Leather Products Research Articles

Can firms achieve the collaborative governance of airborne pollution and greenhouse gases? Evidence from the Chinese industrial sector

The rapid global industrialization and urbanization processes, especially in developing countries, have caused serious environmental pollution and climate warming. The industrial sector, in which high energy consumption is its main feature, is an important source of airborne pollution and greenhouse gases. The effective realization of collaborative emission reduction in the industrial sector has become an important path worldwide to reduce pollution and carbon in the future. Based on matched data on industrial firms, this study uses a fixed effects model, the two-stage least squares method, quantile regression and an interaction regression model to explore the co-benefits of airborne pollution and greenhouse gas emission reduction from a microscale perspective. Benchmark analysis demonstrates that for every 1% decrease in the airborne pollution emissions of firms, the greenhouse gas emissions of firms decrease by approximately 0.014%. According to heterogeneity analysis, the electric power, heat production and supply industry; the coal mining and washing industry; the leather, fur, feather and related products industry; the ferrous metal ore mining and dressing industry; and the petroleum, coal and other fuel processing industry are ripe for reduction at lower costs. Furthermore, feasibility analysis reveals that firms' sulfur reduction behavior and the government's sulfur reduction legislation may result in collaborative greenhouse gas emission reductions while regulating airborne pollution. This research can help countries meet multiple emission reduction goals by facilitating the optimization of joint emission reduction methods that target numerous pollutants.

Quality Improvement Plan for Leather Sandal Products to Reduce Defects

CV. Rama Raiders was a home industry engaged in the fashion sector. The business had seven main stages of the production process: selecting materials, making patterns, cutting techniques, sewing processes, gluing processes, finishing/quality control, and packaging in carrying out production activities to achieve the desired quality CV. Rama Raiders still faces several obstacles, one of which is the presence of defective products produced, which causes product quality to decline. This research aims to identify the factors that cause sandals defects in CV. Rama Raiders. The methodology used the Seven tools and FMEA methods to determine the process of controlling leather sandal product defects using qualitative data. Corrective action plans used the 5W+1H concept to address each root cause of the problems. The results were that the most dominant type of defect in leather sandals was a type of glue defect that was not neat. The appearance was because of human and machine factors that didn't work optimally, tools that didn't support it, materials that didn't fit, inadequate environment, and no standard operating procedures. The improvements made by changing the glue, adding a brush, and making SOP improved the quality. From this research, the methods help reduce the problem of product defects experienced by the company

Kızılötesi kurutmada hurma (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pestilinin efektif difüzyon katsayısının belirlenmesi: Pişme süresinin etkisi

Longer process times in conventional drying methods can be improved by using rapid technologies. Infrared drying is one of these faster methods. Consumer awareness on health and wellness products has increased and boosted with Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, consumption trend of snack products formulated with natural ingredients has increased. It is estimated that this trend will continue to rise. In accordance with this, fruit leather production from dates was done by infrared drying and effect of cooking time on drying behavior was investigated. Firstly, dates were washed and seeds were removed, then water was added at a ratio of 1:2.5 (dates:water), and cooked for 30, 45 and 60 min. Samples were pressed and dried at 10 mm thickness. Drying curves showed first order drying kinetics and effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) of fruit leathers were found as 1.5283×10-9, 1.6971×10-9 and 1.7351×10-9 m2/s for 30, 45 and 60 min of cooking time, respectively.

The first archaeological and taphonomic evidence for rabbit Fur production in medieval Barcelona (Spain)

In the Middle Ages, Barcelona was an important centre for leather and fur production. A large number of tanneries involved in the transformation of animal hides and skins located on the outskirts of the city have been documented. Despite this, the importance of these activities has hardly been considered from the perspective of the archaeofaunal remains. This scarcity of data is even greater when it comes to the preparation of the fur of small animals such as rabbits. In this paper we present the zooarchaeological and taphonomic study of a sample of rabbit remains recovered from El Born archaeological site. Specifically, the sample comes from a 13th-century context excavated in an area called the Casa Riera. In the period under study, this area was just outside the limit of the urbanised zone, and it was connected with important watercourses. The context studied was very rich in faunal remains, mostly rabbits and caprines. The analysis of the rabbit bones indicates that these animals were clearly used for fur production. Our results have enabled us to characterise this type of assemblage taphonomically. Besides, on the basis of the results, some of the steps in animal carcass processing and of tanning practices can be illustrated. Finally, our data are contrasted with the background provided by documentary evidence.

Implementation of BMC-based teaching and learning factory model in increasing student competencies in leather creative skills concentration and imitation in vocational school

Learning in vocational education must be carried out with collaboration between educators, vocational schools, curriculum alignment, and learning in factories as miniature industries stakeholders to achieve assessment in the form of real assessment so that the achievement of learning objectives follows the needs of students and the world of work. Assessment in the form of assessment must be measured in real terms, with religious, character, moral, and cultural education values and work competencies following community expectations. The objectives to be achieved through this research are to produce a learning program that can improve student competence in Vocational High School (VHS), including identifying the current condition of learning implementation, obtaining learning planning findings, obtaining learning implementation findings, obtaining findings regarding the assessment of learning outcomes, identifying supporting and inhibiting factors, knowing students' perceptions of the implementation of the BMC-based teaching and learning factory model in improving student competence in the concentration of leather and imitation craft design and production expertise in VHS. With the implementation of a learning system using a block system as a teaching and learning factory, the implementation of learning must stimulate students to be more active in improving social skills, emotional skills, spiritual skills, scientific skills, mental skills, kinesthetic skills, as well as entrepreneurial skills, work ethics and safety, and work safety and the environment, which in turn can improve the competence and entrepreneurial character of students, following the vision and mission of the education unit.

The Comprehension of Halal Certification for Leathercraft Industry in The Local Business

The Halal Product Guarantee Act states that all products circulated and traded in Indonesia must be halal certified, including non-food use items such as leather handicraft products. Moreover, this product is made from animal skin which has many critical points so a halal certificate is needed to guarantee the halalness of the product. Halal certificates are obtained through a certification process that must be fulfilled by producers or entrepeneur. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of understanding of producers or business actors of the leather craft industry about halal certification and to know the obstacles faced by business actors of the leather craft industry about halal certification. This research is qualitative research with a descriptive analysis method. Data collection was obtained through interview techniques with leather craft industry entrepreneurs in Sukaregang Garut. Based on the results of the study, the researcher concluded that entrepreneurs with low understanding were 20%, entrepreneurs with moderate understanding were 40%, and entrepreneurs with perfect understanding were 40%.

Antioxidation Effect of Graphene Oxide on Silver Nanoparticles and Its Use in Antibacterial Applications.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have drawn great attention due to their outstanding antibacterial effect in a wide range of applications, such as biomass packaging materials, wound dressings, flexible sensors, etc. However, the oxidation of AgNPs limits the antibacterial effect. Firstly, the effects of pretreatment methods on the antibacterial property of AgNPs were investigated by the shake flask method and agar diffusion plate method. Secondly, graphene oxide/silver nanoparticle (GO/AgNPs) nanocomposite prepared by an in-situ growth method was used as antibacterial filler for polyacrylate emulsion via a blending method. The antibacterial mechanism of GO/AgNPs was revealed by comparing the actual contents of oxygen with the theoretically calculated contents of oxygen. Finally, the polyacrylate/graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles (PA/GO/AgNPs) composite emulsion was applied onto a leather surface using a layer-by-layer spraying method to improve the leather's antibacterial properties. The results showed that ultraviolet irradiation could better maintain the antibacterial property of AgNPs, while GO could improve the dispersibility of AgNPs and prevent their oxidation. The leather finished with the PA/GO/AgNPs-2 wt% composite emulsion showed the highest bacteriostatic rate of 74%, demonstrating its great potential in the application of antibacterial leather products.

Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/secondary collagen fiber gel membrane with excellent mechanical property

AbstractThe reuse of leather waste is a global challenge because of the increase of leather products. In this paper, collagen fiber (CF) was extracted from leather waste and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel membranes containing CF with high mechanical property are fabricated by freeze–thaw method. Results shows that the composite gel membrane maintains the helical structure of CF. The tensile strength of the PVA/3CF‐FW increases to 58.5 MPa, while its elongation at break increases to 365%. The swelling ratio increases with the addition of CF, and the PVA/7CF composite gel membrane has the highest swelling ratio, which is 11.65. However, the crystallinity reduced with the addition of CF. Compared to the pure 24PVA gel membrane and the PVA/GA gel membrane, the PVA/CF composite gel membrane prepared by freeze–thaw method has a better mechanical property.Highlights Taking leather waste as raw material to extract collagen fiber. The gel membranes containing collagen fiber have hardly been reported. The gel membranes show good swelling ratio and mechanical properties.

Study on Interaction Mechanism between Neutral Salts and Collagen by Combining Experiments with Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The effect of salt on the collagen of hide/skin is of great significance in leather-making. However, the interaction between neutral salts and collagen has not been clear, since the microscopic interaction is hard to be observed directly from the macro level of hide/skin collagen. In this study, the collagen solutions in the typical neutral salts (NaCl, CaCl2, and Na2SO4) systems were used to explore the interaction mechanism between neutral salts and collagen via combining experiments with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results of fluorescence measurements of pyrene, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and isoelectric point suggested that the variation of the interaction between different neutral salts and collagen was accompanied with the changes in physicochemical properties of collagen. MD simulation further revealed more detailed information on the interaction mechanism between neutral salts and collagen at the molecular level. The computational results of non-bond energy of the collagen-salt model boxes indicated that the electrostatic interactions of different salts with collagen molecules had the order of CaCl2> Na2SO4> NaCl. The analyses of the visualized conformation and the radial distribution functions showed that CaCl2 with Ca2+ as contributing ion tended to form intramolecular salt bridges with collagen, while Na2SO4 with SO42-as contributing ion more likely formed salt bridges between collagen molecules in the shape of agglomerates. In contrast, NaCl with Cl-as contributing ion was scattered around the collagen models, and its effect on collagen was much smaller. The study elaborated the interaction mechanism of typical neutral salts and collagen to be helpful for further understanding and improving the use of neutral salts in many steps involved in leather production.

Antimicrobial Performance of Sole Leather Loaded with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle

ABSTRACT Natural leather still represents great importance among the materials used by humans in modern times, although it is the oldest-known fiber used by humans. Adding new features to the leather, such as bacteria and fungi resistance, electrical conductivity and magnetic properties, is an ambitious goal for leather developers. In our study, production and characterization of anti-microbial sole leather coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles were achieved. For this purpose, the ZnONPs have been prepared through green synthesis and the prepared nanomaterial loaded on the sole leather by a padding mangle. The surface morphology of the nano coated sole leather was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Antimicrobial performance of the treated leather to some microorganisms was evaluated by applying the qualitative agar disc diffusion method. The SEM image of the treated leather samples showed successive leather coating, and the nanoparticles completely adhere to the leather surface. The nano-treated leather samples showed significant resistance to the tested bacteria and fungi. Results are promising for the utilization of zinc oxide nanoparticles as additives for sole leather coating. Accordingly, the study succeeded in producing a natural microorganism-resistant sole leather, which can be used in the production of healthy and microorganisms-resistant shoes.

About the functionality of the animal lower jaw in the economy of the Late Bronze Age (from finds of Bay-Kiyat I settlement, Tarkhankut peninsula)

Investigations of functional features of the lower jaws of animals were carried out at the Late Bronze Age site Bai-Kiyat I. The Bai-Kiyat I settlement is one of the most significant settlements in North-Western Crimea, which was excavated by V.I. Kolotukhin in the 1990s. About 14 living structures, numerous household structures, as well as finds of ceramic fragments; clay artifacts, bones and horns, and stone, and bronze tools were found. Archival materials on archaeozoological collection from this settlement showed that domestic animals (96%) are represented by agricultural species, among which sheep have a large proportion. The lower jaws of sheep were processed and used by the population of this settlement as tools in economic activities. Similar tools are widely known in the Late Bronze Age at many sites, as well in the south of the European part and in Central Asia, and on the Altai sites. According to their functional specifics, they were defined as sickles, tools for working leather, anvils in blacksmithing, etc. Determination of traces of human activity on the bone surfaces and microtomographic scanning showed that the lower jaws of sheep from the Bai-Kiyat I settlement were used for processing animal skin. Thus, complex scientific and historical archival research for the first time established the role of sheep breeding in the economic system of settled pastoral settlements of the Late Bronze Age and the presence of leather production on the territory of the North-Western Crimea.

Іnfluence of finishing on the material performances

The complex of polyacrylic and polyurethane films physical and mechanical properties and the operational properties of leather decorated with them has been studied. The polyacrylate and polyurethane protective coatings formation is performed on the grain face of the semi-finished leather. 
 150–200 µm thick films are formed from the polymer solutions and aqueous dispersions. Acrylic films are obtained from a dispersion of methylbutylacrylate and a dispersion modified by acrylic lcarboxyethanolamine of kerosene-gas-oil fraction natural naphthenic acids. Polyurethane films are formed by the method of condensation structure formation in the presence of water vapor based on 4,4’-diphenylmethanediisocyanate, polyethylene glycol and polyester. Polyacrylurethane films are obtained from an aqueous dispersion of polyurethane and acrylate Lepton SPC.
 The coating is applied to the semi-finished leather by watering and spraying the polymer composition. The complex of physical-mechanical and sorption-diffusion properties of polymer films has been studied. It was found that the films obtained from the polyacrylurethane composition outperform polyurethane and polyacrylic by 1.9 and 6.7 times, respectively. Modification of the polyurethane composition with a polyacrylic polymer makes it possible to obtain films with higher sorption-diffusion properties.
 Polyurethane coated leather is superior to polyacrylic in the complex of physical and mechanical parameters, in particular in terms of adhesive strength in 3.4-4.4 times, and polyacrylurethane coated leather - in 5 times. Such leather has the highest sorbino-diffusion capacity, which is 1.4 times higher in vapor permeability compared to skins with polyacrylic coating. The acrylurethane polymer-based composition is promising formation of eco-coatings based on them in the technology of manufacturing leather materials. The studied polymeric film formers can be used for the formation of various kind protective coatings on a wide range of semi-finished leather products.

Supercritical Fluid Extracted Chestnut Tannin as Natural Biocide for Soaking Beamhouse Process of Leather Production

Microorganism activity during soaking beamhouse process of leather production is highly dangerous and should be kept under control. Some chemical components are used for this purpose to protect the hides/skins against microbial activities. Because of the banned and restricted substances due to the environmental and health risks in the recent times, natural active ingredients are considered for industrial production as sustainability. Moreover, supercritical fluid extraction as an environmentally friendly technology is applied to isolate biologically active extracts and supercritical extracted natural compounds are reported as potential antioxidant and antibacterial agent for several applications. In this study, supercritical fluid extracted chestnut tannin was used in soaking process of leather production and was determined as potential natural biocide with very good effect against microorganism activity in the process floats.

Factors Affecting Purchasing Decisions for Leather Craft: Price, Quality, and Service

This causal quantitative research examines the impact of price, product quality, and service quality on purchasing decisions for leather craft products. The study utilizes accidental sampling with 98 respondents, and data collection is done through a questionnaire measured using a Likert scale. Multiple linear regression analysis is employed for data analysis. The findings demonstrate that there is a significant simultaneous and partial effect of price, product quality, and service quality on purchasing decisions. Service quality emerges as the most dominant factor influencing purchasing decisions, as evidenced by the beta coefficient. Moreover, the strong relationship between price, product quality, service quality, and purchasing decisions is substantiated by a high R value. These findings have implications for businesses in the leather craft industry, highlighting the importance of pricing strategies, product quality, and exceptional service to drive customer purchasing decisions.
 Highlights:
 
 This quantitative causal study explores the impact of price, product quality, and service quality on purchasing decisions for leather craft products.
 Accidental sampling was used to select 98 respondents, and data were collected through a Likert scale questionnaire.
 The findings indicate a significant influence, both individually and collectively, of price, product quality, and service quality on purchasing decisions. Service quality emerges as the most influential factor, emphasizing the importance of exceptional customer service in driving purchasing decisions for leather craft products.
 
 Keywords: Price, Product quality, Service quality, Purchasing decisions, Leather craft products.

Characteristic Analysis of Sisal Fabric and Cow Nubuck Leather for Developing Leather Lifestyle Accessories

ABSTRACT With increased awareness of the environmental issues associated with synthetic polymers, eco-friendly biodegradable materials are in high demand. This study assesses sisal fabrics’ physical, structural and thermal properties and a blend of sisal and cotton fabrics for their suitability for use with cow nubuck leather in leather product applications. All the chosen sisal fabrics were found to have mechanical properties comparable to or even better than cow nubuck leather. The tensile strength of sisal fabric is far greater than cow nubuck leather. The strength of sisal fibers ranges from 400 to 700 Mpa, whereas cow nubuck leather ranges from 10 to 40 Mpa. On the other hand, cow nubuck leather outperforms all other fabrics in terms of elongation percentage. Scanning electron microscopic analysis provided convincing evidence for characteristic fiber patterns in the individual fiber bundles (yarn) and their blend fiber composition of sisal fabrics. Sisal fabrics have a higher thermal stability than cow nubuck leather, with a degradation temperature of 230°C. According to the findings of this study, we can say that the selected sisal fabrics can be used to make leather lifestyle products.

A green tanning method based on POSS-COONa and zirconium: Achieving cleaner leather production

In this study, a two-step green and clean tanning technology based on the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane sodium carboxylate (POSS-COONa) and zirconium was studied to relieve the environmental pressure and resource strain caused by chrome tanning. Firstly, amino sesquisiloxane was prepared from γ-aminopropyl triethoxy silane by hydrolysis and condensation method, and then was substituted with sodium chloroacetate to form POSS-COONa. The POSS-COONa had crystallinity and maintained cube structure by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Subsequently, POSS-COONa combined with zirconium sulfate was applied in tanning process of goat skin. Compared with untanning, chrome tanning, zirconium tanning crust leather, the shrinkage temperature and thickening rate of combination tanning crust leather were 90.5 °C and 118.3 %, respectively. The tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break and softness of the combination tanning crust leather were 26.4 MPa, 96.3 N/mm, 105.5 % and 6.5 mm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that combination tanning crust leather collagen fibers were braided more loosely, and POSS-COONa and zirconium sulfate could be uniformly distributed in the collagen fibers. The isoelectric point of the combination tanning crust leather (∼6.7) was similar to that of chrome tanning crust leather (∼7.7). Based on the above results, POSS-COONa combined with zirconium sulfate tanning has a broad prospect in green clean production.

Polyacrylate/Prussian blue nanoparticles composite emulsion applied to photothermal self-healing leather coatings

Leather products are prone to various damage on the surface in the process of using and seriously affect the appearance. It is feasible to endow the self-healing property by leather finishing agents. Polyacrylate (PA) is widely used because of its flexibility and better weather resistance, which can increase the quality of leather and easily form a film with adhesive and mechanical strength on the surface. Herein reported that the Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) were prepared by hydrothermal method and introduced into polyacrylate emulsion PA/(FA-BMI) to prepare self-healing polyacrylate/Prussian blue nanoparticles composite emulsion (PA/(FA-BMI)/PB), which was used as a finishing agent in leather process. The results of FT-IR, XRD and TEM indicated that the dispersion and stability of emulsion were excellent when the PB NPs dosage was 3 %. The self-healing efficiency of the PA/(FA-BMI)/PB was 78.25 % ± 5.36 % at 7 h. The addition of PB NPs enhanced the absorption of latex film to infrared light, thus raising the photothermal conversion efficiency. It can also be effectively improved the stiffness and strength of materials, making the tensile strength of the film increased by 2.27 times. This method solves the problem of materials and resource wastes caused by local damage of leather products, which has a good application prospect and economic value.

THE EFFECT OF HYDROXYL-CONTAINING LOW-MOLECULAR URETHANES ON HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOTHING LEATHER

In this paper, the main hygienic properties of clothing leather made from sheepskin treated with solutions of hydroxyl-containing non-isocyanate urethanes are investigated in order to reduce the use of chromium compounds. The article presents the values of vapour permeability, wetness, hygroscopicity, mois- ture loss, porosimetry data. It has been established that as a result of processing a semi-finished product of clothing leather from sheepskin with synthesised urethanes, the welding temperature increased by 5…9 °C. Indicators of hygroscopicity and moisture loss do not differ significantly from control samples. However, moisture capacity and wettability are reduced by 9…20 %, which indicates the additional ability of hydrox- yl-containing urethanes to partially hydrophobise. It has been experimentally proven that the use of non- isocyanate hydroxyl-containing urethanes as additional structuring agents for sheepskin clothing leather can significantly improve the quality of dressing and does not cause a negative impact on the hygienic parame- ters of the leather semi-finished product.

The characterization and sensory assessment of fruit leather with a combination of puree jicama and pineapple

Fruit leathers are dehydrated fruit, thin and sheet, with intense fruit flavor, made from pureed fruits as snacks or desserts. This study aimed to obtain the optimum ratio puree of jicama and pineapple in the production of fruit leather. This study used a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications to obtain 15 experimental units. The treatments in this study were the ratio of puree jicama and pineapple, namely BN1 (100:0), BN2 (90:10), BN3 (80:20), BN4 (70:30), BN5 (60:40). Parameters observed included moisture content, ash, degree of acidity (pH), crude fiber, and sensory assessment (descriptive and hedonic). The data obtained were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and Duncan New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level. The results showed significant moisture content, ash content, degree of acidity (pH), crude fiber, and sensory assessment. The best treatment in this study was BN5 which had 10.84% moisture content, 0.31% ash content, 4.01 acidity (pH) value, and 1.50% crude fiber content. The best treatment’s descriptive test results of the fruit leather have a very yellow color, flavorful pineapple fruit, and sour and slightly chewy texture. The panelists favoured the overall assessment.

ELIX Polymers receive approval from premium Automotive OEM for anti-squeak materials

On June 20, 2023, ELIX Polymers announced it had developed a range of speciality grades of ABS and PC/ABS to reduce the squeaking and rattling sounds that are generated by plastic parts making contact with other plastic parts, leather, PVC-foil or other products.