Least Significant Difference Research Articles

Uji Efektivitas Berbagai Surfaktan pada Insektisida Tenchu dalam Menanggulangi Hama Thrips sp. pada Tanaman Induk Acacia crassicarpa di Rumah Tanaman Induk Kerinci Central Nursery 1 East

The Nursery Department is the department responsible for ensuring the success of Acacia crassicarpa plants at an early stage by caring for and maintaining the quality and quantity of the seeds before planting them in the planting area. One of the disturbances that threatens the quality and quantity of seed production is the presence of Thrips sp. pest attacks. One of the Thrips sp. pest control techniques. with the application of insecticides with appropriate surfactants. Therefore, it is necessary to test various surfactants on Tenchu ​​20 SG insecticides which are appropriate in tackling Thrips sp. pest attacks. This study aims to determine the most appropriate surfactant in the Tenchu ​​20 SG insecticide in tackling Thrips sp. which attacks the mother plant Acacia crassicarpa. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with Least Significant Difference (LSD) follow-up test. The number of treatments in this study consisted of 5 treatments where each complete treatment with 3 repetitions used 72 sample plants so that the total sample plants used were 360 ​​plants. The parameters observed were the incidence and severity of Thrips sp.. The results showed that there was a decrease in the incidence and severity of Thrips sp. the largest is the type of Ronstick surfactant. The incidence rate and severity of Thrips sp. before application, namely 100% while after application, the incidence rate of Thrips sp. that is equal to 66.67% and the severity of Thrips sp. that is equal to 38.43%.

Inclusion of Quillaja Saponin Clarity Q Manages Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Nutrient Transport of Broilers during Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis.

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an intestinal disease that results in poor performance, inefficient nutrient absorption, and has a devastating economic impact on poultry production. This study evaluated the effects of a saponin-based product (Clarity Q, CQ) during an NE challenge. A total of 1200 male chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment; 30 birds/pen): treatment 1 (NC), a non-medicated corn-soybean basal diet; treatment 2 (PC), NC + 50 g/metric ton (MT) of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD); and treatments 3 (CQ15) and 4 (CQ30), NC + 15 and 30 g/MT, respectively. On the day (d) of placement, birds were challenged by a coccidia vaccine to induce NE. On d 8, 14, 28, and 42, performance parameters were measured. On d 8, three birds/pen were necropsied for NE lesions. On d 8 and d 14, jejunum samples from one bird/pen were collected for mRNA abundance of tight junction proteins and nutrient transporter genes. Data were analyzed in JMP (JMP Pro, 16), and significance (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments was identified by Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test. Compared to PC and NC, CQ15 had higher average daily gain (ADG), while CQ30 had lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). NE lesions in the duodenum were lower in CQ15 compared to all other treatments. On d 8, mRNA abundance of CLDN1, CLDN5, AMPK, PepT2, GLUT2, and EAAT3 were significantly greater in CQ30 (p < 0.05) compared to both PC and NC. On d 14, mRNA abundance of ZO2 and PepT2 was significantly lower in PC when compared to all treatments, while that of ANXA1, JAM3, and GLUT5 was comparable to CQ15. In summary, adding Clarity Q to broiler diets has the potential to alleviate adverse effects caused by this enteric disease by improving performance, reducing intestinal lesions, and positively modulating the mRNA abundance of various tight junction proteins and key nutrient transporters during peak NE infection.

A bionic profiling-energy storage device based on MBD-DEM coupled simulation optimization reducing the energy consumption of deep loosening

A novel bionic profiling energy storage device was designed in this research to reduce the energy consumption of deep loosening operations. As the core technology of conservation tillage, deep loosening has always been difficult to promote on a large scale in the Phaeozem region of Northeast China due to its high energy consumption. The deep loosening mechanism is mainly composed of deep loosening shovel and energy-storage profiling device. At present, optimizing the structure of deep loosening shovel to reduce consumption was the main research method in this field, but it is still difficult to meet the production demand. At the same time, energy storage-profiling device has been neglected by researchers for a long time because of the lack of suitable mechanism innovation ideas and efficient experiment optimization methods. Based on the excellent soil excavation capability of the hare, the bionic energy storage-profiling device (BSPD) was innovatively designed by drawing the unique mechanism of its fore-upper limb, and the MBD-DEM coupled simulation technology was proposed as the experimental optimization method. It was found that BSPD has significant advantages in flexible profiling, tillage depth control, elastic energy storage and deep loosening resistance reduction capabilities compared with traditional self-excited energy storage-profiling devices (SSPD) by the analysis methods of least significant difference (LSD), Regression Analysis and Redundancy analysis (RDA), based on the results of MBD-DEM coupled simulation experiments. In addition, it was found that the torsional elastic coefficient, as the core design parameter of BSPD, also had a significant impact on the above four capabilities, and its optimal value was obtained by the established torsional elastic coefficient-deep loosening energy consumption regression model. The field experiment results showed that the deep loosening energy consumption of BSPD was 16.2% lower than that of SSPD and filed experiment results also verified the accuracy of MBD-DEM coupled simulation results. In summary, this study found a more effective new research path in addition to the traditional deep loosening consumption reduction research methods, and provided mechanism innovation design ideas and experimental optimization methods for the research and development of agricultural soil-engaging components.

Effect of Er: YAG laser and plasma treatment on the bond strength of Y-TZP

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of Er:YAG laser and plasma treatment on the bond strength between Y-TZP and resin cement. Materials and methodsSixty yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) specimens were fabricated and randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10): control group (group A); Sandblasting treatment (group B); Er:YAG laser group (group C); Ar plasma group (group D); Sandblasting + Ar plasma group (group E); and Er:YAG laser + Ar plasma group (group F). The surface of each zirconia specimen was tested using a contact angle meter, profilometer, and scanning electron microscope, and the shear bonding strength (SBS) was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) combined with a least significant difference (LSD) test. ResultsThe surface morphology showed no difference between group A and group D, with smooth surfaces and shallow scratches after polishing. The surface roughness value of group C was 2.58 ± 0.14μm and was not significantly different from that of group F (P > 0.05), was higher than that of group A (P < 0.05). The SBS of group B was not significantly different from that of group D (P > 0.05). The hydrophilicity, carbon and oxygen contents, and SBS of group E were similar to those of group F (P > 0.05) and significantly higher than those of groups A, B, C, and D (P < 0.05). SignificanceThe Er:YAG laser and Ar plasma treatment can improve the bonding strength between zirconia and resin cement, and mechanical treatment followed by Ar plasma surface modification is more effective.

Application of Defoliated Chrysanthemum Leaves and Combination of Organic Fertilizer to the Yield and Quality of Chrysanthemum Flowers

The market value of horticultural products, particularly ornamental plants, is quite high. It is necessary to conduct research on the introduction of appropriate technology for increasing the intensity of chrysanthemum cultivation, such as the use of chrysanthemum leaf messenger and a combination of manure, which is formulated with local resources in chrysanthemum flowers to improve quality and add value and utilize the potential of agricultural resources that are easy to apply based on the capacity of farmers and have a real impact on increasing income. This study's objective was to determine the optimal concentration of chrysanthemum leaves and the optimal combination of manure for enhancing the production and quality of chrysanthemums. Using a Factorial Randomized Block Design, field research is conducted in a greenhouse using two factors: the dosage of defoliated chrysanthemum leaves and a mixture of manure. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test. If the effect of a single treatment is genuine or very real, the average value test is continued. Least significant difference (LSD) is 5%, whereas Duncan's 5% indicates an interaction between the two factors tested. The treatment of defoliated leaves had a real to very real effect on all variables, with the exception of stem diameter, whereas the combination treatment of organic fertilizers had a real to very real effect on all variables. The interaction between the quantity of defoliated leaves and the combination of organic fertilizer has no significant effect on all variables. The administration of a dose of 5 tons/ha and the combined use of goat manure and pig manure increased the length of the flower stalk, the weight of the flower stalk, the diameter of the stem, the diameter of the flower, the fresh weight of the most cost-effective flowers, and the proportion of leaves infected with rust. According to SNI 01-4478-88, the chrysanthemums produced in this investigation are of quality class A.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Perbanyakan Tanaman Anggur Ninel (Vitis vinifera L) dengan Metode Stek Sambung pada Spesies Batang Bawah dan Media Tanam yang Berbeda

Grafted cutting is a method for vegetative Ninel vine propagation. The purpose of thisstudy was to ascertain the impact of several grapevine rootstock species and planting media types on the development of Ninel grape seeds propagated through grafted cutting. The study was conducted in Kebonrejo village, Salaman district, Magelang regency (290 m asl) from April 2 to May 24, 2022, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consist of 2 treatment factors with 3 blocks. The rootstock species of grapevines, such us Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, and Vitis riparia are the first factor. Planting media types classified as second factor include blends of topsoil + husk charcoal, topsoil + cocopeat, and topsoil + sand. The datas were anylized by Anova and continued with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The findings demonstrated that the grafted cutting method with rootstock from the Vitis riparia species on the scion of Vitis vinifera of the Ninel variety had the maximum yield in terms of shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf area and grafting success. Topsoil + husk charcoal and topsoil + sand were the types of planting medium that had the greatest effectiveness at grafted cutting.Keywords : planting medium, rootstock species, grafted cutting, Ninel vine

Assessment of Relationship between Physiological Traits, Groundnut Yield and Yield Components of Groundnut (&lt;i&gt;Arachis hypogeal L.&lt;/i&gt;) Germplasm

Physiological traits contributing to high yield in groundnut might reveal the underlying mechanism from which improved strategies could be developed to enhance the effectiveness and progress in breeding for yield component of groundnut. The study aim to determine some physiological characters such as chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, leaf area index (LAI) and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) related to groundnut yield. Twenty-five (25) groundnut accessions were evaluated in randomized block design (RBD) with two replications at ICRISAT research farm, Wasai, Minibir, Kano State, Nigeria. The study was carried out during the 2014 rainy season to evaluate physiological relationship to yield variations in groundnut accessions from different parts of Nigeria and Mali. The observations on Chlorophyll Content, Canopy Temperature, leaf area Index (LAI), Photosynthetic Active Radiation, Pod length, Pod width, pod yield, shelling percentage, hundred seed weight and fodder yield characters were recorded. The physiological and yield data were subjected to analysis of variance General Linear Model (GLM) using SAS verse 9.3 means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at P&gt;0.05 The accessions were significantly different (1.207) for all the physiological traits and yield traits except for pod length, pod width and hundred seed weight where no significant difference was recorded. The highest dry pod and fodder yield was recorded from the accessions 25, 23 and 22 due to significant favorable yield contributing characters like: chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Photosynthetic Active Radiation, pod length, pod width, pod yield, shelling percentage, hundred seed weight (g), and fodder weight (g). With regard to physiological traits and yield and yield related traits, accessions 25, 23, and 22 were considered as promising genotypes for future breeding programme for pod and fodder yield improvement.

PENGARUH KEPADATAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN UDANG LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI PADA KOLAM BUNDAR MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM BIOFLOK

This study aims to determine the effects of stocking density on the growth, survival rate, and the business of feasibility of the white shrimp culture using BFT in cylinder pond. The research method used was an experimental method, with a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment (5000, 7500, and 10000 shrimp/pond) was repeated 3 (three) times. The observations showed that the growth of absolute weight and length of the 5000 shrimp/pondtreatment gave the best results, 8.82 g (0.13 g / day) and 8.81 cm (0.126 cm / day). However, the analysis of variance indicate that the stocking density of L.vannamei in the range of 5,000 to 10,000 has no significant effect on differences in growth, both weight or length. Stocking density of L.vannamei was detected to give a significant on survival rate. One-way analysis of variance and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed that the stocking density of 5,000 was significantly in their survival on the 7,500 and 10,000 shrimp/pond. Meanwhile, the 7,500 shrimp/pond was not significantly to the 10,000 shrimp/pond. Economically, the stocking difference is a direct consequence of costs and revenues. The results of the business feasibility analysis inform that the three treatments are included in the feasible category for development, and the stocking density of 5000 shrimp/pond provides the best profit

PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN BERAT DAN TIGA MEDIA YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP LAJU PERTUMBUHAN INFUSORIA (PARAMECIUM SP) SEBAGAI PAKAN ALAMI LARVA IKAN

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different weights and media on the growth rate of Infusoria (Paramecium sp). The method used in this study is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD). The results of the Variety Sidik Analysis (ANASRA) showed that the growth of Infusoria (Paramecium sp) in each treatment was significantly and very significantly different (Significant) where F count &gt; F table 5% (5.795 &gt; 3.68) and (8.765 &gt; 3.68 ), means that the growth rate of Infusoria (Paramecium sp) is different in each treatment or experiment. The highest cell division was on day V (five) with 5,160 cell divisions and an average of 1,720 cells in the A2B1 treatment and the lowest division occurred on day IX (nine), namely 40 cells with an average of 13.4 cells in treatment A1B3. Further test results using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed a significant (significant) difference in the A2B1 and A2B3 treatments (3,563 &gt; 2,940.452), whereas in the A2B1 and A2B2 treatments (2,563,333 &lt; 2,940,452), A2B2 with A2B3 (1000 &lt; 2940.452), A1B1 with A1B2 (2320 &lt; 2940.452), A1B1 with A1B3 (2780 &lt; 2940.452) and A1B2 with A1B3 (460 &lt; 2940.452) this shows no significant difference (non significant

The Effect of the Combination of Organic Fertilizer and Spraying with Silicon and Calcium on the Growth and Production of Three Cultivars of Beet

Field experiments were carried out for the autumn season 2022- 2021 in the field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah Complex –Station A- to study a combination of organic fertilizer (Vermicompost) and cow manure as well as a control treatment (soil only) intertwined with Spraying with silicon, calcium and distilled water (control) in the growth and production of three cultivars of beet (Cylindra, Dark Red, Red) within the design of Completely Randomized Block Design at three replications, The number of treatments was 9 for each replicate. The means were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) at a probability level of 5 %, the results were as follows:-The interaction treatment of the Vermicompost with calcium spraying in the number of leaves, the concentration of chlorophyll, the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorous), was significantly superior to the combination of Vermicompost with spraying silicon significantly (in the percentage of potassium, the concentration of silicon, the root yield, the leaf yield, the percentage of dry matter, phenols and sugars), at a rate of (387.67,3%.28 mg kg−1, 35.88 ton h−1, 50 ton h−1, 8.78%, 014% and 889%) respectively. As for the percentage of calcium, it was characterized by the combination treatment of cow manure with calcium spray, and the combination of cow manure with silicon spray was superior in T.S.S. and the percentage of fiber at 3.17 and 11.66% respectively for the Red variety.As for the variety Red Dark it was significantly superior to the mixture of the medium vericompost with silicon spray in the number of leaves, the concentration of chlorophyll and the percentage of nitrogen, the concentration of silicon, Root yield and leaf yield Percentage of dry matter T.S.S, phenols and sugars at (10 leaf plant−1, 82.2 mg 100 fresh wet−1, 3.53%, 313.00 mg kg−1, 36.35 ton h−1, 40.92 ton h−1, 6.86%, 11.03%, 0.16% and 845%) respectively, while the percentage of phosphorous and potassium, it was characterized by the combination of cow manure with silicon spray, and the combination of vermicompost with calcium spray was superior to the percentage of calcium and the percentage of fiber by giving it 2.19% and 2.50% respectively. As for the variety Cylindra it was significantly superior to the combination of the Vericompost with silicon spray in the number of leaves, concentration of chlorophyll, percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon, root yield, leaf yield, Percentage of dry matter, T.S.S, Whereas, the treatment with cow manure overlapping with silicon was superior in the percentage of potassium, phenols and sugars, as it gave 4.11% 0.13 and 665% respectively, The treatment of the Vermicompost with calcium spray was characterized in the percentage of calcium as it gave 1.65%.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Triphala, Aloe Vera, and Morinda Citrifolia (M. Citrifolia) as Potential Root Canal Irrigants and their Effectiveness in Decontaminating Gutta-Percha Cones: An In vitro Disk Diffusion and Digital Photo-Colorimeter-Based Study

Context and Aim: A plethora of chemicals have been used for gutta-percha decontamination, though none of these methods have proven to be fully effective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of triphala, aloe vera, and Morinda citrifolia (M. citrifolia) as potential root canal irrigants and their effectiveness in decontaminating gutta-percha cones against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Escherichia faecalis (E. faecalis), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of different herbal extracts against the reference strains of the test pathogens was assessed based on the zones of inhibition created, while for testing decontamination of gutta-percha cones, sterile gutta-percha cones were incubated in thioglycollate broth (THIO) followed by the evaluation of the turbidity values of the broth (in formazin turbidity units (FTU)) through digital photo-colorimeter. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) post hoc analysis were used for comparison between different groups. P &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results of this study revealed that for E. faecalis and E. coli, 90% ethanolic extracts of aloe vera had maximum efficacy with the diameter of the zone of inhibition achieved being 23.0 mm and 17.0 mm, respectively, while for S. aureus, both aloe vera and M. citrifolia showed equal zones of inhibition of diameter of 22.0 mm at 10-1 concentration. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggested that all three tested herbal extracts were found to have optimal antimicrobial activity against the test pathogens.

Study Growth Indicators of Mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Cultivated on the Coast of Khor Al-Zubair Oil Port, South of Basrah - Iraq

A study was conducted to assess the growth indicators of mangroves Avicennia marina cultivated in the intertidal zone at the Khor Al-Zubair oil port site for the period from May 2020 to May 2021. The study showed high growth indicators. Recorded the highest averages indicators to the total height of the plant and the number of lateral branches were 113.4 cm and 30.4 branches. Plant-1 after 12 months from the date of planting in the site, while the highest average to indicators of the total number of leaves in the plant, the total leaf area, and the total leaf content of chlorophyll reached 176 leaves.plant-1, 3511 cm2.plant-1, and 52.7 μg.cm-2 were after 9 months of cultivation in the field, respectively. While the plants achieved survival rates of 78% at the end of the experiment. The results were compared according to the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) test at a probability level of 0.05.

Flooding period influence early growth of Grevillea robusta nursery seedlings

Flooding has become a common occurrence due to climate change leading to prolonged water-logging which suffocates plant rooting, thus reduced growth, yield or total loss. Limited research has been conducted on the same. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of flooding period on the early growth of Grevillea robusta nursery seedlings in Njoro, Kenya. An experiment was set up for 2 months in Egerton University Agroforestry tree nursery using a six months old Grevillea seedlings. Completely randomized block design (RCBD) with 4 treatments replicated 3 times was used. The treatments were: Non-flooding, 2 days flooding, 4 days flooding and 6 days flooding. Data was collected for shoot, foliage and root variables and analyzed using SAS statistical package while means were separated using least significance difference (LSD). Non-flooding recorded the highest performance for all the shoot and foliage variables while the least was 2 days flooding. On the other hand, 6 days flooding was the second in performance for most of the variables especially 3rd internode length (20.2 mm) and fresh shoot biomass (56.4 g) were significantly (P=0.002 and 0.05) higher respectively compared with 2 days flooding (13.5 mm and 46.7 g) respectively. In conclusion, flooding affects the growth of Grevillea seedlings negatively by reducing their growth and this was more pronounced in 2 days flooding. However, for 6 days flooding, the seedlings seem to adjust through development of adaptive strategies in the roots. Further research needs to be conducted on other species and also prolonged flooding period.

An Investigation of The Effect of Different Surface Treatments on Surface Roughness of The Titanium Alloy

The current study's objective was to assess the impact of etching titanium with various surface treatments in order to increase the surface roughness value. Materials and methods: - cylindrical shaped samples composed of metal were prepared by CAD/CAM milling technique, total 42 samples with different surface treatment, 6 groups each group 7samples according to surface treatment. A universal testing machine was used to determine the surface roughness value. One- way ANOVA test (analysis of variance) to verify if there any statistically significant difference within each group and among the six groups. Least significant difference (LSD) test to compare between each group when ANOVA test showed significant difference. t- test to examine the source of differences. Results: -On -way (ANOVA) test was used to analyses the results, there was highly significant differences between the groups. Conclusion: - In this study, all surface treatments provided adequate surface roughness values compared to control group (C), with the exception of combination of sandblast and KOH group (SB. K).

Uji penurunan nilai C/N rasio dan kecepatan proses pengomposan tandan kosong kelapa sawit pada beberapa komposisi kotoran sapi

The research was conducted to know different proportions of cow dung affect the C/N ratio and composting time of empty palm oil bunches is the focus of this study. The study was carried out in Nanggulan Village, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, from March to May 2022. Non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six levels was used to set up this study's factorial experiment including empty oil palm bunches at 100%, 90%, and 0%. Oil palm bunches (empty): 80%, cow manure (10%) The ratio of cow manure to palm fruit bunches is 80:20. 70% empty palm fruit bunches, 30% cow manure 40 percent dried manure from cows, 50 percent dried palm fruit bunches Halves of cow manure. One-way ANOVA was used to examine the study's results. Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used to further test for differences between treatments at the 5% significance level. According to the findings, the C/N ratio was reduced to a best trend of 18.56 in the treatment of 50% empty palm oil bunches + 50% cow dung and to a worst trend of 19.04 in the treatment of 60% empty palm oil bunches + 40% cow dung. Compost is considered mature when it is blackish brown in color, soft in texture, and smells of earth; the pH value at the end of the study was most favorable for the treatment of 70% empty palm oil bunches + 30% cow manure, at 6.6; the temperature in the treatment of 100% empty palm oil bunches was the lowest during the composting process, at 29.00.Keywords: Oil palm empty fruit bunches, cow dung, C/N ratio, activator

Konsentrasi Dan Lama Perendaman Ekstrak Bawang Merah (Allium Cepa L.) Terhadap Invigorasi Benih Jagung ( Zea Mays L.) Kadarluasa

Seeds that are expired will result in delays in the process of growth and germination. This study aims to determine the concentration of shallot extract on the growth of expired corn seeds, determine the soaking time of shallot extract on the growth of expired corn seeds and determine the best combination between the concentration and soaking time of expired shallot extract on the growth of expired corn seeds. This research was carried out in the Pat Petulai University laboratory from April 2021 to May 2021 in Curup. The seeds used are hybrid corn seeds Pioneer P32 which had expired on April 15, 2020. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial with 2 factors. The first factor is the concentration of shallot extract (K) consisting of 4 levels K0 = Without giving shallot extract (Control), K1 = Concentration of shallot extract 20% /100 ml distilled water, K2 = Concentration of shallot extract 40% /100 ml distilled water .K3 = Concentration of shallot extract 60%/ 100 ml of distilled water, while the second factor is soaking time (P) consisting of 4 levels: P0 = Without immersion (control) P1 = 3 hours P2 = 6 hours P3 = 9 hours. The observed variables included germination rate, sprout height, stem diameter, plant fresh weight. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance at 5% level. If there is a significant difference, it will be continued with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The results showed that the treatment with shallot extract concentration and soaking time had a significant effect on plant height, stem diameter and plant fresh weight, but had no effect on sprout height and root length. It was found that there was an interaction between the concentration of shallot extract and the soaking time because it could increase the increase in plant height and plant wet weight. The best plant height, stem diameter and plant fresh weight were seen in the treatment of shallot extract concentration of 60%/100 m l of distilled water.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Benih dalam Larutan CaCO3 terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) pada Media Tanaman yang Berbeda

The presence of pulp in cocoa seeds is known to inhibit seed germination and seedling growth. The conventional method of removing pulp from cocoa seeds is done mechanically by rubbing the seeds with rubbing ash. Conventional pulp removal has disadvantages, such as being less practical and potentially damaging the seed surface. Therefore, it is necessary to try chemically removing the pulp from cocoa seeds by soaking the seeds in a lime solution (CaCO3). This study aims to determine the effect of the duration of cocoa seed soaking in CaCO3 solution and different planting media compositions on seedling growth. The research was conducted from September to December 2021 at a plastic house in Labuhan Dalam Village, Tanjung Senang District, Bandar Lampung, and the Seed Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Gedong Meneng, Bandar Lampung. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) arranged in a factorial manner. The first factor was the duration of cocoa seed soaking in CaCO3 solution, consisting of no soaking, soaking for 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes. The second factor was the planting media composition, consisting of a mixture of rice husk charcoal + manure, sand + manure, and sand + rice husk charcoal + manure. Each treatment combination was replicated three times, resulting in 45 experimental units. The observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and the mean differences were tested using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level. The results of the study showed that the duration of cocoa seed soaking in CaCO3 solution had no effect on cocoa seedling growth. The planting media composition of sand + rice husk charcoal + manure had a significant effect on the best cocoa seedling growth compared to the planting media compositions of rice husk charcoal + manure and sand + manure. Soaking cocoa seeds in CaCO3 solution had no effect on cocoa seedling growth in different planting media. Keywords : Cocoa seeds, pulp, CaCO3, soaking, planting media

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, MICROBIOLOGICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF RED GUAVA JAM FROM TIMOR ISLAND, EAST NUSA TENGGARA ADDED AGAROS

This study aims to determine the effect of the percentage of agarose in the physico-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of the right amount of flour gelatin addition on the manufacture of local red guava jam and find out the right percentage of agarose to produce quality red guava jam products. This study used a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) with 5 treatments of gelatinous addition of flour (0%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) with 3 repeats. The results were analyzed statically using ANOVA and further testing of Ducan's New Multiple at a level of 5%. For organoleptic data using the Friedman test and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) advanced test. The parameter for the observed physical properties of the jam is texture. Parameter for the chemical properties of jam observed is water content, sugar content, and vitamins while the observed microbiological parameters are calculating the total microbes. Organoleptic parameter for organoleptic test i.e. aroma, taste, texture and color. The results of this study show that the addition of agarose has a significant effect on physico-chemical properties, namely texture, water content, sugar content, vitamin C, total microbes and organoleptic tests, namely color and texture. Based on physical, chemical, microbiological and organoleptic analysis, the best product was obtained, namely with the addition of gelatin powder 1.5%. The score of the values obtained in the organoleptic test was a score of aroma (4.30 likes), taste (4.12), texture (4.40) and color (4.40). The value of the physical properties analysis is 359 grams of texture. While the chemical analysis is water content of 14.9%, sugar content of 21.2%, vitamin C of 10.48 mg and analysis of total microbes, which is 0.66 x 10 2 CFU / mL.

Associations between vertebral bone marrow fat and sagittal spine alignment as assessed by chemical shift-encoding-based water–fat MRI

BackgroundThe relationship between sagittal spine alignment and vertebral bone marrow fat is unknown. We aimed to assess the relationship between vertebral bone marrow fat and sagittal spine alignment using chemical shift-encoding-based water–fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsA total of 181 asymptomatic volunteers were recruited for whole spine X-ray and lumbar MRI. Spine typing was performed according to the Roussouly classification and measurement of vertebral fat fraction based on the chemical shift-encoding-based water–fat MRI. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the differences in vertebral fat fraction between spine types. The post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test was utilized for subgroup comparison after ANOVA.ResultsOverall, the vertebral fat fraction increased from L1 to L5 and was the same for each spine type. The vertebral fat fraction was the highest in type 1 and lowest in type 4 at all levels. ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in fat fraction among different spine types at L4 and L5 (P < .05). The post hoc LSD test showed that the fat fraction of L4 was significantly different (P < .05) between type 1 and type 4 as well as between type 2 and type 4. The fat fraction of L5 was significantly different between type 1 and type 3, between type 1 and type 4, and between type 2 and type 4 (P < .05).ConclusionOur study found that vertebral bone marrow fat is associated with sagittal spine alignment, which may serve as a new additional explanation for the association of sagittal alignment with spinal degeneration.

Referral Counselling Method and Financial Counselling Method

This study sought to reappraise the study Referral counselling method and financial counselling method among mothers in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study was purely a sampling and purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire called (SMCQ) was the instrument used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to face validity by one expert in Guidance and Counselling and two experts in measurement and evaluation in the Faculty of Education, University of Calabar. The reliability estimate of the instrument was established through the Cronbach Alfa reliability method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was the statistical analysis technique adopted to test the hypotheses under study. All hypotheses were subjected to testing at a .05 level of significance. The study showed that women whose referral counselling method were low were significantly different in their safe motherhood practices among women of reproductive age from those whose referral counselling method was either moderate or high. Also, women whose referral counselling method was moderate were significantly different from those who were high in safe motherhood practices among women of reproductive age. From the data analysis, the researcher found that: referral counselling methods and financial counselling methods significantly influence safe motherhood practices among women of reproductive age. The financial counselling method had a significant influence on safe motherhood practices among women of reproductive age, a post hoc analysis was employed using Fishers’ Least Significant Difference (LSD) multiple comparison analysis. Based on the findings of the study the researcher recommended among others that disrespectful treatment of mother would discourage them from taking counselling classes and practising safe motherhood and the researcher suggest that perhaps maternal referral counselling usage is low because of the delays mothers encounter in the facilities in the facilities they are referred.