Lecture Tour Research Articles

Seamus Heaney and Robert Lowell: A Turbulent Friendship

Seamus Heaney and Robert Lowell: A Turbulent Friendship1 Jeffrey Meyers I In Stepping Stones (2008), Dennis O’Driscoll’s excellent book of interviews, Seamus Heaney recalled that he first met Robert Lowell in 1972 at Sonia Orwell’s party to celebrate Lowell’s wedding to Caroline Blackwood. Heaney was young enough to be Lowell’s son and from a rural Irish background, remote from Lowell’s patrician pedigree. He had not been invited to that grand occasion, but was staying with Karl Miller, editor of The Listener, who was on the guest list and brought him along. He was shy of meeting Lowell ‘because of that nimbus of authority that ringed his writings and his actions’,2 but ‘actually got into a corner with him for about half an hour and did the laundry list, as [Joseph] Brodsky used to say – checking out what was to be said about which poets … It was a genuine enough meeting, and he was immensely charming and even more immensely intelligent’.3 Later, on several manic and memorable occasions, the two developed a close friendship that influenced and inspired Heaney’s poetry. At the party Heaney was not only introduced to distinguished poets, but also gained insight into the politics of poetry: the prestige and power that controlled lucrative teaching jobs and lecture tours, fellowships and honours, of which he would later reap the full harvest. After Lowell’s untimely death in September 1977, Heaney wrote two essays, a memorial address and two poems about him. Lowell had social and political, as well as poetical, influence. Heaney remarked that ‘Lowell was the last American to be a dual citizen of the university and the world beyond it, at home in Harvard, but also at home among the metropolitan set, a figure to be photographed at cocktail parties and on marches to the Pentagon’ (SS, p.273). He used Keats’s description of Wordsworth to describe Lowell’s distinctive genius, and also explained why Lowell’s reputation, though not his poetry, fell after his death when fashions changed and standards declined: ‘Lowell is taking the punishment Studies • volume 109 • number 436 448 that’s always handed out to the big guy eventually; so no, I’m not surprised. Lowell was a white Anglo-Saxon Protestant male, a Eurocentric, egotistical sublime, writing as if he intended to be heard in a high wind. He was on the winning side from the start: Boston Brahmin, friend of Eliot, part of the literary establishment on both sides of the Atlantic’ (SS, p.280). When Heaney’s reputation later soared, he too took his share of low blows. Caroline Blackwood, a witty and talented writer, was also a considerable figure. Her wealthy and aristocratic family came (like Heaney’s) from Northern Ireland, but her father, killed in Burma in the Second World War, was the 4th Marquess of Dufferin and Ava. An heir to the Guinness brewery fortune, she was also a great beauty. Her first husband, Lucian Freud, had painted her portrait that was as stunning and sensuous as Botticelli’s Venus. In August 1975 Heaney invited Lowell to a poetry festival in Kilkenny, Ireland. As Lowell feared from past experience, the event became a week of drunken and quarrelsome reelings and writhings. Heaney expected Lowell to arrive for his midweek performance, but he came on the previous Sunday and stayed with him through the next weekend. Heaney’s nine-year-old son Michael, with unusually formal diction, told Lowell that he preferred soccer to sonnets: ‘I know you are a famous poet, but it’s my ambition to meet a famous footballer’ (SS, p.216). During that prolonged visit Lowell, a wayward and distant father to his own daughter and son, envied Heaney’s close family life and sadly remarked, ‘You see a lot of your children’ (SS, p.216) – as if that were a rare event. Heaney said that Lowell ‘had a wonderful way of coming close, personally and critically’ (SS, p. 216) and he valued both aspects of that intimacy. In a letter of 11 September 1975, a month after the Kilkenny chaos, Lowell advised Heaney to follow his own practice of salvaging the best...

“An Isolated Outpost of Western Civilization”: Russell’s Appraisal of Mid-Century Australia

On his Australian lecture tour of 1950 Russell talked more about the global dimensions of the Cold War than about the politics, culture and society of the country he was visiting for the first and only time. As a keen but non-specialist observer, however, he readily offered his impressions and opinions of Australia and its place in the world. Like the majority of his hosts, Russell regarded this British Commonwealth state and American ally as an integral if distant part of the “West” and assumed that its comparatively small and overwhelmingly white population could continue to exist largely apart from the region within which it was situated. In so doing, he emphasized Australia’s geopolitical vulnerabilities and demographic challenges, sometimes also displaying a Cold War mindset that remained decidedly anti-Soviet at the mid-century mark. Russell’s reflections on these matters, and the linkages he drew between them, spoke to (rather than questioned) deep-seated Australian anxieties and prejudices about national security, race and immigration.

Mark Twain, the World, and Me: Following the Equator, Then and Now

Mark Twain, the World, and Me: <i>Following the Equator</i>, Then and Now

Seismic Soundoff

Patricia de Lugão provides a helpful analysis of the benefits and uses of magnetotellurics (MT) based on her upcoming 2020 Honorary Lecturer tour, “Environment-friendly exploration using magnetotellurics.” She highlights the role of MT in geophysics and mining, discusses the advantages of this method over seismic, and shares how MT is ready to play a major role in renewable energy. Listen to the full episode at https://seg.org/podcast/post/9102 .

Effects of Student Interests on Engagement and Performance in Biomechanics.

There is a need for pedagogical techniques that increase student engagement among underrepresented groups in engineering. Relating engineering content to student interests, particularly through biomechanics applications, shows promise toward engaging a diverse group of students. This study investigates the effects of student interests on engagement and performance in 10th grade students enrolled in a summer program for students underrepresented in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields. The authors assessed the effects of interest-tailored lectures on student engagement and performance in a 5-week program with bioengineering workshops, focusing on the delivery of biomechanics content. A total of 31 students received interest-tailored lectures (intervention) and 23 students received only generic lectures (control) in biomechanics. In addition, the authors assessed the effects of teaching method (lecture, classroom activities, and laboratory tours) on student engagement. The authors found interest-tailored lectures to significantly increase student engagement in lecture compared with generic lectures. Students that received interest-tailored lectures had an insignificant, but meaningful 5% increase in student performance. Students rated laboratory tours higher in engagement than other teaching methods. This study provides detailed examples that can directly assist student teaching and outreach in biomechanics. Furthermore, the pedagogical techniques in this study can be used to increase engagement of underrepresented students in engineering.

Correspondencias sumergidas: latinoamericanismo, performance y archivo en Manuel Ugarte

By focusing on Argentine writer Manuel Ugarte’s 1911-1913 lecture tour, this article explores the reconversion of Latin Americanism from a spiritualist and literature discourse to a performative and spectacular practice, articulated by a militant intellectual for a multitude that listens and watches. In particular, it focuses on the role Ugarte gives to the telegram, a product of undersea cable communication technologies, in the organization of student and worker collectives, meant to reconstitute the idea of Latin America through activism. El destino de un continente (1923), the book in which Ugarte narrates his tour, is read here as a performative archive that allows to formulate an alternative genealogy of Latin Americanism rooted in notions of the body, technology, and affect.

The Relationship between Agricultural Teaching Approaches and Food Security in Kenya

The continued food insecurity, despite the teaching of agriculture amidst the novel coronavirus (Covid-19), is a major global concern especially in Africa. There is food shortage in Africa and Kenya in particular despite the teaching of agriculture as a major subject in secondary schools. Many youth who have graduated from Kenyan secondary schools cannot adequately employ the agricultural skills developed during and after school for food security. The teaching approaches employed in secondary school agriculture should be able to develop skills of students on the aspects of food production, its accessibility, food safety, and nutrition as well as production economics. Towards this direction, this paper investigates the relationship between the agricultural teaching approaches employed in secondary schools and food security in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive survey design where data were collected using an Agriculture Teachers’ Interview Schedule, a Students’ Focus Group Discussion Guide, and a Parent’s Questionnaire and were then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The research findings established that the lecture method, class discussions, class projects, problem solving, and tours and field trips were the common methods in agriculture classes. Though recommended in the literature review section, digital learning was hardly mentioned as a teaching approach for this study. A major conclusion for this study is that there is statistically insignificant relationship between the teaching approaches and food security. There are other factors not in the scope of this study that could be affecting food security and can be tackled at secondary school level. This paper makes a contribution to the growing body of knowledge by highlighting research gaps worth investigation on the relationship between the agricultural teaching approaches and food security that were beyond the scope of the study.

Guerrilla inscription: Transatlantic abolition and the 1851 census

ABSTRACT This article reimagines the transatlantic climate of abolition by a focus on a specific incident. Wilson Armistead, a Yorkshire Quaker merchant, abolitionist, and prolific author, hosted the African American fugitives Ellen and William Craft in his house in Leeds in 1851, when they were on a lecture tour of the UK. In a typically quiet (yet bold) abolitionist act of what I call guerrilla inscription, he ensured that they were recorded in the UK census as fugitives. As the Crafts were well-known figures who received sympathetic attention, this unprecedented action was widely covered in the press. Yet subsequently it passed into obscurity. My paper explores this forgotten story to ask how state documents can be subverted for means other than which they are intended, and to reflect on what happens when abolitionists and academics meet in the archive.

Inappropriate Appropriation. Some Neo-Georgist Comments on the Eureka Stockade

In his lecture tour in Australia in 1890 Henry George argued that all citizens have equal rights to the natural resources of their country. He was critical of the monopoly rights given in Australia to private companies for coal mining, but did not object to the private appropriation of gold by goldminers. He does not appear to have made any comments on the violent conflict that occurred in 1854 between goldminers and public authorities near the town of Ballarat where miners had erected fortifications known as the Eureka Stockade.

How can we redefine Joseph Needham’s sense of a world community for the 21st century?

In the middle of World War II, my father, Kenneth Lo, accompanied Joseph Needham on a lecture tour to Colchester Co-operative Society dedicated to the support of China’s war effort and to boycotting Japanese goods. They were comrades-in-arms, soft-left socialists, inspired by the Spanish Civil War, George Orwell and WH Auden alike to take up the pen and the campaign circuit. This article is a reflection on the politics and aesthetics of research, on decentring the Eurocentric narrative of the history of science, but also on the role of poetry in the quest for a better world. Grounded in socialist, Christian and 20th-century scientific utopian belief, All under Heaven was to be One Community. Post Needham, but in the Needham spirit, I ask what shared vision drives our research?

Thomas Mann's War: Literature, Politics, and the World Republic of Letters by Tobias Boes

Reviewed by: Thomas Mann's War: Literature, Politics, and the World Republic of Letters by Tobias Boes Karolina Watroba Thomas Mann's War: Literature, Politics, and the World Republic of Letters. By Tobias Boes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. Pp. xx + 354. Cloth $34.95. ISBN 978-1501744990. This book significantly expands the argument sketched out in Tobias Boes's earlier article "Thomas Mann, World Author: Representation and Autonomy in the World Republic of Letters" (2015) and builds on Hans Rudolf Vaget's extensive work on Thomas Mann's American exile, especially the 2011 monograph Thomas Mann, der Amerikaner. Leben und Werk im amerikanischen Exil 1938–1952. It also joins last year's exhibition "Thomas Mann in Amerika" at the Deutsches Literaturarchiv in Marbach in arguing for a renewed relevance of Thomas Mann in the current political climate. Thomas Mann's War chronicles in great detail Mann's myriad involvements in American and European politics during his exile in the US, providing—in a highly [End Page 411] engaging and readable form—a valuable contextualization of Mann's literary writing and personal life, both of which form the usual focus of academic scholarship on the author. As Boes states in the introduction, his study is neither a biography of Mann, nor a study of his literary production, but rather analyzes Mann's international career from the 1920s until his death in 1955 to reconstruct "forces in US cultural history (for example, the rise of middlebrow publishing in the 1920s, or the Popular Front in the 1930s) that changed the ways in which ordinary Americans thought about the relationship between literature and the world" (13). Drawing on extensive archival research in addition to published material, Boes is able to discuss in this context Mann's political essays and speeches, lecture tours, press conferences, and radio broadcasts, as well as a range of documents that provide insight into Mann's reception and circulation in the US, from newspaper articles and reviews to his publishers' advertising copy. Meanwhile, and in a reversal of the usual hierarchy in studies written by literary scholars, the novels and short stories published during Mann's exile form merely the background to Boes's project. Their insightful but brief discussion takes the form of a series of "interludes" that "can [be] skip[ped] without danger of losing the thread of the narrative" (18). This is a highly interesting approach, not least because Mann's political essays and speeches sold much better in the US than his fiction, a fact that Boes investigates by discussing the rise of the American "Great Books" publishing series and university courses, in which literary texts featured alongside political and even scientific treatises. And yet, Mann's fame in America "rested on the quietly dignified aura of culture and tradition with which he surrounded himself and which seemed to emanate from every page that he wrote" rather than his political writings as such (4). Most instances of Mann's political commentary quoted in the book are rather trite and vague; even Boes himself occasionally concedes that a lot of Mann's political writing of the time might strike us as "rather banal pronouncements" (105). Examples include statements such as "the different spheres of humanity—whether artistic, cultural, or political—are really inseparable" (100); "totality: there is only one, the totality of humanity, of the human" (105); and "the 'political' … is the matter of ultimate values, of the basis of our civilization, of the very idea of humanity" (144). This, coupled with the ineffectiveness of any political action endorsed by Mann—unless, as Boes clearly demonstrates, it happened to coincide with a preexisting political or military agenda—suggests that Mann can hardly be described as a political thinker or commentator, let alone an activist during his American exile, and intimates a rather skeptical take on the problem—central to both Mann and Boes—of the relationship between intellectuals and political action. Perhaps Mann's wartime radio programs broadcasted by the BBC in occupied Germany might form an exception to this narrative, although Boes leaves open the question of the extent of their actual impact on German listeners. [End Page 412] Boes argues that Mann...

“Salvation through socialism”: Conversion in the Work of Jack London and Upton Sinclair

“Salvation through socialism”Conversion in the Work of Jack London and Upton Sinclair Andrew J. Ball (bio) The most common motif in early twentieth-century radical literature is the conversion narrative. Walter Rideout has observed that the conversion story is a central element in one-third of all the labor novels written in the first three decades of the twentieth century. A variation on the bildungsroman, these works feature techniques used by evangelical revivalists and depict conversions to socialism or to the labor movement that are modeled on religious experience. Here, a character’s salvation is achieved through the acquisition of class consciousness, which is described as a kind of rebirth, awakening, or recognition of revelation.1 The most widely read and emblematic radical authors to consistently employ this trope were Jack London and his protégé Upton Sinclair. Not only did London and Sinclair use the conversion story in their fiction and nonfiction time and again, but they also both described their own discovery of socialism as a religious conversion. In their work, both authors seek to conflate Christianity and socialism, to prove that the two are compatible, and that authentic conformity to Christian principles demands the endorsement of socialism. London and Sinclair use their writing as an instrument of evangelism that aims to convince their audience that socialism is a religious enterprise and a means to salvation. Evangelists for the Church of the Revolution Jack London’s fervent devotion to socialism is well known, but he is not typically remembered as a Christian socialist. However, in both his essays and his fiction, as Jay Williams [End Page 219] puts it, “socialism and Christianity” run “in the same stream bed.”2 Though London’s “deeply spiritual” interpretation of socialism is most overt in the work he produced from 1899 to 1906, “the religious element in London’s rhetoric is never lost” and remained “a constant for him throughout his life.”3 “Christian imagery and rhetoric abounds” in London’s early essays, where he first begins to present socialism as a religion that is synonymous with authentic Christianity.4 Biographer Carolyn Johnston argues that London not only believed he had found “salvation through socialism” but that it “could provide salvation” for all Americans as well.5 London’s identification of Christianity and socialism can be traced back to his early tutelage under Frederick Irons Bamford, a reference librarian at the Oakland public library and proponent of the Social Gospel who endorsed the Christian socialism of minister-activists George Herron and Walter Rauschenbusch. Bamford acted as a mentor to young London in the 1890s, guiding the reading that would ultimately lead London to champion socialism and to persistently interpret it through the lens of Christianity. Joan London writes that her father’s early acquaintance with Bamford “was destined to dictate the course of his life,” and Williams notes that while “London was too radical to be called a Social Gospeler, he did agree with its major tenets.”6 The sustained influence of this early study of the Social Gospel is evident in that in the years to come, after he had long outgrown Bamford and become increasingly versed in Marxist theory and scientific socialism, London, like his friend Upton Sinclair, continued to approach socialism as a moral imperative. The period of London’s most fervid interest in socialism, 1899–1908, coincides with the time when he was engrossed in the study of Christianity and the figure of Jesus in particular. Throughout this period, he publicly represented the socialist cause as a religious endeavor and privately compiled notes and research for the grand “Christ novel” he planned to write. Johnston explains that London was both “a socialist minister” and an “evangelist for socialism” who engaged in a tireless “crusade” to spread the “revolutionary gospel,” effectively making him “the Charles Finney” or “the Billy Sunday of the socialist movement.”7 Prior to his famous 1905–6 lecture tour, London’s “preaching” was confined to print.8 In 1899, London entered Cosmopolitan editor John Brisbane Walker’s essay contest and won with his essay “What Communities Lose by the Competitive System.” Walker, a millionaire and would-be preacher “who wrote Christian sociological essays...

Doublespeak: Louisa Jacobs, the American Equal Rights Association, and Complicating Racism in the Early U.S. Women's Suffrage Movement

DoublespeakLouisa Jacobs, the American Equal Rights Association, and Complicating Racism in the Early U.S. Women's Suffrage Movement Susan Goodier (bio) Members of the U.S. women's suffrage movement, usually noted as being from the 1840s to the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, faced many struggles related to race from the outset. Periods of close collaboration between Black and white activists have been punctuated by longer periods with virtually no cooperation between them. Turning our attention to Louisa Jacobs, the daughter of the once-enslaved Harriet Jacobs (author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl), helps us unpack racial cooperation—and the lack thereof—in the years immediately following the Civil War. After establishing freedmen's schools in the South during the war, Louisa returned to the North and joined the American Equal Rights Association to promote universal suffrage as a speaker on the lecture circuit. This article, representing preliminary research into the topic, argues that while Black women criticized the women's suffrage movement for perpetuating racism, they maintained ongoing relations with members of the dominant movement as they sought to overcome that racism and win the right for women to vote. Louisa Matilda Jacobs was born to Harriet Jacobs in Edenton, North Carolina, on October 19, 1833. Because her mother had been willed to the daughter of Dr. James Norcom, and children followed the condition of the mother, Louisa, too, was enslaved. Much of the knowledge we have of her is thanks to the extraordinary work of Jean Fagan Yellin, who, back in the 1970s, realized that a slave narrative, long dismissed as a fictional account written by Lydia Maria Child, a white woman, was instead an accurate "historical record" of the life of a woman born enslaved in a community in the South. 1 In addition to editing Incidents and writing a biography of Harriet Jacobs, Yellin has compiled the papers of the [End Page 195] Jacobs family in a two-volume set readily available in many libraries. 2 This article is indebted to and builds on the meticulous research of Yellin. 3 From the time Harriet was fifteen, Norcom demanded she have sexual relations with him. She engaged in a close relationship with another elite member of the white community, Samuel Tredwell Sawyer, in an attempt to ward off the attentions of Norcom. She had two children with Sawyer: Joseph, born in 1829, and Louisa Matilda, born four years later. Despite this, Norcom persisted in his attentions. Fiercely determined that Norcom would not have his way with her, in 1835 Harriet went into hiding, spending a total of seven years in an attic space—measuring nine feet by seven feet, and three feet in height—above the woodshed at her grandmother's house. 4 Through tiny openings in the wall of the attic space she watched her children play and grow. Jacobs arranged for Sawyer, a newspaper editor and member of Congress, to purchase Louisa and her brother Joseph to keep Norcom from using them to blackmail her into sexual intercourse. 5 Sawyer also purchased Harriet's brother John, who ran away from Sawyer the next year, eventually making his way to Boston. A poignant passage in Incidents details the one night the mother spent with her daughter during that period, just before the father took her north in the spring of 1839. Apparently, the child had known of her mother's hiding place and deliberately kept in sight of her mother as much as possible. Louisa never told anyone about the hiding place. 6 Sawyer took five-year-old Louisa to Washington to care for her infant half sister; six months later she moved in with relatives of her father in Brooklyn, New York. A Sawyer cousin had proposed adopting Louisa, or at least educating her. Neither plan came to fruition; Louisa seems to have been used by the family as a "waiting-maid." 7 When Louisa's mother Harriet left the hiding place in her grandmother's attic and arrived in New York in the fall of 1842, Harriet found work as a nursemaid in the family of Nathaniel Parker Willis, an author and editor of some note, and rescued...

Paper Minds: Literature and the Ecology of Consciousness by Jonathan Kramnick

Reviewed by: Paper Minds: Literature and the Ecology of Consciousness by Jonathan Kramnick Regina Janes Jonathan Kramnick. Paper Minds: Literature and the Ecology of Consciousness. Chicago: Chicago, 2018. Pp. x + 198. $25.00 Ecology? Consciousness? I wanted this book to be a shoo-in for the Gauss, kicking away the literary biographies that always win, restoring literary criticism to a place on university press lists and on the touted university-for-a-day lecture circuits. Its claim is large: literary studies have a disciplinary contribution to make to understanding consciousness, including the “hard problem.” How can the brain, a mass of matter, produce the experience of consciousness? Why does it persist in propagating fictions, the falser the better? Alas, the argumentation is too subtle and the appropriation of other disciplinary perspectives too tactful to elevate our discipline by its bootstraps. (In the event, Paper Minds made the Gauss short list, but lost to a biography of Lorraine Hansberry.) A collection of essays rather than unified argument, Paper Minds embraces new models of perception that move perception “out of our heads” (Alva Noe’s phrase) into a transaction between a whole body and the world, making consciousness something we do rather than something we have. Elevating form, it enacts the open-endedness of literary enquiry, toying with the changing stories neuroscientists and novelists tell about our minds. Two elegant and rigorous essays defend the methodological status quo in literary studies, and a strong account of the “hard problem” of consciousness introduces modern novelists (McEwan and McCarthy) interpreted as reframing consciousness as bodily process. For Scriblerians, Cowper’s sofa in “The Task” turns into a James J. Gibson “affordance,” viz. “a Newtonian object in space,” that may be climbed or sat or rested on if one is a creature of a particular shape, able to turn knee-high physical objects into the affordance called “a seat,” a.k.a. bench, chair, stool, sofa, or low wall, used to sit rather than to kneel or squat. Affordances are specific both to culture and species. For a cat, sofas afford a scratching post, for bugs nesting areas or food. More generally, an affordance is “an external [End Page 85] phenomenon covered by the laws of nature and a potential for action held from a point of view,” not unlike a sonnet or a couplet. In the chapter “Presence of Mind,” direct perception confronts a “representational interface,” the dominant eighteenth-century empiricist model. Hobbes represents external objects as aggressive, pressing themselves on the sense organs to create a phantasm of the object, while Locke posits a litter of images in a camera obscura, and Hume cuts us off from objects altogether. The dialectical opposition turns up in Addison’s astonishingly elegant and supple account of vision “as a diffusive kind of touch” (reminding us what an extraordinary stylist Addison was); Berkeley’s more worried version; and Reid’s contorted, but vigorous, insistence that the mind really perceives what is there. Addisonian vision reaches out to bring things close and delights in the fluctuations of novelty: objects are “ever in Motion, and sliding away from beneath the Eye of the Beholder.” Thomson’s persuasive tactile vision invites to feeling curvature, and Sterne in his black coat looks through a window at yellow, green, and blue, longing to be there, somewhere, with a gris-set. Like his starling, Sterne wants out—to the there that is there. “On Beauty and Being at Home” returns to an elegant act of literary criticism on Defoe, performed first in the introduction, over the ambiguity of “handsome” (attractive) and “handy” (close to hand). Crusoe begins his journal only when he has created the conditions for his “paper mind”: putting his mind down on paper once he possesses a “handsome” arrangement of his materials and living space. Aesthetics as action or craft, in georgic, Cyder, Swift, Jonathan Richardson, Hogarth, and Cowper, is contrasted with Shaftes-bury’s and Granville’s aesthetics of spectatorship. Denham’s “Cooper’s Hill” is mined for its creation of a poem like its world, adding to a whole rather than representing an original from which it derives. Its iconic, traveling couplet exemplifies “almost pure form...

Women Will Vote: Winning Suffrage in New York State by Susan Goodier and Karen Pastorello

Reviewed by: Women Will Vote: Winning Suffrage in New York State by Susan Goodier and Karen Pastorello Natalie A. Naylor (bio) Women Will Vote: Winning Suffrage in New York State By Susan Goodier and Karen Pastorello. Ithaca: Three Hills, 2017. 316 pages, 6" x 9". $29.95 cloth. This year, 2020, is the Centennial of the 19th Amendment when women achieved the right to vote in the United States. Three years earlier, women in New York State won suffrage in a referendum in 1917, which was pivotal for the national movement. Susan Goodier and Karen Pastorello in Women Will Vote provide a comprehensive account of the suffrage struggle in New York in the seven decades that they dub "From Ridicule to Referendum" (1). Their useful Timeline begins in 1827 with the abolition of slavery in New York, and four events when women sought political rights in New York prior to the 1848 Seneca Falls convention (xv–xvii). The authors focus much of their attention on five disparate groups who have not received sufficient attention in most accounts: male suffragists, rural, working-class immigrant, African American, and radical women. Each of these groups is the subject of one of their chapters. Moreover, they want to emphasize upstate New York (defined as outside the metropolitan New York City area). In the nineteenth century, suffrage activities and organization were most extensive upstate. The New York State Woman Suffrage Association was organized in Saratoga in 1869 and held 47 yearly conventions to 1917 (Appendix 1 conveniently lists and maps the dates and locations). In the last decades of the century, suffrage activity was concentrated in the central and western counties of the state. Local leaders upstate regarded New York City as a "lost cause" (39). New York City, however, had a majority of the state's population after adding Brooklyn in 1898. Matilda Joslyn Gage, Martha Coffin Wright, Jean Brooks Greenleaf, and Lillie [End Page 150] Devereaux Blake were among the upstate presidents and leaders of the State Association. The Association worked on a variety of suffrage efforts, including petition drives, school suffrage, and legislative lobbying. By 1910, the state organization had 155 affiliated clubs in 26 counties with 555,00 members. The largest club was in Geneva with 400 members. More information might have been included on this organization, though by the early twentieth century, it was "dominated by an elite leadership primarily located in New York City" (50). National leaders from New York, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Alva Vanderbilt Belmont, Harriot Stanton Blatch, and Carrie Chapman Catt, are included throughout the book. Others who played important roles nationally and in New York include Gertrude Foster Brown, Harriet Burton Laidlaw, Inez Milholland, Vira Boar-man Whitehouse, and Harriet May Mills. Except for Mills, who was based in Syracuse, each of these women was based in New York City. Information on rural upstate women is a major contribution. Churches, granges, lyceums, lecture circuits, women's clubs, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) all were involved in suffrage efforts in a "complex network" of "concurrent activism," which extended to the other groups discussed (3). Rochester, with 40 percent of its population immigrants in 1900, had many women working in the garment industry The analysis of suffrage in Rochester is insightful; both the city and county voted against suffrage in the 1915 referendum. Most of the African American suffrage leaders discussed were from New York City or Brooklyn, including Sarah Garnet, Verina Morton Jones, and Victoria Earle Mathews. Heather Jeffrey did form a Susan B. Anthony Club for Colored Women in Rochester; it, like most of the black organizations, had a broader focus than suffrage, also confronting racism. The attention paid to male suffragists is welcome, focusing on the Men's League for Woman Suffrage, founded in New York City in 1909. (Brooke Kroeger's Suffragents: How Women Used Men to Get the Vote, also published in 2017, provides further detail on men in the movement.) The activities of anti-suffragists are included throughout (Goodier had published No Votes for Women: The New York State Anti-Suffrage Movement in 2013). Most of the radical women were based in New York City...

Österreichische Historiker: Lebensläufe und Karrieren, 1900–1945 ed. by Karel Hruza

Reviewed by: Österreichische Historiker: Lebensläufe und Karrieren, 1900–1945 ed. by Karel Hruza Günter Bischof Karel Hruza, ed., Österreichische Historiker: Lebensläufe und Karrieren, 1900–1945. Vol. 3. Vienna: Böhlau, 2019. 627 pp. This is the third volume in a series of books on well-known Austrian historians that were active between 1900 and 1945 (and some beyond the war). The three volumes portraying altogether forty-seven historians constitute something of an encyclopedia of Austrian historians in the first half of the twentieth century; the editor needs to be congratulated for finding competent authors to complete this series. In fact, not all of the thirteen historians portrayed in Volume 3 were historians—there are archeologists (C. Praschniker), ethnologists (H. Wopfner, A. Helbock), and geographers (H. Hassinger) among them. The scholarly biographies presented here are all characterized by careers that had to negotiate the vast political and regime changes that jolted Central Europe during the first half of the twentieth century. The careers of these men (and two women) had to adjust from the late Habsburg monarchy and the First World War to the penniless years of the First Republic, the brutal Nazi years after the Anschluss (welcomed by most of them), to the beginnings of the Second Republic. Most of the historians portrayed in this volume grew up in grossdeutsche bourgeois families, and their German nationalist upbringing defined their career trajectories. Small wonder then that eight of the thirteen portrayed in this volume were supporters of the National Socialist cause, some were party members; the rank careerist Uebersberger prided himself on being an "SS-Standartenführer" (169). Only Wopfner and Redlich were not swept up in the wave of Austrian enthusiasm for National Socialism—Wopfner was critical of the Italian "rape" of the German South Tyrol (117), but Redlich served as a functionary in the Ständestaat (55). Only Ludo Moritz Hartmann and Lucie Varga hailed from Jewish families—Hartmann was a committed Social Democrat, and Varga was married to a communist. Most of the academic career trajectories outlined here led through the historical seminar of the University of Vienna—a couple trained and worked at my alma mater, the University of Innsbruck (Wopfner, Helbock). Some of the leading historians portrayed here (Redlich, Uebersberger, Brunner, Borodajkewycz), received the elite, hidebound postdoc training of the Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung (IÖG) at the University of Vienna, which also opened up to them careers as archivists. Of the fortyseven historians portrayed in the three volumes, thirteen went through the [End Page 84] IÖG training (18). The IÖG trained people in the best empirical document-based tradition. It seemingly did not open young historians' eyes to new methodologies practiced in the wider world. Since many of the IÖG-trained historians ended up with chairs at the University of Vienna, this sort of "historicist and source positivist" (14) training was passed on to subsequent generations of students. This might explain a lot about the study of history in Austria in the present day. If these historians cast their gaze onto historical discourses practiced outside of Austria, they networked mostly with German historians or Germans teaching and researching in East Central Europe (Prague, Breslau) or southeastern Europe. Balduin Saria is an interesting case. Hailing from a German community in Lower Styria (today's Slovenia), he trained in Vienna but worked in post–World War I Yugoslavia (Belgrade and Ljubljana). He too was a German nationalist and became an NSDAP party member and taught at the University of Graz during World War II. Oddly enough, the only historians portrayed in this volume who also took note of new Western European or American historical discourses were the two women portrayed together in one chapter. Erna Pazelt engaged the scholarship of the important Belgian medieval economic historian Henri Pirenne, and Lucie Varga as a refugee in Paris worked with Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch, leading lights in the famous Annales school based in France (430). Pazelt even ventured twice to visit the United States for lecture tours, during the Anschluss in 1938 and after the war in 1947 (421, 422); astoundingly, during World War II she even taught courses on American...

The Invisible Force of Expectation: Angelina Grimke and the Dilemma of Self-Determination in the Early Women's Movement

A pioneer in the women's rights movement, Angelina Grimke is also known for retreating into the home after marrying fellow abolitionist Theodore Dwight Weld, just as her career was at its high point. Before her marriage, such male abolitionists as William Lloyd Garrison and H. C. Wright tried to shape Grimke's career, deliberately or unwittingly ignoring their own patriarchal tendencies toward her. Similarly, fellow abolitionists and historians alike have mourned Grimke's retreat to domestic life as a loss to the antislavery and women's rights movements. Despite outside pressure, Grimke made her own decisions and continued to con-tribute significantly to the antislavery cause on her own terms, even after she left the lecture circuit. By choosing her own path, Grimke made the ultimate argument for a woman's right to self-determination.

Emil Zegadłowicz – Bruno Schulz. Kwerenda archiwalna

Among many people present in the social and professional milieu of Bruno Schulz, was Emil Zegadłowicz (1888–1941), a writer who during the interwar period was famous mainly for his novels critical of Polish socio-political realities (Zmory, Motory). The essay presents almost all the available evidence concerning the two writers’ mutual artistic inspirations, correspondence, and personal contacts that have survived to this day. Crucial for this reconstruction was a search in the family archive of Zegadłowicz. Unfortunately, even though he certainly did his best to document his literary connections, the traces of Bruno Schulz’s life and work in the archive are scarce. It was much easier to find there the evidence of Zegadłowicz’s recognition of Schulz and his work. For example, the name of the artist from Drogobych was found on the mailing list of the copies of Zegadłowicz’s works, and handwritten remarks were discovered on the published texts of Schulz’s stories. Also, a letter written by Schulz includes remarks on one of Zegadłowicz's novels. Among the archive’s holdings, particularly interesting is the documentation of the two writers’ only meeting which took place in Drogobych in February 1939 during Zegadłowicz's lecture tour, and the author’s analysis of Schulz’s artworks that Zegadłowicz received on that occasion, including his portraits. A description of the two writers’ meeting includes also contextual information about Schulz’s family and his professional relationships with Drogobych. Today, while some documents seem to suggest that in the late 1930s Zegadłowicz and Schulz were close friends, there is no good reason to believe that it was really so. After all, Zegadłowicz’s archive contains no relevant evidence in this respect.

Laurence Oldham 1931 - 2019, BDS, FDS

Laurence was the consultant who developed Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery services in Somerset. A gifted postgraduate educator, he passed away on 2nd October 2019. Born in 1931, Laurence was the son of a headmaster, educated at Hinckley Grammar School and a border at Ashby Grammer School. He graduated from the University of Birmingham in 1955, followed by House Officer posts which included a resident post at Birmingham General Hospital, which awakened his enthusiasm for surgery. His National Service was in the RAF, sharing rooms with John Rayne, who would remain a close colleague for many years. He gained his FDS in 1958. He was awarded a Rotary Foundation Fellowship to the USA and spent 1959-60 at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The Fellowship included a lecture tour of Rotary Clubs across the USA. This honed his skills as a lecturer and raconteur, which would remain a life-long activity for him. Returning to the UK in 1960 he was appointed as a lecturer at the University of Manchester in Oral Surgery. Working with Gordon Ashcroft, who in the previous year had published a seminal paper on effective exodontia with Patrick Pawsey. In 1965 Laurence was seconded to the New Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, working with Sir Ian McAdam and gained ten years’ surgical experience of facial injuries and pathologies in two years. He returned to Manchester in 1968, finding the department greatly changed. He was encouraged to apply for the newly created Oral Surgery Consultant’s post in Taunton. He was appointed and over the next 25 years he built up the maxillofacial service. Latterly he was appointed to the Board of Somerset Health Authority and developed diplomatic skills as the bridge between clinicians and management. He retired in 1991. His retirement dinner was attended by over 85% of all the SHO’s he had trained over the years. Not one to rest on his laurels, Laurence was very active in the hospice movement. He chaired St Margaret’s Hospice Trust in Taunton for 12 years, then became secretary to the UK Chairs of Independent Hospices and a vice-president. He developed and led the University of Bristol BUOLD Oral Surgery distance learning programme, with over 300 dentists gaining from his knowledge over the next twenty years. He was also on the governing body of Queens College, Taunton for 12 years and an active member of the Temple. Meanwhile he lectured on a wide range of topics to local groups, and was an active member of the Oral Surgery Travelling Club, going on study tours around the world. Not content with this, he was a pianist, motor cyclist, and regular attender of the Hay Literary Festival. He certainly made the most of life and gave so much to so many people. He will be greatly missed for his compassion, wisdom, and humour. He leaves a wife, Diana, of over 50 years, two sons, Mark, a Professor of Medical Physics in the USA, and James, an osteopath who taught medical and dental students at the University of Plymouth now living in Bulgaria, and a grandson Tej. To them we extend our condolences. Those of us who worked for Laurie felt very privileged to have known him.

"A Lovelorn Orphan in a Cold World": Bertrand Russell's 1931 North American Lecture Tour

Bertrand Russell undertook an extended North American lecture tour in 1931 to raise funds for the Beacon Hill experimental school he operated with Dora Russell. To rectify the existing lack of scholarly analysis of the 1931 tour, this paper provides annotated transcriptions of twenty-eight letters Russell sent during the tour to Dora and to Patricia Spence, Russell’s mistress. These letters provide intriguing insights into the state of Russell’s financial and professional affairs and illuminate personal relationships he cultivated in the United States and Canada. Most importantly, they document his complex marital situation at this tumultuous juncture in his life before he decided to end his relationship with Dora early in 1932 in favour of Spence.