increasing prevalence of chronic illness, which requires long-term therapy, indicates the need for a medication reminder system. The Pillbox prototype was built using a design thinking approach (empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test). Interview results during the empathize phase revealed difficulties in managing multiple medications with varying dosing schedules without a reminder system. The define phase identified that existing pillboxes had inadequate compartments and no reminder systems featured. The ideate phase proposed a solution to design a pillbox with specific dimensions and configurations to accommodate diverse medication types and integrate an audiovisual reminder system. During the prototype phase, development proceeded through the planning of design and electronic systems, featuring a buzzer for alarms, LED lights as visual indicators, mechanical end-stop sensors for lid detection, a Nextion touchscreen interface for time settings, and an Arduino Nano microcontroller for computational and control functions. The test phase involved nine trials. Alarm time accuracy, measured by the difference between alarm activation and setting times, demonstrated good results at 29.22 ± 14.57 seconds. LED lights and sensor responsivity performed well across all trials. Functional testing demonstrated satisfactory performance. A pillbox prototype with an audiovisual reminder feature is designed to increase medication adherence rates.