Leather Fatliquoring Research Articles

Hybrid nanoparticles emulsified vegetable oil as an environmentally friendly and sustainable leather fatliquoring agent

Introducing sustainability by a reduction in chemical input has added value to technology innovations, especially in the leather fatliquoring process. Major concern of sustainable leather fatliquoring process lies in factors like usage of natural oil, avoidance of hazardous substances and reduction in organic load to the environment. Due to their special features, such as their ease of preparation and environmental friendliness, Pickering emulsions and their applications have received significant attention in recent years. The present study reports a novel sustainable leather fatliquoring process by usage of hybrid particles (alumina coated with silica) stabilised Pickering emulsions as fatliquor instead of conventional sulphated oil based fatliquor. Eco fatliquoring agent with a particular choice of vegetable oil stabilised by hybrid alumina functionalised with silica (Al-O-SiO2)/ hybrid nanoparticles through Pickering emulsion was reported. During the post tanning process, the uses of this developed fatliquoring agent causes a reduction in the 30% of fatliquoring agent input and 40% reduction in dye input. The presence of alumina nanoparticles resulted in an immediate improvement of the abrasion resistance, softness, and physical properties of the crust leather. Utilizing hybrid particles (Al-O-Si) as a stabiliser readily improves the uptake of other post tanning chemicals. Thus, the prepared fatliquoring agent suitably softened the leather and significantly improved the mechanical properties, light fastness, and fullness with the reduction in the pollution load. To divulge the sustainability of the fatliquoring process, the sustainability analysis for the developed product was analyzed and presented. As compared to the conventional fatliquoring process the E factor of the experimental process was estimated to be lower (at a value of 0.25) which indicates minimum emissions. Based on cost estimation, leather fatliquoring is economically viable when using the prepared fatliquoring agent.

Leather Fatliquoring Agent from Camel Hump Fat

Leather Fatliquoring Agent from Camel Hump Fat

Flame retardancy of carboxylated polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane modified layered double hydroxide in the process of leather fatliquoring

AbstractCarboxyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(P[POSS‐MAA]) modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) (P[POSS‐MAA]‐LDHs) was prepared by exfoliating and recombination method, which used P(POSS‐MAA) and LDHs attracted each other through electrostatic force and hydrogen bond. The structure and morphology of P(POSS‐MAA)‐LDHs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope, which showed that LDHs was exfoliated and P(POSS‐MAA) was on the surface of LDHs. Then it was introduced into the modified zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil(MZBMSO) to obtain MZBMSO/P(POSS‐MAA)‐LDHs and applied it in leather fatliquoring process. The effect of the introduction of P(POSS‐MAA)‐LDHs on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, thermal insulation and smoke suppression of leather was investigated. Compared to the MZBMSO treated leather, the after flame time of MZBMSO/P(POSS‐MAA)‐LDHs treated leather decreased from 84 s to 32 s, and the limiting oxygen index increased from 23.1% to 27.5%, which exhibited improvement on flame retardancy of the leather. The temperature at 50% mass loss of MZBMSO/P(POSS‐MAA)‐LDHs treated leather increased from 375.1 to 408.3°C, which showed improvement on thermal stability of the leather. And the leather treated by MZBMSO/P(POSS‐MAA)‐LDHs had reduction of the total heat release and the total smoke production around 26.8% and 65.7%, respectively, which showed that MZBMSO/P(POSS‐MAA)‐LDHs treated leather had heat insulation and smoke suppression. Flame retardant mechanism of MZBMSO/(P(POSS‐MAA)‐LDHs) treated leather involved a combination of the gaseous phase and condensed phase flame retardancy. This work provided a new material for the flame retardant field and expanded the application range of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(POSS).

Modified layered double hydroxide/zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil composites to improve the flame retardant of leather

High flammability has always been a limiting factor for leather products. Herein, a new strategy that chose zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil(ZBMSO) and aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment(AMOST) modified layered double hydroxide(O-LDH) were used to prepare flame retardant leather in this work. Firstly, O-LDH was prepared through acetone organic modified layered double hydroxide led to a better dispersion, then the modified zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil(MZBMSO)/O-LDH composites was obtained by used O-LDH and MZBMSO through in-situ method. Finally, MZBMSO/O-LDH composites were applied to the leather fatliquoring processing, and tested the flame retardant of leather. The thermal stability of leather was effectively improved with composites, and the combustible gas released during thermal decomposition of leather decreases obviously. Limit oxygen index (LOI) value of leather reached 28.3%, the smoke density value dropped 68% to 9.28%/min. The dispersion of LDH was improved by a simple aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment method and prepared the leather with excellent flame retardant, it reduced the release of toxic gases and improved the safety of leather products.

Sodium alginate oxide assembly layered double hydroxide and its structure-activity relationship to anti-fogging properties and flame retardancy of leather

The small molecular volatilized during the leather fogging process will pollute the air environment inside the car and make leather products flammable. In this paper, layered double hydroxide (LDH) was modified by different dosage of oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) via exfoliation-reassembly, and its structure were investigated by XRD and TEM. Then modified Zanthoxylum Bungeanum Maxim Seed Oil/ OSA modified LDH (MZBMSO/OSA-LDH) were obtained by introducing OSA modified LDH (OSA-LDH) into modified Zanthoxylum Bungeanum Maxim Seed Oil (MZBMSO), and used MZBMSO/OSA-LDH in leather fatliquoring process. The effect of the introduction of OSA-LDH on the anti-fogging and flame retardancy of leather was investigated. Compared to the MZBMSO treated leather, MZBMSO/OSA-LDH-0.2 treated leather exhibited remarkable improvement on fogging value of the leather, which was decreased by 45%. Furthermore, the leather treated by MZBMSO/OSA-LDH-0.4 has reduction of length of charring and smoke density around 36.1% and 37.5%, respectively. A potential interaction mechanism demonstrates that under the influence of OSA-LDH, an organic-inorganic interpenetrating network structure formed by leather collagen fibers-fatliquor molecule-LDH layer, which utilized to the steric hindrance and adsorption effect to hinder small molecule migration inside the leather fibers, thereby suppressing the fogging of the leather.

Evaluation of the leather fatliquoring potential of sulphonated Afzelia africana aril cap oil

The synthesis, properties, characterization and sulphonation of Afzelia africana aril cap oil were examined to establish its leather fatliquoring potential. The analysis of the Afzelia africana aril cap oil before and after the completion of sulphonation process was carried out in order to confirm the modification of the oil. The physicochemical properties showed a marked difference between both analyzed oils as the melting point, acid value, free fatty acid, iodine value, saponification value and % SO3 of the unsulphonated/sulphonated oil were observed to be 6.39 °C; 19.90 °C, 12.99 mg KOH/g; 0.50 mg KOH/g, 6.50; 5.25, 77 g iodine/100g; 21 g iodine/100g, 185 mg KOH; 176 mg KOH and nil; 3.92 % respectively. The fatliquoring potential was examined and compared with commercial fatliquor using standard methods. A significant improvement in the lubrication and mechanical properties of the leather treated with the sulphonated Afzelia africana aril cap oil was revealed by Sudan stain and Tensile strength; Double edge Tear; Elongation at break test results respectively. The improved lubrication and mechanical properties of the treated leather compared favourably with commercial fatliquor. This study shows that aril caps of A. africana of no commercial value can be a source of fatliquor for the leather industry.

Modified Rapeseed Oil/Al-Montmorillonite Composite Material: Preparation and Application in Leather Collagen

In this study, montmorillonite (MMT) was modified by aluminium sulfate via ions exchange method and aluminium-montmorillonite (Al-MMT) was obtained. Al-MMT was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that the interlayer spacing of MMT increased from 1.26 nm to 1.55 nm after being modified by Al3+. Then Al-MMT was introduced to modified rapeseed oil by an in-situ method. The results of TGA and XRD indicated that modified rapeseed oil (MRO) could smoothly enter the interlayer of Al-MMT and modified rapeseed oil/Al-montmorillonite (MRO/Al-MMT) composite material was prepared successfully. Finally, MRO/Al-MMT composite material was applied in the leather fatliquoring process of goatskin garment. Physical and mechanical properties and flame retardant performance of leather fatliquored by MRO/Al-MMT composite material were improved compared with those of leather fatliquored by MRO. And MRO/Al-MMT composite material was easily biodegradable compared with MRO.

Peculiarities of Fatliquor Emulsion Preparation Adding Essential Oils and the Fatliquoring Effect on Leather Properties

Attempts were made to produce emulsions suitable for leather fatliquoring by using technical fatliquoring materials and essential oils. An investigation has shown that essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus or Lavandulae officinalis can be mixed with technical fatliquor materials resulting in stable fatliquoring emulsions, which can be disintegrated by adding electrolytes. The stability of emulsions depends on the sort of essential oil and technical fatliquoring product. The use of essential oil for leather fatliquoring did not disimprove properties of the finished leather.

Preparation and application of castor oil/nano-TiO2 composite fatliquoring agent via a Pickering emulsion method

Castor oil in water emulsions known as fatliquors is used for the lubrication of tanned leather fibers to get softness and also to improve the strength properties. Fatliquoring agents are usually obtained by chemical modification. In this research, fatliquoring agent based on castor oil was prepared using nano-TiO2 as emulsifying agent by mechanical mixing. So castor oil/nano-TiO2 composite fatliquoring agent (CTF) was obtained via Pickering emulsion method. The presence of nano-TiO2 resulted in a stable emulsion. The results of transmission electron microscope showed that the castor oil was surrounded by nano-TiO2. Finally, CTF was applied in the leather fatliquoring process of goatskin garment. Physical and mechanical properties of leather fatliquored by CTF were improved compared with those of leather fatliquored by sulfated castor oil. CTF was easily biodegradable as compared to modified castor oil fatliquoring agent. Composite fatliquoring agent leads to reduction of many chemicals utilized to get the lightfastness of leather for adding nano-TiO2.

Nanocomposite based on erucic acid modified montmorillonite/sulfited rapeseed oil: Preparation and application in leather

Montmorillonite was modified by cis-13-docosenoic acid also known as erucic acid via intercalation reaction. The as-prepared erucic acid modified montmorillonite (EA-Mt), rapeseed oil, ethylene diamine, acrylic, and sodium bisulfite were employed to prepare the EA-Mt/modified rapeseed oil (EA-Mt/MRO) nanocomposite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that erucic acid successfully intercalated into the interlayer space of montmorillonite (Mt) with the basal spacing of Mt increasing from 1.24nm to 1.48nm. The thermal stability of EA-Mt/MRO nanocomposite was effectively improved after adding the EA-Mt by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Then, EA-Mt/MRO nanocomposite as fatliquoring agent was applied in the leather fatliquoring process of goatskin garment. Erucic acid intercalated Mt was dispersed on the collagen fibers of the leather as confirmed by SEM and EDX. The flame retardancy of the leather treated with EA-Mt/MRO nanocomposite was found to be improved in a significant way. Compared with that of leather treated with modified rapeseed oil (MRO), the highest LOI value of leather treated with EA-Mt/MRO reached 27.9% from 23.7% with 8% EA-Mt. The leather had superior softness, physical and mechanical properties.

Molecular structure stability of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs): Evidence from lattice compatibility and Simha–Somcynsky theories

In is known that short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are highly complex technical mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes with single chlorine content. Due to their physical properties (viscosity, flame resistance) they are used in many different applications, such as lubricant additives, metal processing, leather fat-liquoring, plastics softening, PVC plasticizing and flame retardants in paints, adhesives and sealants. SCCPs are studied here in terms of processing-linked molecular structure stability, under Simha and Somcynsky-EOS theory calculations and elements from Simha-Somcynsky-related Lattice Compatibility Theory. Analyses were carried out on 1-chloropropane, 2-chloropropane, 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, 1-chloro 2-methylane, and 2-chloro 2-methylane as (SCCPs) universal representatives. This paper gives evidence to this stability and reviews the current state of knowledge and highlights the need for further research in order to improve future (SCCPs) monitoring efforts.

Research on application of flax and soya oil for leather fatliquoring

Abstract The aim of this research was the application of compounds based on vegetable oils, not chemically modified, for leather fatliquoring. Emulsions were obtained by using mechanical mixing natural oils with emulsifiers. Oils were not chemically modified. Oils used in the study contain large amounts of double bonds which should provide a good binding to the fat in the leather. Properties of the obtained emulsions were defined, as well as those of fatliquored leather. Researches showed that the way in which emulsions are prepared influences their stability. It was also stated that properties of fatliquored leather (crust) with researched emulsions are similar to properties of crust treated with commercial products, among others, chemically modified natural fats. It seems that with fats with high iodine value, the softness of the leather is similar. Despite the fact, that unbound fat content in leather fatliquored with commercial products was higher than in leather fatliquored with vegetable fats with high iodine value.

Ultrasound assisted cleaner alternate emulsification method for oils and fats: tallow emulsion – fatliquor preparation for leather application

There is a need for effective cleaner alternative emulsification methods for fats like tallow in aqueous dispersion using aqueous solvents like water. In the present study, ultrasound has been used as a tool for preparation of fatliquor emulsion using tallow fat, eliminating the conventional sulfation process with judicial use of emulsifying agents. The applicability has been examined by utilizing the emulsified fat in leather fatliquoring process. The effect of process parameters such as ultrasonic output power, amount of fat and amount of emulsifiers (anionic and non-ionic) has been studied and compared to control process (magnetic stirring at ∼60 °C). Thermal analysis of tallow as inferred from Differential scanning calorimetry and Thermo gravimetric analysis indicates high thermal stability up to 372 °C. Fat content in leather has been analyzed and the results show emulsions prepared using anionic emulsifier yielded better fat uptake in leather. Under optimized conditions ultrasound process yielded 81% and 87% fat emulsion as compared to 70% and 67% for control process using anionic and non-ionic surfactants respectively. Strength property analysis of leather fatliquored with tallow emulsion prepared with ultrasound is either better or comparable to that of control process. The emulsion stability of ultrasonically prepared fat emulsion has been found to be good. The results indicate that ultrasound could be effectively utilized even dispensing with external heating in the preparation of emulsion using tallow fat for leather fatliquor application or any other generic oils/fats treatment processes with potential scale-up options.

Influence of Flame Retardant on Leather Fatliquoring and Fire Resistance

Commercial nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardants (KZR-2, SC-968, FR-102), which are frequently used in textile industry, were imposed on the fatliquoring processes of leather. When 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12﹪and 15﹪ amount of flame retardants was respectively added, their influence on the absorption rate of different fatliquoring agents (synthetic oil, fish oil, vegetable oil and lecithin) and on the flame retardant property were investigated. The absorption rate of fat-liquoring agents was measured by oven and dichloromethane methods. The fire resistance was studied by means of oxygen index, vertical combustion and smoke density. The results show that flame retardants (KZR-2, SC-968 and FR-102) can enhance the absorption rate of fat-liquoring agents in leather by more than 40%. Their ability for this enhancement can be listed as KZR-2>SC-968>FR-102. Among them, KZR-2 owns the best performance for the enhancing of absorption rate ( its influence on the oil is listed as synthetic oil>fish oil>lecithin>vegetable oil).

Characterization and Properties of Organic Silicon Modified Vegetable Oil Fatliquor

The vegetable oil fatliquor (VF) was prepared by rapeseed oil, 1, 2-ethylenediamine and acrylic acid. The synthesis of a silicon modified vegetable oil fatliquor (SVF) was carried out using VF and polyether silicon by stirring and ultrasonic treatment. VF and SVF were measured by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry(TGA) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. SVF was applied in leather fatliquoring process, compared with product XQ-F3. The results indicated that polycondensation between hydroxy of polyether silicon and carboxylic hydroxy of VF occurred, the performance of VF could be improved by polyether silicon. The emulsifying surface tension of SVF decreased to 17.0 N/m, compared with 18.2 N/m of VF.The application results showed that the physical mechanical properties of leather fatliquored by SVF was equivalent to the leather fatliquored by industrial XQ-F3 fatliquor.

Synthesis and properties of modified rapeseed oil/montmorillonite nanocomposite fatliquoring agent

Modified rapeseed oil/montmorillonite (MRO/MMT) nanocomposite was prepared by using rapeseed oil, ethylene diamine, acrylic acid, and MMT. In order to compare MRO/MMT with MRO and a market product XQ-F3, they were applied in leather fatliquoring process, respectively. Sensory evaluation, physical and mechanical properties, and flame-retardant property of leather treated with different fatliquoring agents were measured. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that MRO could smoothly enter the interlayer of MMT. The emulsifying property of MRO/MMT was confirmed better than that of MRO. The application results also showed that MRO/MMT has good fatliquoring effect. Meanwhile, it can increase leather strength and improve leather flame-retardant performance.

Impact of Different Chemical Materials and Technologies on Leather Conductivity

The paper researches the processing for leather by utilizing different kinds of tanning materials, retanning and leather fatliquoring, and analyses the effect of leather electroconductibility influenced by water ratio in it and pressure added on the leather. The study illustrates: the greater electric conduction function of tanning materials or amount of polar radical they containing, the better conductivity the leather has. There is a compact relationship between the electric charge of different chemical material which were added in leather and electric conduction function, and the electrical conductivity of leather can be improved obviously by increasing the electric charge and water ratio the leather has.

Recent Research Progress on Leather Fatliquoring Agents

In this paper, the types of the fatliquoring agents, the fatliquoring mechanism and the properties of fatliquored leather were introduced. Also, the recent research progress on leather fatliquoring agents were reviewed, and the prospects of leather fatliquoring agents were discussed.

Power ultrasound in fatliquor preparation based on vegetable oil for leather application

In recent years, power ultrasound has taken a significant place in chemical and physical activities of the process industries as an effective and non-polluting method of activation. Oil in water emulsions known as fatliquors are used for the lubrication of tanned leather fibres to get softness and also to improve the strength properties. In the present study, ultrasound has been used as a tool for the preparation of fatliquor emulsion for application in leather fatliquoring process. An emulsion is a fine dispersion of one liquid in another liquid. Sulphation is one of the common methods followed to prepare fatliquor emulsion where sulphuric acid is used. In the conventional process, emulsifying agent is also added to increase the stability of oil in water emulsions. The emulsifying agents generally used are chemicals or metal soaps. The potential use of ultrasound in the preparation of stable oil in water emulsions dispensing with sulphation process and with the minimum use of emulsifying agent has been studied and reported in this paper. This process enjoys the benefit of less pollution load in the form of chemical entities. The studies included the effect of process parameters such as ultrasonic output power and amount of oil used. Fatliquor emulsion prepared using ultrasound has been applied in leather fatliquoring process and the strength properties of the leathers were assessed. Emulsion particle size, which is another important parameter for diffusion through leather, has been measured using Laser Diffraction Technique. The stability of the ultrasonically prepared fatliquor emulsion has been found to be good. The results indicate that ultrasound could be effectively utilized in the preparation of non-ionic fatliquor emulsion eliminating sulphuric acid and impart required properties in leather.

Reusing of a hide waste for leather fatliquoring

Leather production requires several steps. Among the steps, beam house operations have the purpose of cleaning and preparing the hide structure to improve tanning. During these operations, the natural fats are removed, in order to prevent undesired reactions as well as to increase the reaction sites for tanning. The removal of natural fats has disadvantages: the fibers stick together, which makes the leather become stiff. To avoid this, after tanning the leather is submitted to a fatliquoring step. Fatliquoring makes the leather softer by adding an oil layer to the fibrils. The objective is to analyze quantitatively the fats removed from hides, to develop a way of reusing them in leather fatliquoring and to evaluate fatliquoring absorption. This study shows a way to use the natural fats removed from the skins in the beam house operations in the fatliquoring, thereby, transforming a waste stream into a valuable resource. This process integration can increase profitability and reduce environmental impacts, which are a large concern in the leather industry.