Leather Industry Waste Research Articles

Investigation of biodiesel production from Ethiopia leather industry fleshing wastes through numerical and experimental studies

ABSTRACT Investigating the potential of biodiesel production from fleshing wastes derived from Ethiopia's leather industry involves both numerical modelling and experimental approaches. The collection and characterisation of fleshing wastes, followed by the application of transesterification methods to produce biodiesel. This integrated approach not only showcases a sustainable waste management solution but also contributes to renewable energy sources, reducing dependence on fossil fuels while addressing environmental concerns associated with leather waste. In this study, fleshing oil has a high acid value of 24.66 mg KOH/g and a 12.33% FFA level. To lower the FFA to 2.5%, an acid pretreatment and transesterification reaction are required. According to the simulation result, azeotrope did not form in the biodiesel separation column, and standard distillation columns could easily separate the biodiesel. It was also revealed by the distillation column purification process that only four stages were required to produce high-grade biodiesel. 99.9% of the introduced methanol was recovered from the separation column, 95% of the biodiesel yield was acquired from the reactor, and 99.4% of the refined biodiesel was obtained from the purification procedure. the investigation of biodiesel production from Ethiopian leather industry waste represents a significant step towards the development of low-cost renewable energy sources.

Toxic heavy metal ions contamination in water and their sustainable reduction by eco-friendly methods: isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics study

Heavy metal ions can be introduced into the water through several point and non-point sources including leather industry, coal mining, agriculture activity and domestic waste. Regrettably, these toxic heavy metals may pose a threat to both humans and animals, particularly when they infiltrate water and soil. Heavy metal poisoning can lead to many health complications, such as liver and renal dysfunction, dermatological difficulties, and potentially even malignancies. To mitigate the risk of heavy metal ion exposure to humans and animals, it is imperative to extract them from places that have been polluted. Several conventional methods such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, membrane filtration and chemical precipitation have been used for the removal of heavy metal ions. However, these methods have high operation costs and generate secondary pollutants during water treatment. Biosorption is an alternative approach to eliminating heavy metals from water that involves employing eco-friendly and cost-effective biomass. This review is focused on the heavy metal ions contamination in the water, biosorption methods for heavy metal removal and mathematical modeling to explain the behaviour of heavy metal adsorption. This review can be helpful to the researchers to design wastewater treatment plants for sustainable wastewater treatment.

Leather Industry Waste Management for Architectural Design

The leather and footwear cluster in Tungurahua state has a main role in the country’s production chain, supplying 76% of the country’s tanned hides for the textile, footwear, and furniture industries, among others. The processes involved in leather tanning generate liquid, gaseous, and solid waste, the latter including the shavings from the leather trimming process, which, due to their composition and volume, are compressed and disposed of in sanitary landfills. Through Strategic Design and circular processes, as axes of change in production, new processes and strategies are established for the creation of products derived from the reuse of tannery waste; as a result, a decorative block is obtained for the design of architectural spaces with dimensions of 150 × 75 × 355 mm, 300 g in weight, and a compressive strength of 15.72 MPa. This is subjected to physicochemical tests for its validation.

The Influence of Variation in Dosage and Contact Time of Activated Carbon Adsorbent from Clove Leaf Waste on the Concentration of NH3 in Liquid Waste from Leather Industry

Hazardous due to containing organic and chemical pollutants, including NH3 waste. Adsorption method is the most effective and economical way in leather industry waste management. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of varying doses and contact times in reducing NH3 levels in leather industry waste. The activated carbon used in this study is obtained from waste clove oil distillation leaves, carbonized at 500 °C for 2 hours, and activated using 0.1 M KOH. For the adsorption process, different doses of activated carbon (0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5) grams and various contact times (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) minutes are used, with the addition of 0.3 mg/L NH3 in 50 mL solution. The adsorption results for NH3 are analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and the phenate method. The most effective NH3 reduction is achieved with a 2-gram dose, resulting in a 43.45% decrease, while the optimal contact time is 10 minutes, leading to a reduction of 68.9%. The adsorption isotherms used for activated carbon from non-activated and KOH-activated clove leaves follow the Freundlich isotherm. For non-activated carbon, the values are N = -0.5203, kf = 0.0019715, and R2 = 0.9098; for KOH-activated carbon, the values are N = -1.1885, kf = 0.0144, and R2 = 0.9858 for varying contact times

Study of the effects of bio-silica nanoparticle additives on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of biodiesel produced from waste fat

Numerous countries are investigating alternative fuel sources in response to the escalating issue of energy inadequacy. Using environmentally sustainable biodiesel as a potential alternative to fossil fuels, particularly from waste sources, is a developing prospect. This study aims to examine the feasibility of utilizing industry leather waste as a diesel fuel substitute. Traditional transesterification was used to obtain methyl ester out of leather waste. After processing, 81.93% of methyl ester was produced. Bio-silica (Bio-Si) is used as a fuel additive to enhance combustion and decrease emissions. This work utilized a leather industry waste fat biodiesel (LIWFB), LIWFB blend (B50), LIWFB blend with Bio-Si nanoparticles (B50Bio-Si50, B50Bio-Si75, and B50Bio-Si100 ppm) to analyze the engine outcome parameters at standard operating conditions. Experimental results revealed that adding Bio-Si in the biodiesel blend increased thermal brake efficiency (BTE) but was lower in diesel fuel. The biodiesel blends reduced NOx emissions more than Bio-Si nanoparticle blends. Furthermore, the smoke opacity was reduced by 31.87%, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were reduced by 34.14%, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were decreased by 43.97%, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions were slightly increased by 4.45% for B50Bio-Si100 blend compared to neat diesel. This investigation determined that all the emissions remained lower for all combinations than neat diesel, with a small increase in NOx emissions. Therefore, the LIWFB blend with Bio-Si nanoparticles was a viable diesel fuel alternative in diesel engines.

Solid waste collagen-associated fabrication of magnetic hematite nanoparticle@collagen nanobiocomposite for emission-adsorption of dyes

The strategic utilization of hazardous particulate waste in eliminating environmental pollution is an important research hotspot. Herein, abundantly available hazardous solid collagenic waste of leather industry is converted into stable hybrid nanobiocomposite (HNP@SWDC) comprising magnetic hematite nanoparticles (HNP) and solid waste derived collagen (SWDC) via co-precipitation method. The structural, spectroscopic, surface, thermal, and magnetic properties; fluorescence quenching; dye selectivity; and adsorption are explored via microstructural analyzes of HNP@SWDC and dye adsorbed-HNP@SWDC using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman, ultraviolet-visible, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron, and fluorescence spectroscopies; thermogravimetry; field-emission scanning electron microscopy; and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). The intimate interaction of SWDC with HNP and elevated magnetic properties of HNP@SWDC are apprehended via amide-imidol tautomerism associated nonconventional hydrogen bondings, disappearance of goethite specific –OH def. in HNP@SWDC, and VSM. The as-fabricated reusable HNP@SWDC is employed for removing methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB). Chemisorption of RhB/MB in HNP@SWDC via ionic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions alongside dimerization of dyes are realized by ultraviolet-visible, FTIR, and fluorescence studies; pseudosecond order fitting; and activation energies. The adsorption capacity = 46.98–56.14/22.89–27.57 mg g−1 for RhB/MB is noted using 0.01 g HNP@SWDC within 5–20 ppm dyes and 288–318 K.

Solutions to hazardous wastes issues in the leather industry: adsorption of Chromium iii and vi from leather industry wastewaters using activated carbons produced from leather industry solid wastes

This study presents the use of an innovative material to tackle hazardous wastes in the leather industry. Activated carbons produced from Leather industry waste (LIW) were used to adsorb (Cr) III and (VI), which are found in leather wastewater. Two physical and chemical activation processes were used in this study. In physical activation, carbonization and activation with CO2 were carried out consecutively without intermediate cooling at 700 °C with a residence time of 30 min. In the chemical activation, the LIW was impregnated with a KOH solution in a KOH/LIW ratio of 4/1 w/w. Carbonization was conducted in nitrogen, using two carbonization temperatures, 500 and 700 °C, for 30 min. All activated carbons had Cr (III) adsorption greater than 95%. The experimental data was analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms). Cr (III) and Cr (VI) adsorption kinetics studies were also carried out based on the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order, Elovich and Intraparticular Diffusion models. The Langmuir and Temkin Isotherm models presented the best fit for Cr (III) adsorption, while the DRK Isotherm models fitted the experimental data for Cr (VI). The thermodynamic parameters of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) adsorption were also determined. A Cr (III) and Cr (VI) adsorption mechanism is proposed using activated carbons from gravel as adsorbent. The production of activated carbon from LIW and its application for the removal of chromium present in the liquid residues of the leather industries can present a potential for the reduction of treatment costs and the application of a circular economy.

Increasing the level of safety and occupational hygiene during the ecologically oriented processing of leather industry waste and the peculiarities of their microstructure

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the microstructure of cinders from leather industry waste. This is necessary for the use of the obtained material as a chromium-containing raw material for the production of alloying additives by aluminothermic melting. To achieve this goal, a complex of the latest research methods was applied using raster electron microscopy together with X-ray microanalysis to determine the chemical composition of the target areas of the surface of the samples. Thanks to the successfully conducted stages of research, significant results were obtained with the determination that the cinder microstructure was disordered, porous and consisted of separated particles of different shapes and sizes. The oxide nature of the majority of the components is due to the detection of oxygen in the analysis areas in the range of 14.04-25.12 %wt. In the studied areas, the chromium content was at a relatively high level — from 59.49 %wt. up to 74.64 %wt. Of the refractory elements, vanadium was also present in the amount of 0.18-0.29 %wt. The iron content ranged from 0.41 to 0.62 %wt. At the same time, some content of accompanying impurities Ca, Mg, Al, Na, Si, Cl, Mn, K, as well as S and P was found in the cinder — in the amount of 0.55-1.52 %wt. and 0.12-0.21 %wt. in accordance. This made it possible to draw a number of important practical conclusions that the obtained product requires the use of aluminothermic refining smelting for further effective use as an alloying chromium-containing additive. At the same time, cinders from leather production waste can be added instead of part of the chromium-containing ore concentrate when smelting ferrochrome. At the same time, the processing and return to production of technogenic waste from leather production ensures an increase in the level of safety and occupational hygiene, a reduction in environmental stress in industrialized areas, a reduction in environmental pollution and an increase in the safety of life.

Biological Solubilisation of Leather Industry Waste in Anaerobic Conditions: Effect of Chromium (III) Presence, Pre-Treatments and Temperature Strategies.

Collagen-based polymers and their blends have attracted considerable interest for new materials development due to their unique combination of biocompatibility, physical and mechanical properties and durability. Leather, a modified natural biopolymer made from animal rawhide and the first synthetic collagen-based polymer known since the dawn of civilization, combines all these features. Rawhide is transformed into leather by tanning, a process in which the collagen is cross-linked with different agents to make it stronger and more durable and to prevent its decay. Research on the development of environmentally friendly procedures and sustainable materials with higher efficiency and lower costs is a rapidly growing field, and leather industry is not an exemption. Chrome-tanned and vegetable-tanned (chromium-free) shavings from the leather industry present a high content of organic matter, yet they are considered recalcitrant waste to be degraded by microbiological processes like anaerobic digestion (AD), a solid technology to treat organic waste in a circular economy framework. In this technology however, the solubilisation of organic solid substrates is a significant challenge to improving the efficiency of the process. In this context, we have investigated the process of microbial decomposition of leather wastes from the tannery industry to search for the conditions that produce optimal solubilisation of organic matter. Chrome-tanned and chromium-free leather shavings were pre-treated and anaerobically digested under different temperature ranges (thermophilic-55 °C-, intermediate-42 °C- and mesophilic-35 °C) to evaluate the effect on the solubilisation of the organic matter of the wastes. The results showed that the presence of chromium significantly inhibited the solubilization (up to 60%) in the mesophilic and intermediate ranges; this is the fastest and most efficient solubilization reached under thermophilic conditions using the chromium-free leather shaving as substrates. The most suitable temperature for the solubilization was the thermophilic regime (55 °C) for both chromium-free and chrome-tanned shavings. No significant differences were observed in the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of chromium-free shavings when a pre-treatment was applied, since the solubilisation was already high without pre-treatment. However, the pre-treatments significantly improved the solubilisation in the mesophilic and intermediate configurations; the former pre-treatment was better suited in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness compared to the thermophilic range. Thus, the solubilisation of chromium-free tannery solid wastes can be significantly improved by applying appropriate pre-treatments at lower temperature ranges; this is of utter importance when optimizing anaerobic processes of recalcitrant organic wastes, with the added benefit of substantial energy savings in the scaling up of the process in an optimised circular economy scenario.

Valorization of leather industry waste in polyurethane composites for reduced flammability

Valorization of leather industry waste in polyurethane composites for reduced flammability

Leather processing industry waste (lime fleshing): A prospective substrate for production of biodiesel

Production of biodiesel using leather industry solid wastes (leather lime fleshing) containing high fats and proteins was developed, which benefitted both the ways to manage waste along with generation of renewable energy. Oil from this waste was obtained using solvent extraction process. Acid catalyzed esterification followed by transesterification using KOH was used in this biodiesel production process. Extracted oil containing high free fatty acid of 11.19 % was subjected to acid catalyzed esterification using 80% methanol, 2.5 % H2SO4 at 70 °C for 60 min. The esterified oil than trans esterified into biodiesel using 60% methanol and 0.8% KOH at 60 °C for 120 min. Biodiesel yield was 95.81%. Characteristics of produced biodiesel like flash point (145 oC), acid value (2.7 mg KOH/g), density (0.870 g/cc), pour point (-12 oC) and viscosity (5.79 and 1.2 cSt at 40 and 100 oC respectively) etc. were determined. These characteristics were very close to the commercial biodiesel standards. The renewable leather industry waste could be a potential sources of biodiesel production and would protect environment and contribute to energy demand.
 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 57(3), 131-138, 2022

An experimental study on biodiesel production and impact of EGR in a CRDI diesel engine propelled with leather industry waste fat biodiesel

The purpose of the predominant endeavor is the way of through an experiment aspect for the reticular effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion, performance, emissions besides energy characteristic of common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine fuelled with leather industry waste fat biodiesel and diesel blends. Biodiesel was converted by the transesterification process from the raw fat oil extracted with leather waste fat feedstock. This work takes advantage of blends of both like B10, B20, B30 along with engines that were run with various EGR rates (5%, 10%, and 15%) to evaluate engine outcome parameters. The maximum in-cylinder pressure was examined with the blend B20 with EGR 5% rate about 6.65% higher than pure diesel fuel. The high heat release rate (HRR) was ascertained with the blend B30 with EGR 10% rate about 23.81% higher than neat diesel fuel. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for the blend B10 with EGR 5% rate is higher than other test conditions but 4.2% let down associated with simple diesel fuel. The nitrogen oxides (NOx) were lesser than the clean diesel fuel at all test fuels, the highest NOx emission reduction was achieved in blend B30 with EGR 15% rate of about 87.59% than neat diesel fuel operation. The smoke opacity increased by raising the EGR level, the combination B30 with EGR 5% rate displayed low smoke opacity about 64.5% lower than neat diesel fuel. The hydrocarbon (HC) emission was lower than neat diesel at a low EGR rate, the blend B10 with EGR 5% rate displayed the lowest HC emission about 85.71% decreased then neat diesel operation. The carbon monoxide (CO) emission displayed lower than neat diesel at low EGR rate, the blend B10 with EGR 5% rate displayed the lowest CO emission about 50% than neat diesel. As of energy analysis, it was noted that the heat equivalent to brake power and heat lost to engine cooling water is higher in diesel fuel than biodiesel blends and the heat lost to exhaust gases and heat unaccounted loss were lower in diesel than biodiesel blend. Finally, the TOPSIS optimization study was carried out for finding the optimum input conditions which could result in improved combustion, performance, and reduced emissions. The B30% blend with EGR 15% at full load achieved 1st rank with 0.849 relative closeness value. So, this operating condition was projected as the best prospect for the application of a CRDI diesel engine.

STUDY OF COLLAGENASE PRODUCTION BY PENICILLUM SP. ISOLATED FROM DETERIORATED LEATHER SAMPLE

Collagenase production by Penicillium sp. isolated from deteriorated leather sample was studied. The isolate produced collagenase 802.43±15.81U/ml at optimum temperature 30ºC and at pH 6.5 within 5 days using 1% collagen peptide type I as a substrate. Ca++ ions were found to be the best activator whereas EDTA and β-mercaptoethanol inhibited collagenase production. The isolate was also found to produce caseinase, gelatinase and keratinase. Experimental results propose that the isolate having ability to produce broad range of enzymes can be effectively used as a tool for leather industry waste treatment.

Removal of Toxic Metal Presence in the Wastewater and Production of the Biomass from Microalgae Chlorella sp.

Removal of high toxic metals from the wastewater was one of the mandate options to avoid the environmental pollution caused by the wastewater plant. Microalgae cultivation on the wastewater was one of the hopeful methods to convert the waste into useful by‐product. In this study, the Chlorella sp. was used to remove the presence of the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) in the wastewater. Added to the above, the biomass and lipids of the Chlorella sp. were examined with respect to the incubation time. Chlorella sp. was cultivated using BG11 medium. Here, two different types of wastewater had been used, one from leather industry and other priggery waste. The respective ratio of leather and piggery wastewater used in the current study was 0 : 100, 25 : 75, 50 : 50, 75 : 25, and 100 : 0. The total percentage of the nitrogen and phosphorous removal by the microalgae within 14 days was determined. Based on the findings, it is clear that Chlorella sp. L33 was highly efficient to absorb the nitrate and phosphorous content in the wastewater. With regard to the biomass production, the priggery wastewater treated reported the maximum biomass for 100 μmol/L with 0.55 g/L. However, the 100 μmol/L has higher pH content than other test samples. By varying the ratio of the wastewater, the removals rates can be improved.

An Experimental Study on Biodiesel Production and Impact of Egr in a Crdi Diesel Engine Propelled with Leather Industry Waste Fat Biodiesel

An Experimental Study on Biodiesel Production and Impact of Egr in a Crdi Diesel Engine Propelled with Leather Industry Waste Fat Biodiesel

From the leather industry to building sector: Exploration of potential applications of discarded solid wastes

The leather industry is an example of circular economy, as it uses meat industry wastes (hides and skins) as raw materials. However, the process of tanning also produces a substantial amount of organic waste. This research project studies the case of a tannery located in Navarra, in the North of Spain, committed to a circular economy and environmental protection, which produces around 2 tons per day of leather shavings and buffing dust and 10 tons per day of discarded bullock hair. The study tackles the challenge of whether the discarded waste material might be used as a new resource for products or processes related with the building sector. Three different types of solid wastes (chromium free tanned shavings, chromium buffing dust, and discarded hair) were categorized and analyzed. The paper examines two proposals to reuse the weekly tons of leftovers (both shavings and hair) produced by the tannery, instead of taking them to an external composting plant or to the landfill. The first exploration path proposed to use the discarded material to obtain biomass for the company’s thermal production plant. After establishing the calorific values of the discarded hair and the shavings, these were found to offer competitive value in comparison with the biomass products used at present, such as wood pellets. The second approach to the waste upcycling involved seeking new products in the building sector, acoustic panels in this case. After a mechanical behavior analysis, different binders were blended with diverse proportions and particle sizes of shavings to obtain samples for a sound absorption coefficient determination. The results show coefficients close to those of cork panels or carpets. This experimental experience serves as a preliminary study for the use of leather industry wastes in the construction sector. • Further circular economy in leather industry: two proposals for industrial symbiosis. • Holistic approach for waste material recycling challenge. • Recycling tools for a market of more than US$100 billion per year. • Use of waste as biomass might reduce by more than half the dependency on natural gas. • Competitive performance of leather by-products as acoustic absorption panels.

A Review on Utilization Routes of the Leather Industry Biomass

The use of biomass to produce bioenergy and biomaterials is considered a sustainable alternative to depleting fossil fuel resources. The world tanneries consume 8–9 MT of skin and hide every year producing 1.4 MT of solid waste. Most of the solid biomass generated from tanneries is disposed of as waste in the environment using either landfilling or thermal incineration. Disposal of this waste into the environment affects the ecosystem, causing bad odor (air pollution) and has an antagonistic impact on the environment. Due to this, European Union legislation bans the landfilling of biomass. This study aims to comprehensively review the possible valorization routes of leather processing industry biomass into high‐value biomaterials. Leather biomass (trimmings, shaving, splitting, and buffing dust) mainly contain 30%–35% collagen protein, which is produced by acid or alkali hydrolysis. The biopolymers obtained from leather industry biomass can be utilized in the production of several high‐value materials. In addition, leather processing industry biomass also contains fat, which can be converted into a bio‐surfactant, and other useful biomaterials. Keratin protein can also be extracted from the hair waste of hides and skins. The increased demand for biomaterials makes the using of leather industry biomass very attractive. From this study, it can be concluded that the conversions of leather processing industry waste to valuable biomaterial can protect the environment, generate additional income for leather industries, and pave way for sustainable and renewable biomaterials production.

Obtaining Granules from Waste Tannery Shavings and Mineral Additives by Wet Pulp Granulation.

This paper presents the results of research on the granulation process of leather industry waste, i.e., tanning shavings. It is economically justified to granulate this waste together with mineral additives that are useful in the processes of their further processing. Unfortunately, the granulation of raw, unsorted shavings does not obtain desired results due to their unusual properties. In this study, the possibilities of agglomeration of this waste were examined by a new method consisting of the production and then the granulation of wet pulp. During granulation, no additional binding liquid is added to the granulated bed. As part of this work, the specific surface of granulated shavings, the granulometric composition of the obtained agglomerates, and their strength parameters were determined. The use of a vibrating disc granulator, the addition of a water glass solution (in the pulp), dolomite, and gypsum made it possible to obtain durable, mechanically stable granules.

Biodegradable, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Biofilm for Active Packaging Based on Extracted Gelatin and Lignocelluloses Biowastes

Blending of lignocellulosic fibers from Citrus trees trimming wastes and extracted gelatin (EG) was examined as low cost biobased active biofilm packaging materials imminent substitution for toxic and non-degradable petrochemical polymers. Citrus lignocellulosic fibers (CLCF) are rich with many antioxidants, biocompatible and have high safety profiles. EG is an extracted biopolymer from white leather shavings (WLS) as leather industry wastes after alkaline hydrolysis. Both wastes were an adaptation for safe and green packaging requirements. The resulting biofilms were described using Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TGA and DTGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), biodegradability, antioxidant and antimicrobial. The properties of some characteristics of blends biofilms as far as mechanical, thermal properties have been discussed as biodegradable package films. In context, the prepared biofilms were characteristic with antimicrobial, antioxidant and biodegradability with adequate different mechanical and permeability properties which suitable to different packaging applications.

Gum arabic and collagen hydrolysate extracted from hide fleshing wastes as novel wall materials for microencapsulation of Origanum onites L. essential oil through complex coacervation.

Renewable resource-based biodegradable materials attract more attention than petroleum-based biodegradable materials to support the sustainable development of ecology. Obtaining collagen hydrolysate (CH) from hide fleshing wastes of leather industry is an environmentally friendly way to develop multifunctional materials that can contribute to technological advances in different industries. In this study, 2:1, 1:1, and 1 2 ratios of gum arabic (GA) and CH extracted from hide fleshing waste were used as wall materials to encapsulate Origanum onites L. essential oil (OOEO) using the complex coacervation method. The encapsulation yield and efficiency, functional group composition, particle size, morphology, and thermal stability of the obtained OOEO microcapsules were characterized. The results showed that the obtained microcapsules had high encapsulation yield and efficiency, as well as good functional properties such as uniform morphology and low water activity. The best mass ratio for the biopolymers (GA:CH) was 1:1. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that OOEO microcapsule samples had a spherical shape. FTIR analysis was performed on obtained microcapsules, confirming the molecular interactions between GA and CH. These findings can be useful in designing an ideal wall material using GA and CH for microencapsulation of essential oils by the complex coacervation method.