Leaf Extract Research Articles

Calotropis Procera Plant Extract: Phytochemical Analysis, Antimicrobial Activity, and Coumarin Compound Identification

Phytochemical screening of Calotropis procera (Aakh, Milkweed) leaf and stem extracts was performed using solvents: hexane, benzene, dichloromethane, methanol and distilled water. zAlkaloids, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, tannins, phenolic compounds, gum and mucilage, flavonoids, quinines, and coumarin were all present. At a concentration of 20 g/mL, the methanolic extract of Calotropis procera demonstrated good antibacterial action against two bacteria: the gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and the gram-negative Escherichia coli, as well as fungi, Candida albicans. The therapeutic value of Calotropis procera is positively impacted by the zone of inhibition of bacteria and fungi. The extraction of coumarin from the plant extract was done using the Soxhlet extraction method. Preliminary tests were conducted to identify coumarin in plant extract. The tests include FTIR data collection and melting point determination concerning commercial coumarin. The melting point measurement was found to be 68±2˚C. The stretching band at 1702 cm-1 was attributed to >C=O functional group of coumarin. The plant extracts themselves can be applied in therapeutic use, and the pure form of coumarin can be utilized to create various derivatives, including acetyl coumarin, thiosemicarbazones, and metal complexes, which can be used to investigate antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

Management of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Infection in Oyster Mushroom [Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Kumm.] by Plant Extracts

Background: Successful methods to control Sclerotium rolfsii in beds of oyster mushroom cultivation are not presently known. The aim of the present investigation was to determine antifungal potentials of some plant extracts against the infection of S. rolfsii associated with the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation. Methods: Aqueous extracts of four different plants parts viz. leaf of Azadirachta indica (neem), leaf of Pongamia pinnata (karanj), bulbs of Allium cepa (onion) and cloves of Allium sativum (garlic) were evaluated in the laboratory for their efficacy against both P. ostreatus mycelium and pathogen. The plant extracts which displaced least adverse effects on the growth of P. ostreatus and maximum inhibition of pathogen were evaluated to find out the yield performance of P. ostreatus under in vivo conditions in mushroom house. Results: Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract showed maximum average mycelial and sclerotial inhibition i.e. 47.9 % and 52.4 %, respectively followed by karanj (Pongamia pinnata) leaf extract i.e. 38.4 % and 47.9 %, respectively. Maximum yield of oyster mushroom (885.0 g/ kg dry substrate) was also recorded in neem leaf extract followed by karanj leaf extract (867.5 g/ kg dry substrate) and cloves of garlic (846.3 g/ kg dry substrate) which were statistically at par with each other.

Facile microwave-assisted green synthesis and characterization of flower shaped zinc oxide nanoclusters using Centella asiatica (Linn.) leaf extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity and in vivo toxic effects on Artemia nauplii.

Green synthesized nanomaterials play a vital role in nanotechnology was due toits diverse applications. In the current study, flower shaped nanoclusters of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) was fabricated using the leaf extract of Centella asiatica (Linn.) by microwave-assisted method. The physico-chemical characterization of the green synthesized ZnONPs were further conducted by the UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The UV-Vis spectrum of the synthesized ZnONPs has showedcharacteristic absorption maximum at 363 nm. The XRD pattern of the same could confirm to have the crystalline nature of ZnONPs. Additionally, the FT-IR spectra have revealed the presence of characteristic stretching and bending vibrations of the Zn-O bond, along with those of phytochemicals that might have involvedin ZnONPs stabilization. By the HR-TEM imaging, agglomeration of the nanoparticles and thereby the formation of flower-like clusters could be observed. Furthermore, the synthesized ZnONPs have remarkable antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with inhibition zones of 15 ± 0.4 and 16.5 ± 1.0 mm respectively. The green synthesized ZnONPs showed no significant toxicity toward Artemianauplii. Hence, the results of the study indicate the promising potential of the synthesized ZnO nanoclusters.

Comprehensive Characterization and Bioactivity Assessment of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Chrysanthemum indicum Leaf Extract.

Bionanotechnology is the synthesis of environmentally friendly, biosynthetic nanomaterials by combining nanotechnology and biotechnology. Chrysanthemum indicum leaf extract in aqueous medium was used in the presented research work to produce titanium dioxide nanoparticles using a dependable and environmentally friendly method. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles derived from Chrysanthemum indicum were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The diesel degradation activity of the TiO2 was evaluated, showing a significant reduction in diesel concentration (8%) after a 10-day incubation period. Furthermore, TiO2's hemolytic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties were highlighted. Cubical-shaped nanoparticles with an even distribution were found by SEM analysis. When compared to standard drugs, the biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles demonstrated hemolytic potential, anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation assay), antidiabetic, and antioxidant (DPPH assay) properties. These results imply that titanium dioxide nanoparticles function as advantageous biological agents and are crucial to the bioremediation process. Due to the great potential of TiO2 nanoparticles, the notable characteristics of biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles suggest their potential useful applications in the biodegradation field in the future.

Green synthesis of Ag-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles and its efficacy against mosquito larvae and non-target organisms

BackgroundEmerging studies on bimetallic nanoparticles highlight their unique synergistic properties, but their efficacy and toxicity require further validation. Silver-palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-Pd BNPs), synthesized via eco-friendly biological methods, have demonstrated potential applications in catalysis, sensing, antimicrobial activities etc. However, data on their toxicity against invertebrates remains limited. The current study addresses this gap by presenting the eco-friendly synthesis of Ag-Pd BNPs using a nontoxic aqueous leaf extract of the plant Citrus limon. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, and their efficacy was evaluated against mosquito larvae and nymphs of damselfly and dragonfly.ResultsUV–Vis spectroscopy analysis showed maximum absorption at 300 nm ± 40 nm for the leaf extract, while for Ag-Pd BNPs an absence of a surface plasmon resonance band was observed. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis revealed the involvement of surface functional groups from the leaf extract in nanoparticle synthesis. TEM analysis determined a mean particle size of 21 ± 7 d nm. DLS analysis showed an overall hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles clusters with a Z-average of 1956 d nm. SEM–EDX analysis verified the presence and purity of the Ag-Pd BNPs in the sample, and XRD results identified the leaf extract-mediated synthesis with distinct peaks obtained for Ag and Pd. The nano-toxicity efficacy of Ag-Pd BNPs revealed significant larval mortality against I, II, III, and IV instar larvae of both Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti mosquito species, at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of exposure. The selected LC50 was further selected to study the predation efficiency of the non-target nymphs of damselfly and dragonfly which revealed time-dependent predation dynamics, resulting in high predation rates over specific time intervals.ConclusionThe present study offers significant scientific insights into an eco-friendly synthesis and characterization of Ag-Pd BNPs. Their inherent toxic ability to cause mortality in invertebrates like mosquito larvae underscores the need for caution in their environmental application. However, the absence of mortality among the odonate nymphs suggests the potential use of Ag-Pd BNPs in integrated vector management with optimized concentration. Future research can focus on developing controlled-release formulations to optimize environmental safety and facilitate easier remediation in natural ecosystems.

Safety Profile and Antiulcerogenic Activities of Cordia Vignei Hutch & Dalziel (Boraginaceae) Leaf Extract Against Chronic DSS-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Cordia vignei plant is used in folkloric medicine to treat numerous inflammatory disorders. The inflammatory bowel disease incidence rate is steadily increasing in developing countries and is mostly characterized by recurrent inflammation along with major problems. The current study aimed to establish the acute oral safety of Cordia vignei leaf extract and evaluated its antiulcerogenic activities in a DSS-induced colitis model in mice. The phytomedicinal efficacy of CVE (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o) on colitis was assessed by inducing 5% () dextran sodium sulfate [MW= 50 kD] in mice. Clinical parameters were studied, including body and organ weights, macroscopic and histological examinations, hematological and biochemical analyses, and antioxidant activity. We showed that Cordia vignei extract significantly improved body and colon weights restored hematological indicators (P<0.05), and reduced disease activity index scores (P<0.05). Additionally, Cordia vignei extract inhibited histoarchectural alterations in the colons and inhibited oxidative damage to the colon tissues (P<0.05). Furthermore, Cordia vignei extract was found to be acutely safe. We, therefore, conclude that Cordia vignei extract exhibited an ameliorative effect against dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis in mice.

Enhancing salinity tolerance in cultivated rice through introgression of African rice genes and application of moringa leaf extract

BackgroundSalinity is a major threat to rice growth and productivity. Utilizing wild rice-derived genes and biostimulants with high growth promoting- and stress-alleviating potential can significantly improve salinity tolerance in cultivated rice. Herein, we investigated the vegetative growth and physiological responses of Giza 177 (Oryza sativa, salinity sensitive, high-yielding cultivar) and a promising introgression salt tolerant line (sativa/glaberrima; SG 65) from a population of Giza 177 × African rice (Oryza glaberrima) under low (2.75 mS/cm) and high (5.5 mS/cm) salinity stress. The possible ameliorative effects of priming rice seeds in moringa leaf extract (MLE) on these responses were also tested.ResultsThe two salinity levels induced differential reduction in plant growth in both cultivars. In the MLE-unprimed plants, salinity induced 34–54% and 30–45% reductions in biomass accumulation in Giza 177 and SG 65, respectively. These responses were associated with significant differential reductions in relative water content, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and gas exchange parameters (transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration), ascorbic acid, and total protein. Conversely, salinity induced the accumulation of H2O2, malondialdehyde, proline, carbohydrate fractions, and membrane injury. MLE treatment mitigated the above salinity-induced adverse effects in both cultivars via reducing the salt-induced oxidative stress through the induction of non-enzymic (total phenols, and flavonoids) and enzymic antioxidants including ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase in both cultivars. SG 65 plants exhibited consistently higher salt tolerance and responsiveness to MLE than Giza 177.ConclusionsThis study reports significant differences in an array of critical physiological and biochemical indices that underpin the divergent responses between the two salinized cultivars. It demonstrates the potential of African rice-derived genomic fragments and MLE priming in mitigating salinity stress, highlighting their use as a sustainable strategy for increasing rice production in salt-affected soils.

Phytochemical Profile and Anticancer Activity of Achillea conferta Leaf Extracts: Insights into Antioxidant Properties.

This study explores the phytochemical composition and biological potential of extracts from Achillea conferta leaves, specifically Hydroethanolic Extract (HE), Total Flavonoid Extract (TFE), and Glycoside Flavonoid Extract (GFE). Phytochemical screening of HE revealed significant concentrations of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins, quantified as 48.36 µg GAE/mL extract, 32.40 µg QE/mL extract, and 4.85 µg TAE/mL extract, respectively. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) identified key flavonoids in TFE and GFE, including catechin, epigallocatechin, hesperidin, myricetin, rutin, isorhamnetin, and luteolin. Antioxidant activities were assessed using assays for reactive oxygen species (ROS), total peroxides, and free radical scavenging (DPPH). GFE demonstrated the highest ROS concentration at 269 µM/g extract. The antiproliferative effects on breast, esophageal, and large intestine cancer cell lines were evaluated, with GFE showing greater efficacy than TFE in all tested cell lines, highlighting the therapeutic potential of A. conferta extracts. These findings highlight the medicinal potential of A. conferta as a natural source of antioxidants and anticancer agents. However, further research is necessary to explore detailed mechanistic pathways and the in vivo efficacy of these extracts.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Leaves Extract against Streptococcus sanguis (A Primary Inhabitant of Dental Plaque): In Vitro Study

Objective: Dental plaque is considered the primary causative agent in developing periodontal diseases. Early colonizers of dental plaque, such as Streptococcus sanguis (S.sanguis), are crucial in the succession steps of biofilm formation. As an alternative to the commonly used chlorohexidine (CHX), it is of interest to find naturally occurring antimicrobial substances from plants. Materials and Methods: Volunteers were asked to provide plaque samples. Microscopic examination, gram stain, optochin test, catalase test and polymerase chain reaction were used to ensure the identification of S. sanguis. Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni leaves extracted by 70% ethanol alcohol. Four experiments have been done in this study: the susceptibility of S. sanguis to stevia extract, the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations, and exploration of the extract effective constituents by using HPLC. Results: Stevia extract had good antibacterial activity with varying inhibition zone diameters that were concentration dependent, but 0.2% CHX showed better activity with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Both MIC and MBC were at 16 mg/ml. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of antibacterial constituents: narigenin 25.76 ppm, catechin 30.25 ppm, coumarin 25.47 ppm, and kaempferol 4.59 ppm. Conclusions: The antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extract was satisfactory. The study extract exhibited lower antibacterial activity at 512 mg/ml of stevia extract, while 0.2% CHX had superior activity overall. HPLC showed that the alcoholic leaves extract of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni contains several active antibacterial components: narigenin, catechin, coumarin and kaempferol.

Antioxidative Potential of Telfairia occidentalis Aqueous Leaves Extract in Mitigating Cyclophosphamide-Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats

Aim: This study sought to investigate the antioxidative potentials of Telfairia occidentalis aqueous leaves extract (TOAE) on cyclophosphamide (CP) induced neurotoxicity in rats. Study Design: This study sought to investigate the antioxidative potentials of Telfairia occidentalis aqueous leaf extract (TOAE) on cyclophosphamide induced neurotoxicity in rats. Place and duration of the study: This study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria between October, 2023 and September, 2024 Methods: 25 Adult wistar rats were assigned into five different groups I-V of (n=5) which were respectively exposed for 14 days as follow to Normal saline, TOAE only (400 mg/kg b.w), 400 mg/kg b.w TOAE with single dose of 100 mg/kg CP on 14th day, single dose 100 mg/kg CP only on day 1 and single dose of 100 mg/kg CP only on day 1 followed by 400 mg/kg b.w of TOAE for 14 days. CP was administered intraperitoneally and TOAE was administered orally. All the animals were sacrificed at the end of designated exposure and processed for biochemical evaluations using standard protocols. Results: CP mediated inflammation in cerebellum of rats with a significant increase in MDA, CAT, IL-1β and TNF-α significant decrease in SOD and Gpx levels compared with a control group. Lipid peroxidation was also induced following exposure of rats to CP. There is a marked decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities in CP group. However, treatment with TOAE markedly inhibited the inflammation by reversing the elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Furthermore, TOAE suppressed the lipid peroxidation chain reaction by reducing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase CAT. TOAE attenuates CP-induced oxidative stress by increase the level of GPx and superoxide dismutase enhancing the activities of the cytoprotective enzymes (catalase and glutathione-S- transferase). Serum levels of Interleukin-2/1-beta and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured on the 15th day after exposure. The effect of TOAE was deduced on anti-inflammatory and antioxidants properties. Taken together, TOAE inhibited inflammation, suppressed lipid peroxidation, attenuated oxidative stress, and enhanced the antioxidant enzymes activities. Conclusion: These therapeutic effects of TOAE might be due to its phytochemicals. The findings of this study indicate that aqueous leaf extract of T. occidentalis has could be a drug candidate for the treatment of the immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide on neurotoxicity.

Bioactive Potential and Chemical Composition of Vitex agnus-castus L. Leaf Extracts Collected in Algeria: A Combined In Vitro and In Silico Approach

Bioactive Potential and Chemical Composition of Vitex agnus-castus L. Leaf Extracts Collected in Algeria: A Combined In Vitro and In Silico Approach

Enhancement of Semen Cryopreservation from Native Thai Bulls Through Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Supplementation

Cryopreservation of native Thai bull semen often results in significant post-thaw quality reduction, underscoring the need for effective cryoprotective strategies. This study investigated the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) as an antioxidant supplementation by incorporating four MOLE concentrations (0–1.5% [w/v]) into a standard semen extender, followed by cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen vapor freezing. Data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design with Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). Post-thaw analysis of semen revealed that 1 mg/mL MOLE significantly enhanced total sperm motility, progressive sperm motility, sperm viability, and sperm plasma membrane integrity compared to the control and other MOLE concentrations (p < 0.05). This concentration also improved the amplitude of lateral head displacement and curvilinear velocity and reduced malondialdehyde levels in semen samples (p < 0.05), indicating reduced lipid peroxidation. Higher MOLE concentrations negatively impacted semen quality. In conclusion, supplementation with 1 mg/mL MOLE markedly improved post-thaw semen quality and reduced lipid peroxidation, suggesting its potential as an antioxidant for enhancing reproductive outcomes in native Thai bulls.

Cassia Sericea Leaf Extract for Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles with Boosted Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Potential

Cassia Sericea Leaf Extract for Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles with Boosted Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Potential

Advancement of tribological properties of AA 5083 aluminum matrix composite through the incorporation of micro‐ and nano‐copper ferrite reinforcements synthesized from mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) using a green synthesis method

AbstractThis study investigates the enhancement of wear and friction performance in an AA 5083 matrix composite by incorporating copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) micro and nanoparticles, synthesized through a green process using mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract for the first time. Two distinct composites are fabricated using the liquid metallurgy vortex‐route method featuring an aluminum AA 5083 matrix and 0.2 % micro‐ and nano‐ copper ferrite reinforcement by weight. AA 5083 cast alloy under identical conditions. Characterization analyses were conducted to elucidate the composite properties. The composite samples are underwent wear tests against a steel disc under three different loads (10 N, 20 N, and 40 N) at two sliding distances (250 m and 500 m), maintaining a constant sliding speed of 2.6 m/s using a pin‐on‐disc wear test apparatus. The composites exhibited superior wear and friction performance compared to the unreinforced material. Overall, the nano‐copper ferrite reinforced material showcased, on average, 33 % and 52 % lower wear rates than the unreinforced material, and 27 % and 31 % lower wear rates than the micro‐copper ferrite reinforced material respectively.

Phytochemical Analysis and antioxidant activity from Phanera semibifida stem and leaves extracts using LC-MS/MS

Phanera semibifida is a forest plant that contains metabolites such as flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. Lingga Malay ethnic uses P. semibifida stem as the main ingredient in health potions. Based on this primary evidence, P. semibifida has potential medicinal uses. However, studies on metabolite content and bioactivity screening of the stem and leave extract P. semibifida are still limited. This research aimed to identify the phytochemical profile and bioactivity screening of the P. semibifida stems and leaf extract. The sample was extracted using 96% ethanol with maceration methods. The chemical content was identified using LC-MS/MS methods. Antioxidant potential was eval__uated with DPPH methods. Based on LC-MS/MS analysis, 26 compounds were identified from stem extract, and 24 compounds were identified from leave extract. The compound originates from seven compound groups: carboxylic acid, flavonoid, phenolics, polifenol, terpenoid, Tricarboxylic acid, and Humulonoid. Carboxylic acid is the most commonly obtained compound in this research. The compounds identified in the stem extract differ from those in the leaf extract. Quercetin-3'-glucuronide, Apigetrin, and Glucogallin are only found in the stem extract, whereas Salicylic acid is only found in the leaf extract. Many researchers report that the group compound has potential as Antioxidants, antiviral or antimicrobial, anti-vitiligo, anticancer or antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anti-diabetic. The antiradical activity assay revealed that the stem extract had the highest activity, with an IC50 of 9.091 ppm. The IC50 data indicated that higher quantities of flavonoid components could increase antioxidant activity.

In-silico, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of cynanchum callialatum leaves

Inflammatory disorders, including various forms of rheumatic diseases, are a serious global issue. For the treatment of such disorders, the world's population is increasingly turning to herbal treatments. Many plants have been tested for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties, but only a handful have reached the therapeutic level. The purpose of this research is to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of Cynanchum callialatum leaves using in-silico and in-vitro investigations. The leaves' ethanol extract was produced and analysed for antioxidant capability using the DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Through molecular docking investigations, the phytoconstituents found in the leaves were docked against PLA2, COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX proteins. µAt 1000 µg/ml, the leaf extract had a maximum inhibitory percentage of 67.61 percent (nitric oxide) and 70.41 percent (DPPH), with an IC50 of 414.4 g/ml (nitric oxide) and 446.6 µg/ml (DPPH) (DPPH). The docking investigations indicated that the ligands inhibited the PLA2 protein via a mechanism and were submitted to a PLA2 inhibition experiment. The extract inhibited the enzyme by 71.92 percent at 1000 µg/ml, with an IC50 of 289.8 µg/ml. To assess the full inhibitory efficacy of PLA2, the phytoconstituents must be exposed to additional preclinical and clinical research.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) By-products in Food Processing and Health Promotion.

The edible and nonedible parts of the mango (Mangifera indica L.) contain vitamins, phytocompounds, fiber, and fatty acids. This review highlights the uses of mango by-products in the food industry and their effects on human health. The literature offers many new possibilities for the usage of mango secondary products in the food industry, such as the production of functional foods and bakery products, in addition to the potential for extraction of antioxidants and enzymes. Furthermore, due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, the consumption of various mango by-products, in the form of peel and leaf (powder or extract), can improve glycemia, plasma lipid levels, satiety, and endothelial function, suggesting that these compounds can prevent or improve various risk factors for cardiovascular complications and metabolic syndrome. Clinical trials show that the discarded parts of mango fruits and leaves can be used to treat diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. Moreover, mango by-products can be utilized to improve the functional characteristics of foods, may be incorporated as fat replacers, and have the potential to leverage agribusiness and reduce environmental damage resulting from the disposal of discarded materials, in addition to reducing waste and the complex chain of environmental damage. Mango by-products also have the potential to produce nutraceutical food items. The use of new technologies can bring to light the production of numerous products made from by-products, contributing to the development of industrial functional foods. In addition, products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries may also be developed. Nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products could have lower prices and could, therefore, be used by low-income populations. The utilization of mango by-products meets the current trend and growing market for better and healthier products. However, more clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of mango by-products on human health, and new technologies can improve industrial applications.

Photocatalytic properties of Mn2O3 nanoparticles synthesized via green chemistry method

The objective of this work is to synthesize Mn2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) using green method based on olive leaf extract (OLE). These nanoparticles are intended for photocatalytic applications, specifically the degradation of pollutants and dyes using methylene blue (MB) as a test substance. The synthesized material, initially described as manganese oxide (Mn2O3), was characterized using various techniques: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, Raman and UV-visible spectroscopies. Additionally, the photocatalytic tests were performed. XRD analysis revealed the formation of Bixbyite (Mn2O3) phases. Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Mn-O bonds within the synthesized material. The TGA results supported the decomposition of organic compounds and the formation of the Mn2O3. The photocatalytic degradation tests with methylene blue yielded promising results. The addition of the synthesized material (Mn2O3) significantly enhanced the degradation of methylene blue, achieving an efficiency of 87.8%.

Effect of Rosemary Leaf Ethanol Extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on Arginase-1 and Tumor Suppressor P53 Expression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Male Wistar Strain Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Induced By p-Dimethylamino benzaldehyde (DMBA)

Aims: Tumor Suppressor p53 is a frequent research target to further understand the mechanisms of cancer development and the pathogenesis of cancer. Arginase-1 may also be a potential prognosis predictor for HCC patients, and also be a new target for HCC treatment. This research aims to scientifically test whether the administration of ethanol extract from Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) inhibits the increase in Arginase-1 and inhibits the increase in Tumor Suppressor p53 from Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats (Rattus norvegicus L) Male Wistar induced by p -Dimethylamino Benzaldehyde (DMBA). Study Design: This study used an in vivo laboratory test method. This study employed true experimental laboratories to evaluate the effects of rosemary leaf extract. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology and Therapy and Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, between December 2023 to July 2024. Methodology: Wistar rats were induced with p-Dimethylamino Benzaldehyde (DMBA) and treated with varying doses of ethanol extract from rosemary leaves (200 mg/kg BW, 400 mg/kg BW, and 800 mg/kg BW). A control group was included, and the experiment was replicated five times. Hepatocellular carcinoma in liver tissue samples was evaluated through immunohistochemistry for Arginase-1 and Tumor Suppressor p53 expression. Interpretation of immunoreactivity was based on Histochemical scoring (H-score) assessment. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of rosemary leaves inhibited the decrease in Tumor Suppressor p53 expression in the DMBA-treated group. Significant increases in p53 expression were observed at doses of 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg BW. One-way ANOVA of the immunohistochemical tests for Arginase-1 and p53 revealed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). The ethanol extract of rosemary leaves demonstrated a potential to inhibit the decrease in Tumor Suppressor p53 expression but did not significantly affect the expression of Arginase-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar rats induced by p-Dimethylamino Benzaldehyde (DMBA). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of rosemary leaves could not inhibit the increase in arginase-1 expression and inhibit the decrease in tumor suppressor p53 of hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar rats induced by p-Dimethylamino benzaldehyde (DMBA).

Evaluation of Anti-malarial Profile of Methanol Leaf Extract of Jatropha curcas Linn on Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice

The resistance of malaria parasites to anti-malarial drugs including Artemisinin-based combination therapy is undoubtedly a huge challenge in clinical practice necessitating concerted efforts to finding novel, safe and efficacious options. This study investigated the anti-malarial activity of methanol leaf-extract of J. Curcas against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Acute toxicity and phytochemical analysis of the extract were carried out using standard methods. Peter’s 4-day suppressive, curative and residual infection tests were used to determine efficacy. Parameters measured were parasitemia, survival time, body weight and packed cell volume (PCV). Ninety albino male mice were infected with chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei NK65 randomly divided into three groups of thirty and separately used for suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests. A set of thirty albino mice were divided into five groups (n=6) and subjected to suppressive test. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were treated with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the extract, respectively. Group I and 5 received distilled water and chloroquine (5 mg/kg) served as negative and positive controls, respectively. The remaining two sets of thirty mice were used for curative and prophylactic tests. Data generated was subjected to descriptive statistics and levels of significance was determined at p<0.001 to p<0.05. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrates, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and tannins. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract in mice was >5000 mg/kg. The extract significantly decreased (p<0.05) parasitemia and enhanced survival time in treated mice. The extract minimized parasite induced weight loss and improved PCV. Methanol leaf extract of J. Curcas is safe at ≤5000 mg/kg and exhibited moderate anti-malarial activity credited to the synergistic effect of the phytochemical constituents, hence its folkloric uses.